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((Short description|British politician))
((EngvarB|date=July 2016))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2021))
((Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = The Lord Duncan-Sandys
| honorific-suffix    = ((post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|PC))
| image               = Duncan Sandys 1975.png
| caption             = Sandys in 1975
| office              = [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]]
| term_start          = 13 July 1962
| term_end            = 16 October 1964
| primeminister       = [[Harold Macmillan]]<br />[[Alec Douglas-Home|Sir Alec Douglas-Home]]
| predecessor         = [[Reginald Maudling]]
| successor           = [[Anthony Greenwood]]
| office1             = [[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations]]
| term_start1         = 27 July 1960
| term_end1           = 16 October 1964
| primeminister1      = [[Harold Macmillan]]<br />[[Alec Douglas-Home|Sir Alec Douglas-Home]]
| predecessor1        = [[Alec Douglas-Home|The Earl of Home]]
| successor1          = [[Arthur Bottomley]]
| office2             = [[Ministry of Aviation#Ministers of Aviation|Minister of Aviation]]
| term_start2         = 14 October 1959
| term_end2           = 27 July 1960
| primeminister2      = [[Harold Macmillan]]
| predecessor2        = ''Office Created''
| successor2          = [[Peter Thorneycroft]]
| office3             = [[Minister of Defence (United Kingdom)|Minister of Defence]]
| term_start3         = 14 January 1957
| term_end3           = 14 October 1959
| primeminister3      = [[Harold Macmillan]]
| predecessor3        = [[Anthony Head, 1st Viscount Head|Anthony Head]]
| successor3          = [[Harold Watkinson, 1st Viscount Watkinson|Harold Watkinson]]
| office4             = [[Ministry of Housing and Local Government|Minister of Housing and Local Government]]
| term_start4         = 19 October 1954
| term_end4           = 4 January 1957
| primeminister4      = [[Winston Churchill]]<br />[[Sir Anthony Eden]]
| predecessor4        = [[Harold Macmillan]]
| successor4          = [[Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor|Henry Brooke]]
| office5             = [[Minister of Supply]]
| term_start5         = 31 October 1951
| term_end5           = 19 October 1954
| primeminister5      = [[Winston Churchill]]
| predecessor5        = [[George Strauss]]
| successor5          = [[Selwyn Lloyd]]
((Collapsed infobox section begin|[[Official Opposition frontbench|Shadow Cabinet]] positions))
| office6             = [[Shadow Secretary of State for the Colonies]]
| leader6             = [[Alec Douglas-Home|Sir Alec Douglas-Home]]<br />[[Edward Heath]]
| term_start6         = 16 October 1964
| term_end6           = 13 April 1966
| 1blankname6         = Shadowing
| 1namedata6          = [[Anthony Greenwood]]<br>[[Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford|The Earl of Longford]]<br>[[Frederick Lee, Baron Lee of Newton|Frederick Lee]]
((Collapsed infobox section end))
| constituency_MP7    = [[Streatham (UK Parliament constituency)|Streatham]]
| term_start7         = 23 February 1950
| term_end7           = 8 February 1974
| predecessor7        = [[David Robertson (UK politician)|Sir David Robertson]]
| successor7          = [[William Shelton (UK politician)|William Shelton]]
| constituency_MP8    = [[Norwood (UK Parliament constituency)|Norwood]]
| term_start8         = 14 March 1935
| term_end8           = 15 June 1945
| predecessor8        = [[Walter Greaves-Lord|Sir Walter Greaves-Lord]]
| successor8          = [[Ronald Chamberlain]]
| birth_date          = ((birth date|df=yes|1908|1|24))
| birth_place         = Sandford Orcas, [[Dorset]], England
| death_date          = ((death date and age|df=yes|1987|11|26|1908|1|24))
| death_place         = London, England
| spouse              = ((plainlist|
* ((marriage|[[Diana Churchill]]<br>|1935|1960|end=div))
* ((marriage|Marie-Claire Schmitt<br>|1962.))
))
| party               = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| father              = [[George John Sandys]]
| mother              = Mildred Helen Cameron
| relations           = ((unbulleted list | [[Winston Churchill]] (father-in-law)|[[Thomas Villiers Lister#Personal life|Frederick Hamilton Lister]] (step-father)))
| children            = 4, including [[Edwina Sandys]] and [[Laura Sandys]]
| residence           = 
| alma_mater          = ((unbulleted list | [[Eton College]] | [[Magdalen College, Oxford]]))
| occupation          = 
| profession          = Diplomat
| religion            = 
| signature           = 
| website             = 
| allegiance          = ((flag|United Kingdom))
| branch              = ((army|United Kingdom))
| serviceyears        = 1937–1946
| rank                = [[Lieutenant-Colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-Colonel]]
| unit                = [[Royal Artillery]]
| commands            = 
| battles             = [[Norwegian Campaign]]
| awards              = 
| footnotes           = 
))
'''Edwin Duncan Sandys, Baron Duncan-Sandys''' ((post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|CH|PC)) (((IPAc-en|s|æ|n|d|z)); 24 January 1908 – 26 November 1987), was a British politician and minister in successive [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] governments in the 1950s and 1960s. He was a son-in-law of [[Winston Churchill]] and played a key role in promoting European unity after [[World War II]].

