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((Short description|Medieval duchy in southern France))
((Infobox country
|native_name            = ((native name|oc|Ducat d'Aquitània))<br/>((native name|fr|Duché d'Aquitaine))
|conventional_long_name = Duchy of Aquitaine
|common_name            = Aquitaine
|era                    = [[Middle Ages]]
|status                 = Fief
|status_text            = Fief of [[Francia]] (602 – late 7th century), independent duchy (intermittently late 7th century – 769)
|empire                 = 
|government_type        = Feudal monarchy
|event_start            = Duke appointed by the Merovingian kings
|year_start             = 602
|life_span =
|event_end              = Annexed by [[Kingdom of France]]
|year_end               = 1453
|p1                     = Visigothic Kingdom
|flag_p1                =  
|image_p1               = 
|s1                     = Duchy of Guyenne
|flag_s1                = Arms of Aquitaine and Guyenne.svg
|border_s1              = no
|s2                     = Kingdom of France
|flag_s2                = France moderne.svg
|border_s2              = no
|image_flag             = Flag of Aquitaine.svg
|image_coat             = Arms of Aquitaine and Guyenne.svg
|symbol_type            = Angevin coat of arms (12th century)
|image_map              = France 1154-fr.svg
|image_map_alt          =
|image_map_caption      = Map of France in 1154 
|image_map2             = <!-- If second map is needed - does not appear by default -->
|capital                = 
|latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW=
|national_motto         =
|national_anthem        =
|common_languages       = [[Medieval Latin]] <br/> [[Old Occitan]]
|religion               = [[Western Christianity|Christianity]] 
|leader1                = [[Ranulf I of Aquitaine]]
|leader2                = [[William VIII of Aquitaine]]
|leader3                = [[William X, Duke of Aquitaine|William X of Aquitaine]]
|leader4                = [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]]
|leader5                = [[Henry VI of England]]
|year_leader1           = 860–866
|year_leader2           = 1058–1086
|year_leader3           = 1126–1137
|year_leader4           = 1137–1204
|year_leader5           = 1422–1453
|title_leader           = [[Duke of Aquitaine]]
|stat_year1             = <!-- year of the statistic, specify either area, population or both -->
|stat_area1             = <!-- area in square kílometres (w/o commas or spaces), area in square miles is calculated -->
|stat_pop1              = <!-- population (w/o commas or spaces), population density is calculated if area is also given -->
|stat_year2             =
|stat_area2             =
|stat_pop2              =
|stat_year3             =
|stat_area3             =
|stat_pop3              =
|stat_year4             =
|stat_area4             =
|stat_pop4              =
|stat_year5             =
|stat_area5             =
|stat_pop5              =
|today                  = [[France]]
|footnotes              = <!-- Accepts wikilinks -->
|p2=Umayyad Caliphate|p3=Francia))

The '''Duchy of Aquitaine''' (((lang-oc|Ducat d'Aquitània)), ((IPA-oc|dyˈkad dakiˈtaɲɔ|IPA)); ((lang-fr|Duché d'Aquitaine)), ((IPA-fr|dyʃe dakitɛn|IPA))) was a historical [[fief]]dom in western, central, and southern areas of present-day [[France]] to the south of the river [[Loire]], although its extent, as well as its name, fluctuated greatly over the centuries, at times comprising much of what is now southwestern France ([[Gascony]]) and central France.

It originated in the 7th century as a duchy of [[Francia]], ultimately a recreation of the Roman provinces of ((lang|la|[[Gallia Aquitania|Aquitania Prima and Secunda]])). As a duchy, it broke up after the conquest of the independent Aquitanian duchy of [[Waiofar]], going on to become a sub-kingdom within the [[Carolingian Empire]]. It was then absorbed by [[West Francia]] after the 843 [[partition of Verdun]] and soon reappeared as a duchy under it. In 1153, an enlarged Aquitaine pledged loyalty to the [[Angevin kings of England]]. As a result, a [[Capetian-Plantagenet rivalry|rivalry]] emerged between the [[Capetian Dynasty|French monarchs]] and the Angevins over control of the latter's territorial possessions in France. By the mid-13th century, only [[Gascony]] remained in Angevin hands. The [[Hundred Years' War]] finally saw the [[kingdom of France]] gain full control over Aquitaine in the 1450s, with much of its territory directly incorporated into the [[French royal domain]] itself.

