The range of Slavic ceramics of the Prague-Penkovka culture marked in black, and presumed location of three Early Medieval tribes of Dulebes in Central and Eastern Europe, per V.V. Sedov (1979).
The presumed location of Dulebes (green) in present-day Czech Republic during the 10th century, per V.V. Sedov (2002).

The Dulebes, Dulebs, Dudlebi or Dulibyh (Ukrainian: Дуліби) were one of the tribal unions of Early Slavs between the 6th and the 10th centuries. According to medieval sources they lived in Western Volhynia, as well as southern parts of the Duchy of Bohemia and the Middle Danube between Lake Balaton and the Mur River (a tributary of the Drava) in the Principality of Hungary, probably implying migrations from a single region.[1]

Etymology

The etymological origin of their ethnonym is uncertain. Jan Długosz argued it derives from the name of their supposed progenitor, Duleba.[2] Others, such as Oleg Trubachyov, considered that the ethnonym existed before the Early Middle Ages because it is usually derived from West Germanic languages; *dudlebi from *daud-laiba- in the meaning of "inheritance of the deceased", which would fit "with the early historical process of development of the lands by the Slavs abandoned at one time by the Germanic tribes".[3][4] Initially, the Proto-Slavic tribe possibly was part of Przeworsk culture near Old Western Germanic area, but later belonged to the Prague-Korchak culture.[1][3][4] Henryk Łowmiański considered the Dulebes, Mazovians, White Croats and Veleti among the oldest Slavic tribes.[1]

History

The Primary Chronicle describes them as a tribe that formerly lived along the Bug river, "where the Volhynians now are found", in Volhynia what is today Western Ukraine.[5] According to the chronicle, the Dulebi suffered greatly from the invasion of the Pannonian Avars in the late 6th or early 7th century:[1][6]

"They made war upon the Slavs, and harassed the Dulebians, who were themselves Slavs. They even did violence to the Dulebian women. When an Avar made a journey, he did not cause either a horse or a steer to be harnessed, but gave command instead that three or four or five women should be yoked to his cart and be made to draw him. Even thus they harassed the Dulebians. The Avars were large of stature and proud of spirit, and God destroyed them."

Some scholars relate them to Antes,[7][8] having seen a connection between the demise of the Antes by the Avars and the oppression of the Dulebes by the same Avars and the tradition recorded by Al-Masudi and Abraham ben Jacob that in ancient times the Walitābā (which some read as Walīnānā and identified with the Volhynians) were "the original, pure-blooded Saqaliba, the most highly honoured", who dominated the rest of the Slavic tribes, but whose "original organization was destroyed" and "the people divided into factions, each of them ruled by their own king", due to "dissent", as implying the existence of a Slavic federation which perished after the attack of the Avars.[9][10]

Some consider that because of the oppression mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, some of them resettled along the Upper Vltava River in today's Southern Czech Republic, while others were part of the Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps near Lake Balaton and Drava River in Carantania and today's southwestern Hungary.[1][3] The place of their migration is uncertain and is argued to be from Volhynia to the West due to Avar invasion,[4][11][12][13][14] or from the Vistula and Oder Rivers in all the directions because of supposed proximity with West Germanic tribes.[3][4]

In the East, in 907, a Dulebian unit took part in Oleg's military campaign against Czargrad (Constantinople).[15] It appears that the Dulebi tribal union between 8th and 10th century formed or assimilated into the Volhynians, Drevlians, Polans, Dregoviches,[1] and possibly Buzhans, eventually to become part of the Kievan Rus'.[5]

In the West, in the mid-10th century, Al-Masudi mentioned them as Dūlāba and their "king" (ruler) as Wānjslāf (most probably Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia).[16] According to the Chronica Boemorum chronicle by Cosmas of Prague (written in 1119–1125), a fortified settlement Doudleby, which exists even today, was part of Slavník's territory in the South Bohemian Region.[4]

