Calculation of rating
Every competitive game played under the ECF system gives a "performance grade" that is "score" or "points" for each player (later used as the basis for an averaged cyclical or yearly grade, their "personal grade" they take into all matches in that cycle or year):
Thus if Player A who is graded 160 beats Player B graded 140, then, Player A's score for noting for later annual or cyclical averaging is 190; Player B's is 110. A whole series of 30 games drawing against a player results in a swap of personal grades. ECF grades appear to be zero-sum when looking at a game in isolation; however, negative scores are deemed zero. This means a player's grade after every six months is only then calculated.
The more games played, the more the end-of-cycle re-grading is affected directly or indirectly by this tiny inflationary effect at the bottom of the league so ECF grades are nonzero-sum. Countering this, a retiring or deceased master who had not appreciably shed points loses their accumulation available, otherwise open to competitors. The Federation has to recalibrate grades based on this discrete variable, and looks at the very approximate other-systems conversion formulae in so doing.
The unless part describes a tempering of the grade for future totting up as to disparate matches: players of grades facing each other of more than 40 points apart are deemed be exactly 40 points different. Had Player B's grade been 100, Player A would have scored: 170, and Player B: 90. This prevents players increasing their grade by losing to much higher-graded players and also means that the stronger player notes 10 points higher for their annual points tally (grade) when winning.
At the end of a cycle, each player's performance grades for that cycle are averaged to give the personal grade used for the following period. If fewer than 30 games have been played, games from last cycle(s) are usually included in the average to make the number up to 30.
A weakness of many other systems is treatment of juniors. Juniors tend to improve and therefore their rating/grading lags their current strength. The ECF grading system addresses this by changing the mathematical frame of reference for those aged under 18. The system above uses each player's grade from the previous cycle to calculate the personal grade. For juniors this uses year instead of cycle (including the recalculation of grades of junior opponents). It is this recalculation that becomes the performance grade for the final calculation for all players.
In theory a non-chess player would have a personal grade of 0; in practice negative grades exist but are set to 0 on the grading list. The weakest adult club players come in at about 40. A three-figure grade is a source of prestige among casual players, while those who seriously study the game may try to achieve a personal grade of 150. A player graded over 200 is usually well-known to rival circuits and might consider aiming for a master title. Grades far above 200 lose much of their significance as very strong players tend to play mostly in internationally rated tournaments.
The 150 Attack, a no-nonsense response to the Pirc Defence popularised by British players, derives from this system. Per Sam Collins in Understanding the Chess Openings this is because "even a 150-rated player could handle the White side".
Due to the inherent simplicity, a benefits it has over the Elo rating system used by FIDE, is scores are simple after each result without coded software or a calculator, and retention of personal grades over a cycle of typically at least 30 games.
Before 2005 all personal grades were confirmed by the former British Chess Federation: BCF grades.