==Early life==
Sandys, born on 24 January 1908 at the Manor House, [[Sandford Orcas]], Dorset, was the son of [[George John Sandys]], a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] Member of Parliament (1910–1918), and Mildred Helen Cameron.<ref>((cite ODNB |last=Ludlow |first=N. Piers |chapter=Sandys, (Edwin) Duncan, Baron Duncan-Sandys (1908–1987) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |location=Oxford; New York |year=2004 |isbn=9780198614128|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/39858 )) ((Subscription or libraries))</ref> Sandys' parents divorced in January 1921 when he was 12 years old.<ref>((cite news |title=Politician divorced |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/1732565 |work=[[The Argus (Melbourne)|The Argus]] |location=Melbourne, Victoria |date=14 January 1921 |quote=''LONDON, Jan. 13. Mrs. Mildred Helen Sandys, who is a daughter of the late Mr. Duncan Cameron, of Springfield, Canterbury, New Zealand, has obtained a decree divorce against her husband, Mr. George John Sandys, who was member of the House of Commons for the Wells division of Somerset from 1910 to 1918 on the ground of the respondent's misconduct. Mr. Sandys served with the Guards in the South African and European wars. He was married in 1905, and has one son.'' |access-date=10 August 2018))</ref><ref>((cite news |title=Former M.P. for Wells Divorced |work=Gloucester Citizen |location= Gloucestershire, England |date=13 January 1921))</ref> His mother married [[Thomas Villiers Lister#Personal life|Frederick Hamilton Lister]] in October that year, becoming Mildred Helen Lister.<ref>((cite web |title=Lt. Col. Frederick Hamilton (I6209) |url=http://kindred.stanford.edu/#/kin/half/half/none/I6209// |website=stanford.edu |publisher=Kindred Britain by Stanford University |access-date=11 August 2018))</ref> He was educated at [[Eton College]] and [[Magdalen College, Oxford]].

== Early career ==
Sandys entered the [[Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service|diplomatic service]] in 1930, serving at the [[Foreign Office]] in London as well as at the embassy in [[Berlin]].

He became Conservative Party Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Norwood (UK Parliament constituency)|Norwood]] in [[south London]] in a [[1935 Norwood by-election|by-election in March 1935]], at which he was opposed by an Independent Conservative candidate sponsored by [[Randolph Churchill]].

In May 1935, he was in effect saying that Germany should have a predominant place in central Europe, so that Britain could be free to pursue her colonial interests without rival.<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1935/may/02/foreign-office#S5CV0301P0_19350502_HOC_285 ''Hansard''] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106150802/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1935/may/02/foreign-office#S5CV0301P0_19350502_HOC_285 |date=6 November 2016 )), 2 May 1935, cols.595–598.</ref> He was a prewar member of the [[Anglo-German Fellowship]]. 

In November 1936 Sandys put forward to the “1912 Club” a “fanciful vision” of England in 1950 (including ''peace in Europe'') .<ref> https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/KCC19361105.2.9?end_date=01-12-1936&items_per_page=10&page=3&query=Norwood&snippet=true&start_date=01-11-1936 </ref>

=== The Duncan Sandys case ===
In 1937, Sandys was commissioned into the [[51st (London) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery|51st (London) Anti-Aircraft Brigade, Royal Artillery]], of the [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] (TA).<ref>''Monthly Army List'' 1937–39.</ref> In 1938, he asked questions in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on matters of [[national security]] that reflected his TA experience. He was subsequently approached by two unidentified men, presumably representing the [[secret service]]s, and threatened with [[prosecution]] under section 6 of the [[Official Secrets Act 1920]]. Sandys reported the matter to the [[Committee of Privileges]] which held that the disclosures of Parliament were not subject to the legislation, though an MP could be disciplined by the House.<ref>''House of Commons Paper 101'' (1938–1939)</ref><ref name = Holmes>Richard Holmes, ''Soldiers: Army Lives and Loyalties from Redcoats to Dusty Warriors'', London: Harper Press, 2011, ((ISBN|978-0-00-722570-5)).</ref> The [[Official Secrets Act 1939]] was enacted in reaction to this incident.<ref>[[Clive Ponting]], The Right to Know: The inside story of the Belgrano affair, Sphere Books, 1985</ref>