==History==

===Early history===
[[File:Vasconia wide 740 3 - 80.jpg|thumb|280px|Aquitaine after the [[Battle of Tours|Battle of Poitiers]] (734–743)]]
[[Gallia Aquitania]] fell under [[Visigothic]] rule in the 5th century. It was conquered by the [[Franks]] under [[Clovis I]] in 507, as a result of the [[Battle of Vouillé]]. During the 6th and early 7th century, it was under direct rule of Frankish kings, divided between the realms of [[Childebert II]] and [[Guntram]] in the [[Treaty of Andelot]] of 587. Under [[Chlothar II]], Aquitaine was again integral part of Francia, but after Chlothar's death in 629, his heir [[Dagobert I]] granted a subkingdom in southern Aquitaine to his younger brother [[Charibert II]]. This subkingdom, consisting of Gascony and the southern fringe of Aquitaine proper, is conventionally known as "Aquitaine" and forms the historical basis for the later duchy. 
Charibert campaigned successfully against the [[Duchy of Vasconia|Basques]], but after his death in 632, they revolted again, in 635 subdued by an army sent by Dagobert (who was at the same time forced to deal with a rebellion in Brittany).

The duchy of Aquitaine as a quasi-independent realm within the Frankish empire established itself during the second half of the 7th century, certainly by 700 under [[Odo the Great]]. The first duke is on record under the name of Felix, and as having ruled from about 660. As his successor, Lupus held loose ties with the Frankish kings, ruling autonomously (''princeps'').<ref name="Lewis">Lewis, pp 400–401 and n127.</ref> Odo succeeded Lupus in 700 and signed a peace treaty with [[Charles Martel]]. He inflicted on the [[Moors]] a crushing defeat at the [[Battle of Toulouse (721)|Battle of Toulouse]] in 721.
However, Charles Martel coveted the southern realm, crossed the Loire in 731 and looted much of Aquitaine. Odo engaged the Franks in battle, but lost and came out weakened. Soon after this battle, in 732, the Moors raided Vasconia and Aquitaine as far north as [[Poitiers]] and defeated Odo twice near [[Bordeaux]]. Odo saw no option but to invoke the aid of Charles Martel and pledge allegiance to the Frankish prince.

Odo was succeeded by his son Hunald, who reverted to former independence, so defying the Frankish [[Mayor of the Palace]] Charles Martel's authority. The Carolingian leader attacked Hunald twice in 735 and 736, but was unable to totally subdue the duke and an army put together by counts of key Aquitanian towns, e.g. [[Bourges]], [[Limoges]], etc. Eventually, Hunald retired to a monastery, leaving both the kingdom and the continuing conflict to Waifer, or Guaifer. Following the full occupation of [[Septimania]] in 759, Pepin turned now his attention to Aquitaine, initiating a cyclical military campaign that lasted for eight years, i.e. the War of Aquitaine. Waifer strenuously carried on an unequal struggle with the Carolingian Franks, but his assassination in 768 marked the demise of Aquitaine's relative independence. Aquitaine underwent during these years intensive destruction of urban, economic, military and intellectual centres. Pepin's forces destroyed up to 36 monasteries.<ref>((Cite book|last=Rouche|first=Michel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7007853|title=L'Aquitaine, des Wisigoths aux Arabes, 418-781 : naissance d'une région|date=1979|publisher=Editions de l'Ecole des hautes études en sciences sociales, Éditions Touzot|isbn=2-7132-0685-5|location=Paris|oclc=7007853|page = 312))</ref>

As a successor state to the Roman province of Gallia Aquitania and the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] (418–721), [[Occitania|Aquitania]] (Aquitaine) and [[Languedoc]] ([[Counts of Toulouse|Toulouse]]) inherited the Visigothic Law and [[Roman Law]] which had combined to allow women more rights than their contemporaries in other parts of Europe. Particularly with the [[Visigothic Code|Liber Judiciorum]], which was codified in 642 and 643 and expanded in the Code of Recceswinth in 653, women could inherit land and title and manage it independently from their husbands or male relations, dispose of their property in legal wills if they had no heirs, and women could represent themselves and bear witness in court by age 14 and arrange for their own marriages by age 20.<ref name="Visgothic Women">Wemple, Suzanne Fonay; ''Women in the Fifth to the Tenth Century''. In: Klapisch-Zuber, Christine; ''A History of Women: Book II. Silences of the Middle Ages'', The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England. 1992, 2000 (5th printing). Chapter 6, p 74.</ref> As a consequence, male-preference [[primogeniture]] was the practiced succession law for the nobility.

