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((short description|Mechanical device that closes a door in a controlled manner))
((more citations needed|date=August 2010))
[[File:Mechanical door closer.jpg|thumb|right|Modern manual door closer]]
[[File:D check.png|alt=Eclipse door check and spring.|thumb|Eclipse door spring and separate checking mechanism]]

A '''door closer''' is a [[mechanical device]] that regulates the speed and action of a [[door]]’s swing.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rso0FXcyhk4C&q=%22Door+closer%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT6|title=Ironmongery|last=Estates|first=N. H. S.|date=2005|publisher=The Stationery Office|isbn=9780113226979))</ref> Manual closers store the force used to open the door in some type of spring and reuse it to close the door. Automatic types use electricity to regulate door swing behavior.

Door closers can be linked to a building's fire and security alarm systems.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZEz-ogMXGwC&q=hold+open+device&pg=PA50|title=Operation of Fire Protection Systems|last=Cote|first=Arthur E.|date=2003|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9780877655848|page=50|language=en))</ref>

==History==
[[File:20160818-142019 1 orig.jpg|thumb|upright|Single action floor spring with pneumatic check. The brass decor plate and shoe are removed to show the internal workings.|alt=This is a William Newman single action "Invincible" model.]]

===Early days===
One of the first references concerning a device to close a door can be found in the writings of [[Hero of Alexandria]] who describes his "automata" which controlled the doors of temples, both opening and closing them automatically.<ref>((Cite book|title=Greek science after Aristotle|author=Lloyd, G. E. R.|date=1973|publisher=Norton|isbn=0393043711|location=New York|oclc=514642|url=https://archive.org/details/greekscienceafte00lloy))</ref> Weights and levers have also been used to close doors,<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYVYG660TvsC&q=patent+to+use+springs+instead+of+weights+to+shut+a+door&pg=RA30-PA2|title=English Patents of Inventions, Specifications: 1859, 2676 - 2744|date=1860|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|language=en))</ref> Another device for smaller domestic doors used a loop of rope or skein fixed to the door frame, that was twisted, with a piece of wood placed in between the twists to push the door. The opening of the door twists the skein further, when the door is released the rope's torsional force pushes the arm back against the door, thereby closing it.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQA-AAAAcAAJ&q=door+spring+invention&pg=PA33|title=Account of the Ancient Stone Amphitheatre Lately Discovered in the County of Kerry: With Fragments of Irish History Relating Thereto|last=Vallancey|first=Charles|date=1812|publisher=Graisberry and Campbell|pages=33|language=en))</ref><ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUoEAAAAQAAJ&q=%22door+Spring%22&pg=PA230|title=Gill's technological [afterw.] Gill's scientific, technological & microscopic repository; or, Discoveries and improvements in the useful arts, a continuation of his Technical repository, by T. Gill|last=repository|first=Gill's scientific, technological and microscopic|date=1829|pages=230–231|language=en))</ref>

In more modern times the clock manufacturers [[Thwaites & Reed|Thwaites and Reed]] in 1850 claimed to be the original inventors of the spiral door spring.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=attQAAAAcAAJ&q=hill+and+hodges+patent+hydraulic+door+spring&pg=PA165 |title=The British Colonies: Their History, Extent, Condition and Resources. Ceylon, East India, and Mediterranean Settlements|last=Martin|first=Robert Montgomery|date=1850|publisher=Tallis|page=11))</ref> The earliest English patent for a door closing device consisting of weights and pulleys was issued in 1786 to Francis Moore<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOoeGYcZTJYC&q=13th+June+1786+Francis+Moore.+doors+for+the+purpose+of+shutting+them.+Spring+for+shutting+doors+-&pg=PA284 |title=Titles of Patents of Invention, Chronologically Arranged: From March 2, 1617 (14 James I.) to October 1, 1852 (16 Victoriae). 1617–1823|last=Woodcroft|first=Bennet|date=1854|publisher=The Queen's Printing Office|language=en))</ref> The first English patent issued that mentions a spring can be traced to a few years later to that of Henry Downer.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/floor-springs/floor-springs.htm |title=Floor Spring Door Closers|website=www.buildingconservation.com|access-date=2019-04-06))</ref> (Ironmonger) of Fleet Street, London recognised for the invention of a "spring to shut a door" (1790),<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UG585Xu0DdoC&q=henry+downer+patent+for+spring+to+shut+a+door&pg=PA128 |title=Subject-matter Index (made from Titles Only) of Patents of Invention: From March 2, 1617 (14 James I.) to October 1, 1852 (16 Victoriae). A to M |last=Woodcroft |first=Bennet |publisher=The Queen's Printing Office |year=1854 |page=128))</ref> There were even earlier devices invented to close a door,<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/floor-springs/floor-springs.htm|title=Floor Spring door closers|last=Fathers|first=Rod|date=2016|website=buildingconservation.com))</ref> for instance, Mr Delevitz's model of a door with spiral spring hinges (1768)<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-dQAAAAcAAJ&q=spring+hinge&pg=PA14|title=A catalogue of the machines, models, and other articles, in the repository of the society instituted for the encouragement of the arts, manufactures, and commerce|others=Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures, and Commerce (Great Britain), Society of Arts (Great Britain)|date=1814|publisher=R. Wilks |page=18|language=en))</ref> Earlier still is reference by way of a letter between Sir Edward Filmer (3rd Bart.) and his brother, Beversham Filmer dated 1748, in which they discuss a door spring.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Orr |first=Timothy J. |date=2015-09-04 |title=Newsome, HamptonRichmond Must Fall: The Richmond-Petersburg Campaign, October 1864 |journal=History: Reviews of New Books |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=123–124 |doi=10.1080/03612759.2015.1032182 |s2cid=210428095 |issn=0361-2759))</ref> Whilst not a door closer, there was a mechanical statue, reported in the Stamford Gazette and displayed by a Monsieur Delanois at the White Swan in Stamford, December 21, 1736, that opened and closed his own door.<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000254/17381221/006/0003 |title= |newspaper= |location= |page= |issue= |date= |url-access=subscription |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.midlandsfloorsprings.co.uk/1/post/2019/07/the-dawn-of-the-door-closer.html|title=The Dawn of the door closer...|website=Midlands Floor Springs Limited|language=en|access-date=2019-07-27))</ref><ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fNPAQAAIAAJ&q=monsieur+delaunois+mathematical+statue|title=New essays by Henry Fielding|date=1989|isbn=9780813912219|pages=251|language=en|last1=Fielding |first1=Henry |last2=Battestin |first2=Martin C. |publisher=University Press of Virginia ))</ref>