==Wartime career==
During the [[Second World War]] Sandys fought with 51st (London) HAA Regiment in the [[Norwegian campaign]] and was wounded in action; this left him with a permanent limp.<ref name = Holmes/>

His father-in-law gave him his first ministerial post as [[Financial Secretary to the War Office]] from 1941 to 1944 during the wartime coalition government. Sandys had been wartime Parliamentary Secretary to the [[Ministry of Supply]].  [[W. A. Robotham]] who had been in the Ministry as "Chief Engineer of Tank Design" wrote that he was knowledgeable on army matters. Robotham of [[Rolls-Royce Limited|Rolls-Royce]] who had headed development of the [[Rolls-Royce Meteor|Meteor]] tank engine  in WWII was surprised and pleased when in 1963 Sandys said "I regard the adoption of the Meteor tank engine as the absolute turning-point in the history of British tank development", at the opening of a Rolls-Royce aero engine factory at East Kilbride (aero engines being Rolls-Royce's main business).<ref>((cite book |last= [[William Arthur Robotham|Robotham]]  |first= William Arthur |title= Silver Ghosts and Silver Dawn |edition=  |year= 1970 |publisher= Constable |location= London |isbn=  |oclc= |page=246 ))</ref>

From 1944 to 1945 he served as [[First Commissioner of Works|Minister of Works]] for the remainder of the coalition and in the [[Churchill Caretaker Ministry]]. While a minister he was chairman of a [[War Cabinet]] Committee for [[Operation Crossbow|defence against German flying bombs and rockets]], on which he frequently clashed with the scientist and intelligence expert [[Reginald Victor Jones|R. V. Jones]].<ref>R. V. Jones, ''Most Secret War'', Hamilton, 1978</ref> However, he lost his seat in the [[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945 general election]]. He resigned his TA commission as a [[lieutenant-colonel]] the following year.<ref name = Holmes/>

==Co-founder of the European Movement ==
((More citations needed|section|date=December 2022))
Sandys played a key role in the creation of the [[European Movement]]. He established the [[European Movement UK|United Europe Movement]] in Britain in 1947 following a speech of his father-in-law, Winston Churchill, in Zurich on 19 September 1946 when Churchill had called for the "European family" to be recreated and provided with "a structure under which it can dwell in peace, in safety and in freedom".

In 1947, [[Józef Retinger|Joseph Retinger]], who had been instrumental in setting up the [[European League for Economic Cooperation]] in 1946, approached Sandys, then Honorary Secretary of the UEM, to discuss ways the League and the United Europe Movement might cooperate on questions relating to European integration. They decided to call a small conference of existing organisations working for European unity - the European League for Economic Cooperation, the United Europe Movement, the [[European People's Party|Nouvelles Equipes Internationales]], the [[European Parliamentary Union]], and the [[Union of European Federalists|European Union of Federalists]]. This took place in Paris on 20 July 1947 where ELEC, the UEM, the EPU and the EUF agreed to establish the Committee for the Co-ordination of the International Movements for European Unity. The EPU did not however subsequently ratify its participation in the committee but the Nouvelles Equipes Internationales agreed to join. In December 1947, the committee was renamed the International Committee of the Movements for European Unity and Sandys was elected its chairman and Retinger its Honorary Secretary.

The Committee organised the [[Congress of Europe]], held in [[The Hague]] from 7–11 May 1948 with 750 delegates from across Europe. Following the Congress, the International Committee was transformed into the European Movement.<ref>((Cite book |last=Lipgens |first=Walter |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8785025 |title=A history of European integration |date=1982 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=0-19-822587-3 |edition=English |location=Oxford |oclc=8785025))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Retinger |first=J. H. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/495575 |title=Joseph Retinger--memoirs of an eminence grise; |date=1972 |publisher=Sussex University Press |others=John Pomian |isbn=0-85621-002-1 |location=[Brighton] |oclc=495575))</ref><ref>((Cite book |last=Mayne |first=Richard |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26163180 |title=Federal Union : the pioneers : a history of Federal Union |date=1990 |publisher=Macmillan |others=John Pinder, John C. de V. Roberts |isbn=0-333-41995-2 |location=Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire |oclc=26163180))</ref><ref>((Cite book |title=European Movement and the Council of Europe |publisher=Hutchinson & Co (Publishers) Ltd |year=1949 |location=Watford, United Kingdom |pages=31–49 |language=EN))</ref>

Sandys served as a member of the [[European Consultative Assembly|Consultative Assembly of the Council of Europe]]  from 1950 until 1951.

