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((Short description|Human-powered rail vehicle))
((About|auxiliary railcars regardless of propulsion|the original form powered by foot|dandy horse))
((More citations needed|date=February 2021))
[[Image:Draisine-templin.jpg|thumb|right|Two-person rail-cycle draisine with four wheels, for leisure.]]
A '''draisine''' (((IPAc-en|lang|d|r|eɪ|ˈ|z|iː|n))) is a light auxiliary [[Rail transport|rail vehicle]], driven by service personnel or own user, equipped to transport crew and material necessary for the maintenance of  railway infrastructure. This includes leisure, driven by the own user, in a safe way (i.e. not [[inclined plane]]s).

The eponymous term is derived from the German inventor [[Freiherr|Baron]] [[Karl Drais]], who invented his ''[[Laufmaschine]]'' ([[German language|German]] for "running machine") in 1817, which was called ''Draisine'' in German (''vélocipède'' or ''draisienne'' in French) by the press. It is the first reliable claim for a practically used precursor to the [[bicycle]], basically the first commercially successful two-wheeled, steerable, human-propelled machine, nicknamed hobby-horse or [[dandy horse]].<ref>((cite web |title=From Draisienne to Dandyhorse |url=http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/collection/cycles3.cfm |work=Canada Science and Technology Museum |access-date=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205045249/http://www.sciencetech.technomuses.ca/english/collection/cycles3.cfm |archive-date=5 February 2012 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

[[Image:draisine1817.jpg|thumb|upright|Drais's [[dandy horse]], called ''Draisine'' in German, whose name was inherited by the rail vehicle. (drawing published in 1817.)]]

Later, the name draisine came to be applied only to the invention used on rails and was extended to similar vehicles, even when not human-powered. Because of their low weight and small size, they can be put on and taken off the rails at any place, allowing trains to pass.

In the United States, motor-powered draisines are known as [[railroad speeder|speeders]] while [[Human-powered transport|human-powered]] ones are referred as [[handcar]]s.  Vehicles that can be driven on both the highway and the rail line are called [[road–rail vehicle]]s, or (after a trademark) Hy-Rails.

== Dressin, velorail, trolley, or railbike ==
((see|Velocipede handcar))
[[File:Fahrrad-Draisine.jpg|thumb|left|Basic railbike-draisine]]
"Draisines", called ''dressin'' in [[Swedish language|Swedish]], ''dresin'' in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], ''dræsine'' in [[Danish language|Danish]], and ''resiina'' in [[Finnish language|Finnish]], refers to pedal-powered rail-cycles which were used by railroad maintenance workers in Finland, Sweden, and Norway until about 1950, as handcars were elsewhere.

Draisines nowadays are used for recreation on several unused railway lines in Germany, Sweden, Norway, Poland, some other European countries and South Korea.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://asiaenglish.visitkorea.or.kr/ena/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=626406 |title=asiaenglish.visitkorea.or.kr |access-date=2017-07-10 |archive-date=2015-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919135633/http://asiaenglish.visitkorea.or.kr/ena/SI/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=626406 |url-status=dead ))</ref> Several companies rent draisines in Sweden.<ref>((cite web |title=Muscle power: draisine travel |url=http://www.hiddeneurope.co.uk/muscle-power-draisine-travel |work=Hidden Europe|access-date=16 August 2013))</ref> In the United States, railbike tours have operated in several states nationwide: California,<ref>((cite news |last1=Reynolds |first1=Christopher |title=A bucket list trip: Pedal through a Northern California forest on old railroad tracks |url=https://www.latimes.com/travel/story/2021-07-22/people-pedaling-bikes-on-rail-tracks-in-northern-california-forest |access-date=13 August 2021 |agency=Los Angeles Times |date=July 22, 2021))</ref> Maine,<ref>Abigail Curtis [http://bangordailynews.com/2010/07/07/news/midcoast/rail-cycles-offer-scenic-exercise/ bangordailynews.com Rail cycles offer scenic exercise] bangordailynews.com July 7, 2010, accessed 2023-10-28</ref> Oregon,<ref>Tom Banse [http://nwnewsnetwork.org/post/pedal-powered-rail-riding-comes-oregon-coast nwnewsnetwork.org Pedal-Powered Rail Riding Comes To Oregon Coast] NWNews 
Published May 26, 2016, accessed 2023-10-28</ref> the Adirondack Mountains of upstate New York,<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.lakeplacidnews.com/page/content.detail/id/523676/Rail-bike-tours-offered-between-Saranac-Lake--Lake-Clear.html?nav=5005 |title=lakeplacidnews.com |access-date=2017-03-15 |archive-date=2017-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315175510/http://www.lakeplacidnews.com/page/content.detail/id/523676/Rail-bike-tours-offered-between-Saranac-Lake--Lake-Clear.html?nav=5005 |url-status=dead ))</ref> and Delaware.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local/delaware/92947-delawareans-to-experience-nature-with-rail-explorers |title=newsworks.org |access-date=2017-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916052850/http://www.newsworks.org/index.php/local/delaware/92947-delawareans-to-experience-nature-with-rail-explorers |archive-date=2017-09-16 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