===Carolingian kingdom of Aquitaine===
((anchor|Carolingian))
The autonomous and troublesome duchy of Aquitaine was conquered by the [[Franks]] in 769, after a series of revolts against their suzerainty. In order to avoid a new demonstration of Aquitain particularism, [[Charlemagne]] decided to organize the land within his kingdom.

After the Carolingian conquest, the duchy ceased to exist as such, whose powers were taken over by the counts (dukes) of Toulouse, main seat of the Carolingian government in the Midi, represented by Chorso and, after being deposed, by Charlemagne's trustee William (of Gellone), a close relative of his. In 781, he made his third son [[Louis the Fair|Louis]], then three years of age, king of Aquitaine. The [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian]] Kingdom of Aquitaine subordinated to the Carolingian king or (later) emperor based in [[Francia]] (Austrasia, Neustria). It included not only Aquitaine proper, but also [[Septimania|Gothia]], [[Duchy of Vasconia|Vasconia]] (Gascony) and the Carolingian possessions in [[Marca Hispanica|Spain]] as well. In 806, Charlemagne planned to divide his empire between his sons. Louis received [[Provence]] and [[Burgundy (historical region)|Burgundy]] as additions to his kingdom.

When Louis succeeded Charlemagne as emperor in 814, he granted Aquitaine to his son [[Pepin I of Aquitaine|Pepin I]], after whose death in 838 the nobility of Aquitaine chose his son [[Pepin II of Aquitaine]] (d. 865) as their king. The emperor Louis I, however, opposed this arrangement and gave the kingdom to his youngest son Charles, afterwards the emperor [[Charles the Bald]]. Confusion and conflict resulted, eventually falling in favor of Charles; although from 845 to 852 Pepin II was in possession of the kingdom, at Eastertide 848 in [[Limoges]], the magnates and prelates of Aquitaine formally elected Charles as their king. Later, at [[Orléans]], he was anointed and crowned by [[Wenilo (archbishop of Sens)|Wenilo, archbishop of Sens]].<ref>Against this background of conflicted loyalties must be seen the career of Wenilo.</ref> In 852, Pepin II was imprisoned by Charles the Bald, who soon afterwards pronounced his own son Charles as the ruler of Aquitaine. On the death of the younger Charles in 866, his brother [[Louis the Stammerer]] succeeded to the kingdom, and when, in 877, Louis became king of the Franks, Aquitaine was fully absorbed into the Frankish crown.

By a treaty made in 845 between Charles the Bald and Pepin II, the kingdom had been diminished by the loss of Poitou, Saintonge and Angoumois in the northwest of the region, which had been given to Rainulf I, count of Poitiers. The title of Duke of Aquitaine, already revived, was now borne by Rainulf, although it was also claimed by the counts of Toulouse. The new duchy of Aquitaine, including the three districts already mentioned, remained in the hands of Ramulf's successors, despite disagreement with their Frankish overlords, until 893 when Count Rainulf II was poisoned by order of King Charles III, or [[Charles the Simple]]. Charles then bestowed the duchy upon [[William I, Duke of Aquitaine|William the Pious]], count of Auvergne, the founder of the [[abbey of Cluny]], who was succeeded in 918 by his nephew, [[William II, Duke of Aquitaine|Count William II]], who died in 926.

A succession of dukes followed, one of whom, William IV, fought against [[Hugh Capet]], king of France, and another of whom, [[William V, Duke of Aquitaine|William V]], called the Great, was able to strengthen and extend his authority considerably, although he yielded the proffered [[Kingdom of Italy (HRE)|Lombard crown]] rather than fight [[Conrad II]] for it. William's duchy almost reached the limits of the old Roman [[Gallia Aquitania]] but did not stretch south of the Garonne, a district which was in the possession of the Gascons. William died in 1030. Odo or Eudes (d. 1039) joined Gascony to Aquitaine.