== Post-war parliamentary career ==
Sandys was elected to parliament once again at the [[1950 United Kingdom general election|1950 general election]] for [[Streatham (UK Parliament constituency)|Streatham]] and, when the Conservatives regained power in 1951, he was appointed [[Minister of Supply]]. For most of his time in that role, his private secretary was Jack Charles.  As [[Ministry of Housing and Local Government|Minister of Housing]] from 1954, he introduced the [[Air quality law|Clean Air Act]] and in 1955 introduced the [[Green belt (United Kingdom)|green belts]].

He was appointed [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]] in 1957 and quickly produced the [[1957 Defence White Paper]] that proposed a radical shift in the [[Royal Air Force]] by ending the use of fighter aircraft in favour of [[missile]] technology. Though later ministers reversed the policy, the lost orders and cuts in research were responsible for several British aircraft manufacturers going out of business. As Minister of Defence he saw the rationalisation (i.e., merger) of much of the British military aircraft and engine industry.

Sandys continued as a minister at the [[Commonwealth Relations Office]], later combining it with the Colonies Office, until the Conservative government lost power in 1964. In this role he was responsible for granting several colonies their independence and was involved in managing the British response to several conflicts involving the armed forces of the newly independent countries of East Africa.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.britains-smallwars.com|title=Britain's Small Wars|work=Facebook|access-date=3 August 2015))</ref>

He remained in the shadow cabinet until 1966 when he was sacked by [[Edward Heath]]. He had strongly supported [[Ian Smith]] in the dispute over [[Rhodesia]]'s [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]. He was not offered a post when the Conservatives won the 1970 general election, but instead served as leader of the United Kingdom delegation to the [[Council of Europe]] and [[Western European Union]] until 1972 when he announced his retirement. The next year he was made a [[Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour]].

In 1974 he retired from parliament and was awarded a [[Peerage of the United Kingdom|life peerage]] on 2 May. As the title of [[Baron Sandys]] was already held by another family, he followed the example of [[George Brown, Baron George-Brown|George Brown]] and incorporated his first name in the title '''Baron Duncan-Sandys''', ''of the [[City of Westminster]]''.<ref>((London Gazette |issue=46284 |date=7 May 1974 |page=5585))</ref> He was an active early member of the [[Conservative Monday Club]].

== Personal life ==
In 1935, Sandys married [[Diana Churchill]], daughter of the future prime minister [[Winston Churchill]]. They divorced in 1960.

In 1962, he married Marie-Claire (''née'' Schmitt), who had been previously married to [[Viscount Hudson|Robert Hudson, 2nd Viscount Hudson]].((citation needed|date=October 2020)) The marriage lasted until Sandys' death.

It has long been speculated that he may have been the 'headless man' whose identity was concealed during the scandalous divorce trial of [[Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll]], in 1963.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2000/aug/10/sarahhall|title='Headless men' in sex scandal finally named|author=Sarah Hall|work=The Guardian|date=10 August 2000|access-date=3 August 2015))</ref>

Sandys died on 26 November 1987 at his home in London.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/27/obituaries/lord-duncan-sandys-79-dead-smoothed-way-to-end-of-empire.html|title=Lord Duncan-Sandys, 79, Dead; Smoothed Way to End of Empire|work=The New York Times|date=27 November 1987|author=Mark A. Uhlig))</ref> He is buried in the churchyard of St Nicholas in [[Child Okeford]], Dorset. His grave is marked by a horizontal white slab.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://childokeford.org/the-village/village-history/the-village-archive/about-the-church/|title=About the Church – Child Okeford))</ref>

==Children==
From Sandys’ first marriage, with Diana Churchill:
*The Hon. Julian Sandys (19 September 1936 – 15 August 1997)
*The Hon. [[Edwina Sandys]] (born 22 December 1938)
*The Hon. Celia Sandys (born 18 May 1943). She married firstly Michael Kennedy and secondly [[Dennis Walters]] (divorced 1979).

From his second marriage, with Marie-Claire Schmitt:
* The Hon. [[Laura Sandys]] (born 5 June 1964). She was a Conservative Member of Parliament for [[South Thanet (UK Parliament constituency)|South Thanet]].

==Interests==
Among Sandys' other interests was [[historic architecture]]. He formed the [[Civic Trust (England)|Civic Trust]] in 1957 and was its president; the [[Royal Institution of British Architects]] made him an honorary Fellow in 1968, and the [[Royal Town Planning Institute]] made him an honorary member. He was also a trustee of the World Security Trust.