Until 2007, Finland hosted an annual competition, ''Resiina-ralli'' (''Draisine Rally''), involving several draisine teams travelling for many days on the railways from one corner of the country to another.
((clear))

== Types ==
<gallery mode=packed heights="180px">
Image:Drezyna 442.jpg|Hand-lever draisine [[handcar]]
File:Dresina.jpg|
Image:Draisine outdoor exhibition Metelen.jpg|Functioning draisine
Image:Three-wheelDraisineSRM.jpg|Three-wheeled draisine at the [[Saskatchewan Railway Museum]] exhibited by a railway history museum in [[Metelen]], Germany
Image:Tricicle combined railway bike combined pedal and hand driven Khabarovsk Russia museum of Amur bridge.jpg|Combined pedal and hand driven railway bike in museum of [[Khabarovsk Bridge]], Russia
Image:RailVelocipede.jpg|Three-wheeled handcar designed to be operated by a single person, widely known in the United States as a handcar or velocipede
Image:Schienenfahrrad.JPG|Pedaled four-wheel rail-cycle draisine
Image:HotchkissBikeRR.JPG|Purpose-built bicycle for riding the [[Hotchkiss Bicycle Railroad]]
File:Draisines in Broby, 2009-09-02.jpg|A row of draisines for hire: The railway runs between [[Broby, Sweden|Broby]] and [[Glimminge]], [[Sweden]]
Image:USFSRailcarWilliams5171.JPG| [[railroad speeder|Speeders]] is another term for a small motorized draisine.
Image:Speeder-Draisine-SMR.jpg|Motorized draisines are known as [[railroad speeder|speeders]], trolleys, or “jiggers” in the United States and Canada.
Image:Draisine Namibia.jpg|Draisine for crew transport and [[Track (rail transport)|railway track]] inspection in [[Namibia]] 2017 
Image:Rail bus01.jpg|Even this small [[railbus]] is related to the draisine.((citation needed|date=October 2017))
</gallery>

== Automotive draisines ==
<gallery mode=packed heights="150"px">
File:StateLibQld 2 164431 Jeep shunting empty coal hoppers, Brisbane.jpg|[[Willys MB|Jeep]] shunting empty coal hoppers, World War II
File:France Paris Champs Elysees Dodge.JPG|And the "Big jeep" (or "Beep"), the WWII [[Dodge WC series|Dodge WC model]], was also used for draisine duty
Image:GAZ-13 Chaika draisine.jpg|Car (Russian [[GAZ-13|GAZ-13 Chaika]]) converted into a [[railroad speeder]], at the [[Hungarian Railway Museum]]
Image:VW T1-BD 20-5031.JPG|''[[Deutsche Bundesbahn]]'' [[railroad speeder]] based on the [[Volkswagen Type 2]]
</gallery>