===Closer development===
The first door closers consisted of just a spring mechanism only, as time went on the rate at which the door closed was arrested or checked by adding an additional checking device. Door closers at this time were known as a door spring and check. Later these two devices were combined into one unit that both closed the door and slowed the speed at which this was done. These early "door closers" used a pneumatic piston to check the speed, later models used a hydraulic or oil filled device for the same effect.

The first patent for a pneumatic device to prevent the sudden slamming of a door was given to William Bullock and James Boaz, on May 13, 1813 (Patent Number 3695).<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlrlE-6wJisC&q=william+bullock+and+james+boaz+patent&pg=PA21-IA32|title=English Patents of Inventions, Specifications|date=1856|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|language=en))</ref> An improved hydraulic device to prevent the "clapping" (slamming) of doors was patented by William Overden Snr and William Overden Jnr in 1864.<ref>((Cite book |title=Patents for inventions : abridgments of specifications relating to hinges, hinge joints, and door springs. A.D. 1775-1866 |author=Great Britain Patent Office |date=1873 |publisher=George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode |page=111 |oclc=54199007))</ref> Door closers that utilize the properties of vulcanised Indian rubber have also been patented and used.

The use of door closers expanded during the Victorian era.<ref>((Cite book |title=The British Trade Journal |year=1880|page=347))</ref> Companies such as William Tonks and Son, James Cartland and Sons and William Newman and Son and were all based in and around Birmingham.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S2DxCAAAQBAJ&q=when+did+newman+tonks+go+plc&pg=PA344|title=Major Companies of Europe 1990/91: Volume 2 Major Companies of the United Kingdom|last1=Whiteside|first1=R. M.|last2=Wilson|first2=A.|last3=Blackburn|first3=S.|last4=Hörnig|first4=S. E.|last5=Wilson|first5=C. P.|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789400907997|at=index|language=en))</ref><ref>((cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002135/19731128/753/0028 |title= |newspaper= |location= |page= |issue= |date= |url-access=subscription |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]))</ref> receiving in 1974 an award for their one millionth door closer produced.<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002135/19741126/039/0003 |title= |newspaper= |location= |page= |issue= |date= |url-access=subscription |via=[[British Newspaper Archive]]))</ref> 
In 1907 the Briton B was first placed on the market.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.allegion.co.uk/en/blogs/2018/spotted_briton.html|title=Spotted Briton|website=allegionuk|access-date=2019-05-12|archive-date=2019-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512190120/http://www.allegion.co.uk/en/blogs/2018/spotted_briton.html|url-status=dead))</ref>

In the United States, Lewis. C. Norton started his business in 1877, entering the door closer market in 1880 with a door check for the Boston Trinity Church.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://idighardware.com/2011/08/how-i-discovered-door-checks-part-1-by-l-c-norton/|title=How I Discovered Door Checks (Part 1), by L.C. Norton|date=2011-08-23|website=I Dig Hardware|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-11))</ref> Eugene Blount, Francis Richards and Joseph Bardsley also played important parts in the development, improvement and commercialization of door closers along with other companies, including Yale, Norton, Rixson and The Shelby Spring Hinge Company.