In Pannonian Basin, in the charter by Emperor of the Carolingian Empire, Louis II (843–876), appears Tudleipin in a list of possessions of the Salzburg archbishop Adalwin; church Dudleipin built by Duke of Lower Pannonia, Pribina (846–861), is recorded in Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum (c. 870); comitatus Dudleipa is mentioned in the "Letter of King Arnulf of 891" written during the time of Otto II (973–983); a locality called Dulieb in the Upper Drava region is mentioned in the Tyrolean act from 1060.[4] Part of these toponyms most probably was located near Bad Radkersburg and in-between of it and Leibnitz separated by Mur river.[17][18] Today exist many hydronyms and toponyms on the territory of Poland, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia which derive from *dudleb-.[2][4]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995]. Славяне в раннем Средневековье [Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp. 41–44, 164, 388, 428–430, 435–437, 481, 497, 499, 515. ISBN 978-86-6263-026-1.
  2. ^ a b Kibiń, Aleksiej (2015). "Ян Длугош, Русь как продолжение Польши и Дулеб, прародитель дулебов" [Jan Długosz, Rus' as a continuation of Poland and Duleb a Dulebian progenitor]. Исторический формат (in Russian). 4 (4): 297–311. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  3. ^ a b c d Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich Происхождение и ранняя история славян, 1979, Наука, pg. 131–132 (pdf. 138-139): Другой славянский этноним — дулебы, восходящий также к праславянской поре, территориально связан с племенной группировкой славян, представленной керамикой первой группы (рис. 25). Бесспорно, что дулебы составляли какую-то часть этой группировки; наряду с ними в ее составе были и другие праславянские племена, названия которых не дошли до нас. Разбросанность этнонимов дулебы отражает миграции выходцев из этого племени. Где находилась коренная территория дулебов, определить невозможно. Поскольку этот этноним имеет западногерманское происхождение [Трубачев О. Н. Ранние славянские этнонимы — свидетели миграции славян, с. 52, 53.], то, видимо, нужно допустить, что славянское племя дулебов сложилось ещё в римское время где-то по соседству с западногерманским населением. Оттуда дулебы расселились в разных направлениях. Средневековые письменные источники фиксируют дулебов на Волыни, в Чехии, на среднем Дунае, между озером Балатон и рекой Мурсой, и в Хорутании, на верхней Драве [Niederle L. Slovanske starozitnosti, II, s. 369, 370.].
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Zhikh, Maksim (2015). "Авары и дулебы в Повести временных лет: славянский эпос или книжная конструкция?" [The Dulebes and Avars in the Tale of Bygone Years: The story from a Slavic epic or book construct?]. Исторический формат (in Russian). 3 (3): 52–71. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  5. ^ a b Paul M. Barford (January 2001). The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe. Cornell University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-8014-3977-3.
  6. ^ Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (1953). The Russian Primary Chronicle. Laurentian Text (PDF). Cambridge, Mass., Mediaeval Academy of America. pp. 37, 55–56, 64, 232.
  7. ^ Biggam, Carole; Wolf, Kirsten (2022). A Cultural History of Color in the Medieval Age. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 21.
  8. ^ Oppenheimer, Franz (1933). System der soziologie v. 4. Fischer. p. 720.
  9. ^ Faḍlān, Aḥmad Ibn (2012). Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North. Translated by Lunde, Paul; Stone, Caroline. Penguin. pp. 128, 146, 200. ISBN 978-0-14-045507-6.
  10. ^ Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. (1953). The Russian Primary Chronicle. Laurentian Text (PDF). Cambridge, Mass., Mediaeval Academy of America. p. 37.
  11. ^ Королюк В. Д. Дулебы и анты, авары и готы // Проблемы типологии в этнографии. М.: Наука, 1979. С. 53-59.
  12. ^ Рыбаков Б. А. Киевская Русь и русские княжества XII—XIII вв. М.: Наука, 1982. 598 с.
  13. ^ Войтович Л. В. Восточное Прикарпатье во второй половине І тыс. н. э. Начальные этапы формирования государственности // Rossica antiqua: Исследования и материалы. 2006. СПб.: Издательство СПбГУ, 2006. С. 6-39.
  14. ^ Жих М. И. О предыстории Волынской земли (VI — начало X века) // Международный исторический журнал «Русин». 2008. № 3-4 (13-14). С. 35-57.
  15. ^ Carl Waldman; Catherine Mason (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. p. 878. ISBN 978-1-4381-2918-1.
  16. ^ Faḍlān, Aḥmad Ibn (2012). Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North. Translated by Lunde, Paul; Stone, Caroline. Penguin. pp. 128, 200. ISBN 978-0-14-045507-6.
  17. ^ Posch, Fritz (1992). "Die Dudleben in der Steiermark" [The Dulebes in Styria] (PDF). Blätter für Heimatkunde (in German). 66: 21–25. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  18. ^ Amon, Karl (2002). "Die Kirche in Dudleipin" [The church in Dudleipin] (PDF). Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereines für Steiermark (in German). 93: 15–57. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
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