Between 1969 and 1984 he was President of [[Europa Nostra]] and acted for the preservation of the European cultural and architectural heritage.

His business activities included a Directorship of the [[Ashanti Goldfields Corporation]], which was later part of [[Lonrho]] of which he became chairman. He was therefore caught up in the scandal in which Lonrho was revealed to have bribed several African countries and broken international sanctions against [[Rhodesia]], as well as the "unpleasant and unacceptable face of capitalism" episode involving eight directors being sacked by [[Tiny Rowland]].<ref>((cite news | title = Bond faces a Tiny bit of opposition | newspaper = [[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | date = 10 November 1988 | page = 17 | url = https://www.newspapers.com/image/120587765/ | access-date = 19 September 2019 ))((subscription required|via=newspapers.com))</ref>

==Career summary==
* Coalition Government
** 20 July 1941 – 7 February 1943, Financial Secretary to the War Office
** 7 February 1943 – 21 November 1944, Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Supply
** 21 November 1944 – 25 May 1945, Minister of Works
* Caretaker Government
** 25 May 1945 – 26 July 1945, Minister of Works
* Conservative Government
** 31 October 1951 – 18 October 1954, Minister of Supply
** 18 October 1954 – 13 January 1957, Minister of Housing and Local Government
** 13 January 1957 – 14 October 1959, Minister of Defence
** 14 October 1959 – 27 July 1960, Minister of Aviation
** 27 July 1960 – 13 July 1962, Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations
** 13 July 1962 – 16 October 1964, Secretary of State for the Colonies and Commonwealth Relations

==Notes==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
*[[Cowling, Maurice]], ''The Impact of Hitler – British Policies and Policy 1933–1940'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 1975, p.&nbsp;415, ((ISBN|0-521-20582-4)).

==External links==
((Commons category|Duncan Sandys))
* ((Hansard-contribs | mr-duncan-sandys | Duncan Sandys ))
* [https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,352561,00.html	'Headless men' in sex scandal finally named], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 10 August 2000.
* [https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/27/obituaries/lord-duncan-sandys-79-dead-smoothed-way-to-end-of-empire.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FPeople%2FU%2FUhlig%2C+Mark+A. Obituary], ''New York Times'', 7 November 1987
* ((PM20|FID=pe/024862))
*[https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1536 The Papers of Lord Duncan-Sandys] held at [[Churchill Archives Centre]]
*[https://www.unithistories.com/officers/Army_officers_S01.html#Sandys_ED British Army Officers 1939−1945]

((s-start))
((s-par|uk))
((succession box | title=Member of Parliament for [[Norwood (UK Parliament constituency)|Norwood]] | before=Sir [[Walter Greaves-Lord]] | after=[[Ronald Chamberlain]] | years=[[1935 Norwood by-election|1935]]–[[1945 United Kingdom general election|1945]]))
((succession box | title=Member of Parliament for [[Streatham (UK Parliament constituency)|Streatham]] | before=Sir [[David Robertson (UK politician)|David Robertson]] | after=[[William Shelton (UK politician)|William Shelton]] | years=[[1950 United Kingdom general election|1950]] – [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|Feb 1974]]))

((s-off))
((succession box | title=[[Secretary of State for Defence|Minister of Defence]] | before=[[Antony Head, 1st Viscount Head|Antony Head]] | after=[[Harold Watkinson, 1st Viscount Watkinson|Harold Watkinson]] | years=1957–1959))

((s-new | office ))
((s-ttl
 | title=[[Ministry of Aviation|Minister of Aviation]]
 | years=1959–1960
))
((s-aft | after=[[Peter Thorneycroft]] ))
((succession box | title=[[Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations]] | before=[[Alec Douglas-Home|The Earl of Home]] | after=[[Arthur Bottomley]] | years=1960–1964))
((succession box | title=[[Secretary of State for the Colonies]] | before=[[Reginald Maudling]] | after=[[Tony Greenwood, Baron Greenwood of Rossendale|Anthony Greenwood]] | years=1962–1964))
((s-end))

((Secretary of State for Defence))
((Third Churchill Ministry))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Sandys, Duncan))
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British Secretaries of State for Commonwealth Affairs]]
[[Category:British Secretaries of State]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) life peers|Duncan-Sandys]]
[[Category:European integration pioneers]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ministers in the Churchill caretaker government, 1945]]
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[[Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages]]
[[Category:Life peers created by Elizabeth II]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Dorset]]
[[Category:War Office personnel in World War II]]
[[Category:Sandys family|Duncan]]
[[Category:British anti-communists]]

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