Since the 1970s/1980s Dorma and GEZE have pushed to dominate the door closer business, with Ingersol Rand, ASSA ABLOY, RIXSON having large portions of the American market.

==Types==
===Manual===
[[File:BKS-Türschließer.jpg|thumb|right|Older manual door closer (made by BKS)]]
[[File:Waterson-patented-hinge-design.png|thumb|right|Friction-based mechanical speed control mechanism]]

A spring, hydraulic pressure, or a combination of both, is found in manual door closers.
The energy used in opening the door is stored in a spring (compression, torsion, tension, volute or leaf),<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.midlandsfloorsprings.co.uk/blog.html|title=Blog|website=Midlands Floor Springs Limited|access-date=2019-04-26))</ref> and released to close the door. Spring tension is typically adjustable, altering both opening and closing force. Most door closers use [[dashpot|oil-filled hydraulic dampers]] to limit closing speed, and allow for soft closing.  Other types use a friction-based mechanical speed control mechanism.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://watersonusa.com/self-closing-hinge/door-closer-mechanism|title= Door Closer hinge mechanism|website=www.watersonusa.com|access-date=2021-02-19))</ref> 

“Controlled closers” use adjustable hydraulic valves to variously regulate the door’s opening and closing speed, latch speed, and delayed action return. These allow setting of the “sweep speed” (the rate which the door travels along the majority of its closure, the sole closing setting on basic closers); the “latch speed” (the rate in the last 10 to 15 degrees of closing arc, allowing it to be set faster than the "sweep" to ensure proper latch closure); “delayed action” (which slows sweep speed dramatically for roughly the first half of its range, allowing more time for passage),<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.constructionwitness.com/Published-Articles/Doors-Door-Closers-Door-Hardware/Manual-Door-Closers-Do-You-Have-an-Open-and-Shut.aspx|title=Manual Door Closer Injury and How door closers work|website=www.constructionwitness.com|access-date=2019-04-06))</ref> and opening speed (preventing a door from being opened too fast, a useful feature in crowded environments, and those where the young, old, or infirm may be present).  It is also particularly well-suited to exterior doors where there is a danger of wind catching and blowing them open, potentially harming the door, nearby objects, people, or pets.

===Automatic===

An automatic door closer, more often called a "door opener", opens the door itself, typically under the control of a [[push button]], [[motion detector]] or other device, and then uses a motion sensor or [[proximity detector]] to determine when it is safe to close it. 

Automatic mechanisms are also be used for security purposes, being controlled by a keypad, swipe card, or biometrically controlled 
electromagnetic device.((CN|date=November 2023))  The latter include retina scanners, fingerprint readers, and voice recognition technologies.<ref>((Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6M10DwAAQBAJ&q=biometric+security+device+for+door+opener&pg=PA490 |title=Biometric-Based Physical and Cybersecurity Systems|last1=Obaidat|first1=Mohammad S.|last2=Traore|first2=Issa|last3=Woungang|first3=Isaac|date=2018-10-24|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319987347|page=490|language=en))</ref>

Electric door closers may also be hooked to a building’s fire alarm system. A triggered alarm  cuts power to any  electromagnetic hold-open device, allowing the doors to close.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7LrBgAAQBAJ&q=hold+open+device&pg=PA323|title=Illustrated Guide to Door Hardware: Design, Specification, Selection|last=Tobias|first=Scott|date=2015-04-13|publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781118112618 |page=323|language=en))</ref>

==Configurations==
[[File:PERKO-POWER controlled concealed jamb-mounted door closer.jpg|thumb|A concealed jamb-mounted door closer]]

There are seven configurations of interior door-closer:

* Surface-mounted
* Concealed in frame (jamb)
* Concealed in header (transom)
*Concealed in floor<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.constructionwitness.com/Published-Articles/Doors-Door-Closers-Door-Hardware/Concealed-Door-Closers.aspx |title=Concealed Door Closers |author=Michael Panish |work=Michael Panish: Construction Expert Witness and Consultant |access-date=January 21, 2014))</ref>
* Concealed in door
*Concealed in shoe
*Integral to hinge
** Spring Hinge
** Self-Closing Hinge

Overhead or surface-mounted door closers come in four variations: slide-track arm, regular arm surface mounted, parallel arm surface mounted, and top jamb mounted, most are surface mounted although some manufacturers offer concealed models too.

Another type of surface mounted door closer is attached to the door frame behind the door (where the hinges are) next to the middle hinge. The "arm" (tail) rests against the door, and a spring that is twisted by the user opening the door closes the door by returning to its pre-twisted shape. This type of door closer is referred to as a "tail" spring<ref>((Cite book |title=The Modern building encyclopaedia |last=Kay |first=Norman William |date=1955 |publisher=Odhams |page=325 |oclc=219759402))</ref> and is one of the more simple mechanisms, having no damping control.

