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((more citations needed|article|date=February 2014))
((Use British English|date=December 2021))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2021))

'''Dong Fang Hong 2''' (also romanised as '''Dongfanghong 2''') was the primary [[television satellite]] used by [[China]] during the later part of the 20th century. It was developed at the [[China Academy of Space Technology|Chinese Academy of Space Technology (CAST)]] and had a design life 4.5 years. The first operational satellite in this group was launched into a [[geosynchronous orbit]] on 8 April 1984.

Three satellites orbited in [[geosynchronous orbit]]s at 87.5°, 110.5°, and 98.0° east. A fourth satellite failed to achieve a stable orbit due to a problem with the third stage.<ref>((cite web |url=http://big5.ce.cn/kjwh/zhuanti/kjzt/slh/zghts/200510/10/t20051010_5383665.shtml |title=中國航太史-東方紅二號甲(DFH-2A)(圖) |website=big5.ce.cn |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310221542/http://big5.ce.cn/kjwh/zhuanti/kjzt/slh/zghts/200510/10/t20051010_5383665.shtml |archive-date=10 March 2007 |url-status=dead))</ref>

== Background ==
Operating under the name Dong Fang Hong 2, the '''Shiyong Tongbu Tongxing Weixing''' ('''STTW''', ((zh|c=實用定位通訊衛星)), literally '''Operational Geostationary Communications Satellite''') was the designation of a family of indigenous Chinese [[communications satellite]]s developed under the '''Project 331''' initiative of the late 1970s and early 1980s.<ref name="Chinainspace">((cite book |last=Harvey |first=Brian |date=2013|title=China in Space|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZBAAAAAQBAJ&q=Dong+Fang+Hong+I+Project+331&pg=PA134|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|pages=135–145|isbn=978-1-4614-5043-6|author-link=Brian Harvey (author)))</ref> Being able to provide both civilian and military long distance telephony, in addition to satellite television, the initiative was promoted by the senior Chinese leadership, most notably [[Deng Xiaoping]] and [[Zhou Enlai]],<ref name="Chinainspace"/> as a means to improve the communications infrastructure of the country, especially in mountainous and hard to reach areas. Building on work that had been ongoing since the 1960s [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] gave his assent to the project in April 1975.<ref name="Chinainspace"/> The launch vehicle for the satellites was the [[Long March 3]] with which it was developed in parallel and conjunction as part of Project 331.<ref name="Chinainspace"/> In order to achieve a [[geostationary orbit]], in addition to the normal three stages of the Long March 3, the STTW required a small solid propellant kicker.<ref name="Chinainspace"/>

As part of the development program two [[technology demonstrator|proof of technology demonstrators]] were launched ('''Shiyan Tongbu Tongxing Weixing''', '''"Test Geostationary Communications Satellite"''').<ref name="Chinainspace"/> The first of these launches in January 1984 was a failure when the second burn of the hydrogen fuelled [[Cryogenic rocket engine|cryogenic]] third stage engine, intended to boost the satellite from [[low Earth orbit]] (LEO) into a [[geostationary transfer orbit]] (GTO), failed.<ref name="Chinainspace"/> However, despite being stranded in low Earth orbit, available telemetry indicated that the satellite itself was sound. The launch of the second test satellite was brought forward in April 1984, and this time both launch vehicle and satellite functioned as intended.<ref name="Chinainspace"/> Providing 200 telephone lines, and fifteen radio and television channels,<ref name="Chinainspace" /> the Shiyan Weixing demonstrated the utility of a communications satellite to link the developed coastal regions of Eastern China with the inhospitable and inaccessible regions of [[Western China]].

Functioning until 1988, when it was parked in a [[graveyard orbit]], Shiyan Weixing paved the way for the operational Shiyong Weixings, which remained China's primary communications satellite until replaced by the [[Dongfanghong program|Dong Fang Hong 3]].

== Satellites==
{|border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-bgcolor="#f7f7f7"
!Satellite
!Construction
!Date of launch
!Launch vehicle
!Status
!Notes
|-

|STTW-T1
|
|29 January 1984
|Long March 3
|Inactive
|Also known as DFH-2 1. Proof of technology test satellite. Failed to achieve geosynchronous orbit, however the satellite was tested as far as possible and was found to be functioning, and because of this the launch was considered to be only a partial failure or partial success.
|-

|STTW-T2
|
|8 April 1984
|Long March 3
|Inactive
|Also known as DFH-2 2. Proof of technology test satellite.
|-

|STTW-T3
|
|1 February 1986
|Long March 3
|Inactive
|Also known as DFH-2 3. Proof of technology test satellite.
|-

|STTW-1
|
|7 March 1988
|Long March 3
|Inactive
|Also known as DFH-2A 1, ZX-1 and [[ChinaSat]] 1.<ref name="B">((cite web|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/dfh-2a.htm|title=DFH-2A 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 (STTW, ChinaSat, ZX 1, 2, 3, 4)|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|access-date=15 February 2017))</ref>
|-

|STTW-2
|
|22 December 1988
|Long March 3
|Inactive
|Also known as DFH-2A 2, ZX-2 and ChinaSat 2.<ref name="B"/>
|-

|STTW 3
|
|4 February 1990
|Long March 3
|Inactive
|Also known as DFH-2A 3, ZX-3 and ChinaSat 3.<ref name="B"/>
|-

|STTW-4
|
|28 December 1991
|Long March 3
|Failure
|Also known as DFH-2A 4, ZX-4 and ChinaSat 4.<ref name="B"/>
|-
|}

== Satellite design ==
The satellite was cylindrical with a height of ((cvt|8.5|m)), a diameter of ((cvt|2.1|m)) and weighed ((cvt|441|kg)).

The ''Dongfanghong 2A'' satellite used a parabolic communications antenna mounted to the top of the satellite for broadcast purposes. The antenna could be rotated to keep it aligned with the Earth. Twenty-thousand [[solar cell]]s were mounted to the satellite to provide power. This was China's first successful use of [[Photovoltaic system|photovoltaic technology]].<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.bjreview.com.cn/06-09-e/bus-2.htm |title=ÎÞ±êÌâÎÄµµ |website=www.bjreview.com.cn |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006004711/http://www.bjreview.com.cn/06-09-e/bus-2.htm |archive-date=6 October 2006 |url-status=dead))</ref>

== See also ==
((Portal|Spaceflight))
* [[Dong Fang Hong I]]
* [[Ren Xinmin]], Chief Engineer of Project 331, a family of five programs to develop a communications satellite and launch vehicle and the technologies to enable and exploit their use

== References ==
((Reflist|30em))

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310182440/http://en.cast.cn/printpage.asp?ArticleID=14 About Qi Faren, the chief designer of the satellite]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070310182431/http://en.cast.cn/printpage.asp?ArticleID=17 About Peng Shoucheng "director designer of antenna, transponder and tracking subsystem of Dongfanghong-2A satellite"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100108050137/http://astronautix.com/craft/dfh2.htm DFH-2 article at ''Encyclopedia Astronautica'']

[[Category:Satellites of China]]
[[Category:Communications satellites in geostationary orbit]]
[[Category:Satellites orbiting Earth]]

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