===Angevin Empire===
The [[Ramnulfids]] had become the dominant power in southwestern France by the end of the 11th century. By marriage rather than conquest, their possessions passed into the "[[Angevin Empire]]" under the [[kingdom of England|English crown]] by 1153.

[[William IX, Duke of Aquitaine]] (d. 1127), who succeeded to the dukedom in 1087, gained fame as a crusader and a troubadour. His granddaughter, [[Eleanor of Aquitaine]], succeeded to the duchy at the age of 15 as the eldest daughter and heir of [[William X, Duke of Aquitaine|William X]] (d. 1137), as his son did not live past childhood. She married [[Louis VII of France|Louis]], heir to the French throne, three months after her father's death due to the quick thinking of Louis's father, [[Louis VI of France]], who did not want to leave a territory such as Aquitaine governed by a child of fifteen. When Louis VI died, and Eleanor's new husband became King Louis VII, the Duchy of Aquitaine officially came under the rule of the French Crown, and for fifteen years, Louis VII had territory that rivaled that of the English crown and the Counts of Toulouse. The marriage was later annulled on the grounds of consanguinity by a bishop on 21 March 1152, and she kept her lands and title as Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right. On 18 May 1152, she married [[Henry II of England|Henry, Duke of Normandy]], the son of [[Empress Matilda]], daughter of [[Henry I of England]], and a claimant to the English throne. When he defeated his mother's cousin, [[Stephen, King of England|King Stephen]], in 1153 and became King of England as Henry II, Aquitaine merged with the English crown.<ref name="eleanorjones">((Cite book |last=Jones |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Jones (writer) |title=The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England |publisher=Penguin Random House |date=2012))</ref>

Having suppressed a revolt in his new possession, Henry gave it to his son [[Richard I of England|Richard]]. When Richard died in 1199, it reverted to Eleanor, and on her death in 1204, it was inherited by her son [[John, King of England|John]] and absorbed into the English crown permanently. The duchy henceforward followed the fortunes of the other English possessions in France, such as [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]] and [[County of Anjou|Anjou]], ultimately leading to the [[Hundred Years' War]] between England and France.

Aquitaine as it came to the English kings stretched from the Loire to the Pyrenees, but its range was limited to the southeast by the extensive lands of the counts of Toulouse. The name Guienne, a corruption of Aquitaine, seems to have come into use about the 10th century, and the subsequent history of Aquitaine is merged in that of [[Gascony]] and [[Guyenne|Guienne]].

===Hundred Years' War===
[[File:Hundred years war.gif|thumb|right|Hundred Years' War evolution. ((Legend|#FFFF80|French territory))((Legend|#B2B2B2|English))
((Legend|#868686|Burgundian))]]
In 1337, King [[Philip VI of France]] reclaimed the fief of Aquitaine (essentially corresponding to Gascony) from Eleanor's descendant, [[Edward III of England]]. Edward in turn claimed the entire Kingdom of France as the only grandson of King [[Philip IV of France]]. This triggered the [[Hundred Years' War]], in which both the [[Plantagenets]] and the [[House of Valois]] claimed supremacy over Aquitaine. In 1360, both sides signed the [[Treaty of Brétigny]], in which Edward renounced his claim to the French crown but remained sovereign Lord of Aquitaine (rather than merely duke). However, when the treaty was broken in 1369, both these English claims and the war resumed. In 1362, Edward III, as Lord of Aquitaine, made his eldest son [[Edward the Black Prince]], Prince of Aquitaine. In 1390, King [[Richard II of England|Richard II]], son of Edward the Black Prince, appointed his uncle [[John of Gaunt]] as Duke of Aquitaine. That title passed on to John's descendants although they belonged to the crown because John of Gaunt's son, [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]], managed to successfully usurp the crown from Richard II, therefore 'inheriting' the title Lord of Aquitaine from his father, which was passed down to his descendants as they became Kings. His son, [[Henry V of England]], ruled over Aquitaine as King of England and Lord of Aquitaine from 1413 to 1422. He invaded France and emerged victorious at the siege of Harfleur and the [[Battle of Agincourt]] in 1415. He succeeded in obtaining the French crown for his family by the [[Treaty of Troyes]] in 1420. Henry V died in 1422, and his son [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] inherited the French throne at the age of less than a year; his reign saw the gradual loss of English control of France.