There is also the storm door and screen door variation of the door closer: As the name implies, these piston type closers are used on storm doors, security, and screen doors which give the home an extra line of defense against weather, intruders, and insects.  Whereas interior closers typically use hydraulics, storm door closers are more typically pneumatic, using air and springs to close the door.  Storm door closers often have a small metal square washer on the rod that is used to lock the closer in the open position if required, more recent models have a button to actuate the hold open feature to make this process easier. Concealed, jamb-mounted type door closers, mounted in morticed recesses in the door and door frame, are concealed when the door is closed. These are available in controlled and uncontrolled versions, selected according to the application for which they are intended. Such concealed closers when mounted inside a pocket in the door frame (door jamb) are commonly known as "perco's" or perkomatic closers

When door closers are mounted in the header they are known as transom closers.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcpUAAAAMAAJ&q=transom+door+closer |title=AJ Focus, Volume 10|date=1996|publisher=Architectural Press|page=239 |language=en))</ref> These can be HO (hold open) or NHO (none hold open).

Door closers that are mounted in the floor directly under the pivot point beneath a decor plate are referred to as floor springs and come in two variations, single action for doors opening one way (right and left hand) and double action for doors that open inward and outward, both types can either be none hold open (NHO) or hold open (HO). They consist of a pivot which protrudes from the top of the device and mates to a shoe (or strap) that the door is connected to, some kind of spring and a damping device to control the rate at which the door closes (very early ones had no damping), these damping devices are either pneumatic (known as an air spring or air check) or hydraulic in nature. When a floor spring is used to control a door, they can be used in conjunction with hinges but generally have a single pivot point at the top of the door, this pivot point is known as a top centre.<ref>''Building construction and drawings'', 
Charles Frederick Mitchell, George Arthur Mitchell, B.T. Batsford, 1906 Page 355</ref> Floor springs are usually the most expensive and most hard wearing of all the door closing devices in use.

The shoe door closer, known as a heel spring,<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u1pRAAAAYAAJ&q=heel+spring+door+closer |title=The Architects' Journal, volume 171|date=April 1980|publisher=Architectural Press |location=The University of Virginia))</ref> is housed entirely in the 'heel' of the door, inside a shoe. This shoe looks very much like the shoe used in conjunction with floor springs.

Spring hinge uses a spring mounted in a hinge and is integral to its design. The spring can be either visible or hidden within a tube and can be found more commonly on interior doors. When used on doors that open both ways they are known as double action spring hinges.

[[File:Self closer hinge on arch-top.jpg|thumb|Self-closing hinges are an alternative to using a door closer]]

A self-closing hinge combines door closers and spring hinges with an optional hold open feature into one component. These closer hinges eliminate the visual and physical clutter of using additional devices, as well as reduce maintenance problems associated with overhead and in-floor door closers. They are especially useful where other types of closers are difficult to use. The most durable self-closing hinge can handle doors up to 440 lb.

==Usage==
Door closers are widely used in both residential and non-residential settings. At home, they are most commonly found on screen and storm doors. They are also used in numerous applications in commercial, industrial, institutional, and public facilities from libraries and schools to museums and airports.

===Fire safety===
In non-residential settings, door closers are most commonly installed on bathroom doors, [[fire door]]s, and exit doors. During a fire, any door that penetrates a [[Firewall (construction)|firewall]] must be fire-rated. Fire doors need to be closed in case of fire to help prevent the spread of fire and smoke. Any fire doors which are normally held open must automatically close and lock when a fire is present in the building. The function of an emergency exit rim device ([[crash bar]] or panic bar) will permit escape through a fire door, however it must re-latch once released. (A fire door must not be "dogged" to disable its latch.) In most countries fire door performance will be governed by national standards.

===Temperature control===
Door closers also play a role in maintaining desired interior temperatures, reducing air movement in and out of conditioned space.

=== Security ===
Door closers also play a role in security at building entrance doors, closing doors once somebody has passed through and re-latching the door lock.

=== Noise control ===
In buildings that require noise control (Studios) door closers play an important part in the suppression of unwanted noise both in and out rooms and the buildings themselves.

=== Privacy ===
Door closers are often used to ensure privacy in toilets and washrooms.

=== Hygiene ===
Door closers can also play a part in keeping buildings and rooms free from dirt, debris and pests.

== See also ==
* [[Door loop]], a method for providing electric cabling to a door

==References==
((reflist))

== External links ==
((commons category|Door closers))

((DEFAULTSORT:Door Closer))
[[Category:Door automation]]
[[Category:Ironmongery]]
[[Category:Door furniture]]

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