== Military use((anchor|Armoured draisine)) ==
[[Image:Obrněná drezína Tatra T 18.gif|thumb|175px|right|Armoured draisine [[Tatra T18]] built in Czechoslovakia for Polish armed forces (1930s)]]
The military use of draisines concerned, first of all, armoured draisines. They were light armoured rail motor vehicles, intended for reconnaissance, scouting, track patrolling, and other auxiliary combat tasks, usually belonging to [[armoured train]]s. Early vehicles of this kind were built in Russia during [[World War I]]. Later, often [[Armored car (military)|armoured cars]] were used as armoured draisines, after exchanging their wheels to railroad ones, or fitting them with additional retractable railroad rollers. Some countries, however, manufactured purpose-built armoured draisines between the wars, such as the USSR and Czechoslovakia. Peculiar vehicles were Polish armoured draisines - they were [[tank]]s or [[tankette]]s fitted with special rail chassis, able to be used on rails or on the ground, leaving the rail chassis on the rails. 

Some countries developed railtrack armoured draisines, with retractable railroad wheels; they were not widely used, however. Different armoured draisines were used during the [[Second World War]], starting from the [[invasion of Poland]] by [[Nazi Germany]].

Prior to World War II, the Japanese Empire had already made extensive use of draisines such as the [[Sumida M.2593]] in the [[Japanese invasion of Manchuria]] and the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Sino-Japanese War]].<ref>[http://www3.plala.or.jp/takihome/91.htm Taki's Imperial Japanese Army: Type 91 Armored Railroad Car] ''www3.plala.or.jp'', accessed 2023-10-28</ref> From 1952, the [[Wickham trolley#Wikham Armoured Trolley|Wikham Armoured Trolley]] was used by British security forces during the [[Malayan Emergency]].<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.armedconflicts.com/Armoured-Wickham-Trolley-AWT-t21088 |title=Armoured Wickham Trolley, AWT |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= |website=www.armedconflicts.com |publisher= |access-date=26 April 2021))</ref>

== Construction ==
People have been putting bicycles on railroad tracks ever since there have been both bicycles and railroads. From time to time, factory-built models have been available, beginning with a device marketed in 1908 through the [[Sears]] catalogue for just US$5.45 (((Inflation|US|5.45|1908|fmt=eq|r=0))).

There are many designs of draisine. However, certain fundamentals of railbike design must be adhered to, foremost among them the reconciliation of a bicycle's stability with adaptation to riding on a [[railway track]]: bicycles are kept upright by the rider steering in the direction of an impending fall, but this ability is sacrificed when the bicycle is constrained by rails. Simply adding flanged wheels to a conventional bicycle would make it impossible to balance, so the typical approach to stabilization is to add an [[outrigger]], with roller(s), across to the second rail from near the bicycle’s rear wheel. Even such an outrigger system is not without its complications, as tracks that are no longer perfectly parallel — common on sections of abandoned track — can result in [[derailment]]. Additional guide rollers can help alleviate this problem at the expense of greater weight.
<!-- 
Aside from this outrigger, necessary modifications include flanged guide rollers on both the front and rear wheels, with the front guide needing to carry a large part of the rider’s weight to prevent derailment at encountering irregularities on the track. Practicality also commonly demands that the bicycle continue to be able to be ridden off rails, for the rider to travel (for instance) between his home and the tracks, and that the conversion process between bicycle and railbike be fast and straightforward even as it meets the demands of stability and dependability. -->

==See also==
((div col|colwidth=23em))
* [[Balance bicycle]]
* [[Handcar]]
* [[History of the bicycle]]
* [[Human-powered land vehicle]]
* [[Norry]], improvised draisines used in [[Cambodia]]
* In the film ''[[Frog Dreaming]]'' (1986), the young protagonist builds and uses a railbike.
* [[Railbus]]
* [[Railroad speeder]]
* [[Mini Moke#Railway Mokes|Railway Mokes]]
* [[Sail bogey]]
* [[Taiwanese push car railways]]
((div col end))

== References ==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons category-inline|Draisines))
* [http://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/segment/railriders/ Railriders] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629123356/https://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/segment/railriders/ |date=2020-06-29 ))  Video produced by [[Oregon Field Guide]]

((Authority control))

[[Category:Draisines| ]]

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