The [[House of Valois|Valois]] kings of France, claiming supremacy over Aquitaine, granted the title of duke to their heirs, the [[Dauphin of France|Dauphins]], during 1345 and 1415: [[John II of France|John II]] (1345–50), [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]] (1392?–1401), and [[Louis, Dauphin of France (1397-1415)|Louis]] (1401–1415). French victory was complete with the [[Battle of Castillon]] of 1453. England and France nominally remained at war for another 20 years, but England was in no position to continue its campaign, due to its escalating [[Wars of the Roses|internal conflicts]]. The Hundred Years' War was formally concluded with the [[Treaty of Picquigny]] of 1475. With the end of the Hundred Years' War, Aquitaine returned under direct rule of the king of France and remained in the possession of the king. Only occasionally was the title of "duke of Aquitaine" granted to another member of the dynasty, and then as a purely nominal distinction.

==Geography and subdivisions==
[[File:Map France 1030-fr.svg|thumb|350px|Map of France in 1030]]
((further|Guyenne|Gascony|Aquitaine))
Over the course of its existence, the duchy incorporated the [[Duchy of Gascony]] and, until 1271, the [[County of Toulouse]], which now falls in the [[Regions of France|region]] of [[Occitania (administrative region)|Occitanie]]. Most of the rest of the post-1271 duchy now forms the region of [[Nouvelle-Aquitaine]], though parts fall into the three neighbouring regions of [[Pays de la Loire]], [[Centre-Val de Loire]] and [[Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes]].

The county of Aquitaine as it stood in the High Middle Ages, then, was bordering the [[Pyrenees]] to the south ([[kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]], [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] and [[County of Barcelona|Barcelona]], formerly the [[Marcha Hispanica]]) and the [[county of Toulouse]] and the [[kingdom of Burgundy]] ([[Arelat]] to the east. To the north, it bordered on [[Duchy of Bretagne|Bretagne]], [[County of Anjou|Anjou]], [[Counts of Blois|Blois]] and [[Bourbonnais]], all of which had passed to the [[kingdom of France]] by the 13th century.

*Aquitaine proper
**[[County of Poitou]]
**[[County of La Marche]]
**[[County of Angoulême]]
**[[County of Périgord]]
**[[County of Auvergne]] (passed to the [[Crown lands of France|royal domain]] in 1271)
***County of [[Velay]]
**[[County of Saintonge]]
**Lordship of [[Déols]]
**Lordship of [[Issoudun]]
**[[History of Limousin|Viscounty of Limousin]]
*[[Duchy of Gascony]], personal union with Aquitaine from the 7th to the 9th century ([[Felix of Aquitaine]]) and again from 1053.
**County of [[Agenais]]
*[[County of Toulouse]] (quasi-independent from 778, reverted to the royal domain in 1271)
**County of [[Quercy]]
**County of [[Rouergue]]
***[[County of Rodez]]
**County of [[Gevaudan]]
**Viscounty of [[Albi]]
**[[Septimania|Marquisat of Gothia]]

==See also==
*[[Duke of Aquitaine]]
*[[History of Aquitaine]]

==References==
((reflist))
((EB1911|volume=2|pages=252–253|wstitle=Aquitaine))

== Bibliography ==

*Lewis, Archibald R. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2851704 The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550-751.]" ''Speculum'', Vol. 51, No. 3. (July 1976), pp.&nbsp;381–410.
* Emile Mabille, (1870) [https://books.google.com/books?id=IuckAAAAYAAJ ''Le Royaume D'Aquitaine Et Ses Marches Sous Les Carlovingiens'']
* Jean Penant, (2009) ''Occitanie, l'épopée des origines''

((coord missing|France))

[[Category:Former monarchies of Europe]]
[[Category:History of Aquitaine]]

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Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Native name (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Resolve category redirect (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Template redirect regex (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wd/i18n (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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