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((notability|date=January 2018))
((refimprove|date=January 2018))
[[Image:hawaiiorthodox.jpg|right|thumb|upright|The Main Altar Cross of the Russian Orthodox Church of Hawaii in Honolulu]]
((orthodoxyinamerica))

'''[[Eastern Orthodox]] Christianity in Hawaii''' began with early Russian missions of the 19th century and continues with multiple [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] churches in the [[Hawaiian islands]].

==History==
The first Christian service of any type in Hawaii was a lay [[funeral]] service conducted by [[James Cook|Captain James Cook]] for an English sailor at [[Kealakekua Bay]] on the [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island of Hawaii]] in 1779.

The first [[Christianity|Christian]] liturgical service held in [[Hawaii|Hawai((okina))i]] was a [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox]] celebration of ''Pascha'' (''Πάσχα'', [[Easter]] in Greek). Sometime between 1750 and 1793, while traveling from the Far East to what was then [[Russian America]], a Russian trading ship stopped over in the Hawaiian Islands. The Russian Orthodox [[priest]], not wanting to celebrate Pascha at sea, instructed the captain to disembark. The captain told the priest he feared the "natives" but the priest responded, "They will not harm us, for we are Orthodox, and we bear the Light of Christ to illumine their hearts." They disembarked and blessed a temporary [[altar]] under a newly built temple made out of palms and bamboo and adorned with an [[Our Lady of the Sign]] [[icon]] of the [[Theotokos]] ([[Mother of God]]) and the Christ Child. It was rumored that as they departed the priest left the icon used in the Paschal [[Divine Liturgy]]. The ship's priest promised that, "We shall return and baptize these natives to the [[One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church|One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic Church]]."

[[Image:Russianfortelizabeth1815.jpg|left|frame|Russian Fort Elizabeth as it was in 1815 on the Island of Kauai]]

=== First chapels ===
In 1815, Russians built Hawaii's first Orthodox church: the Russian Orthodox chapel at [[Russian Fort Elizabeth|Fort Elizabeth]], coordinates ((coord| 21|57|6|N| 159|39|51|W| type:landmark_region:US-HI)). On the island of [[Kauai|Kauaʻi]], three Russian forts were built: Fort Alexander, Fort Barclay, and Fort Elizabeth. Fort Alexander also housed a small Orthodox chapel, but Fort Elizabeth was the trading base for the new [[Russian-American Company]] in Hawaii. When King [[Kaumualii|Kaumualiʻi]] of Kauaʻi ceded his kingdom to King [[Kamehameha I]] in 1816 following the [[Alexander I of Russia|Tsar Alexander I's]] refusal to annex Kauaʻi due to political troubles in Russia, the forts were also ceded, and the Hawaiian Islands become one unified kingdom. The chapels ultimately fell into disrepair after [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|Calvinist missionaries]] from the United States landed in 1820. In November 2017, [[Fort Elizabeth#Fort Elizabeth Forum 2017|Elizabeth Fort Forum 2017]] was held in Kauai to celebrate the fort's bicentennial, that included a [[panikhida]] by the priests from the [[#Russian Orthodox Church|Holy Theotokos of Iveron Russian Orthodox Church]] of [[Oahu]] and [[#Russian Orthodox Church|St. Juvenaly Mission]] of the [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]]. 

In 1882, the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]] sent a diplomatic delegation to [[St. Petersburg]], Russia, to witness the [[coronation]] of Tsar [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]. The reports of Hawaii's special envoy to the Russian court, Colonel [[Curtis P. Iaukea|Curtis Piʻehu Iʻaukea]], Secretary of Foreign Affairs for the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, regarding the Russian Orthodox [[liturgy|liturgical]] services were widely published in [[Hawaiian language]] newspapers. Two years later, Tsar Alexander III sent [[Kalakaua|King Kalākaua]] the [[Order of St. Alexander Nevsky|Imperial Order]] of St. [[Alexander Nevsky]], one of the  highest of Russian awards, and established a permanent Russian [[embassy]] in Hawaii, along with a very small Orthodox chapel. Subsequently, 200 Ukrainians were imported as laborers by American sugar planters.

===Decline===
In 1893, [[Liliuokalani|Queen Lili((okina))uokalani]] was [[deposition (politics)|deposed]] by [[U.S. Marines]] and American [[sugarcane]] [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|plantation]] owners who were in large part the children of American [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] missionaries, and a [[provisional government]] was installed (see [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii]]). In 1898, Hawaii was annexed by the United States of America. In the early 20th century, the Russian ambassador was recalled, the embassy was moved to a small office, and the Russian Orthodox chapel was closed.

Saint [[Innocent of Alaska]] also made a brief stop-over in Hawaii during his travels from Asia to Western America.

===Rebirth===
On November 27, 1910 (O.S.], the Feast Day of the Znamenny-Kursk Root Icon of the Sign of the Mother of God), reader services were organized and served by Vasily Pasderin.((cn|date=July 2023))

In 1915, after the Russian Orthodox community in Hawaii (and the Episcopal Bishop Henry B. Restarick) sent an official request to the [[Holy Governing Synod]] in St. Petersburg, a priest was dispatched (with the blessing of Archbishop Evdokim (Meschersky) of the Aleutians|Evdokim (Meschersky) of the Aleutians) to [[pastor]] the large population of Orthodox Russian faithful.((cn|date=July 2023)) He established permanent liturgical services in Hawai((okina))i and on [[Christmas]] December 25 (O.S.) / January 7 (N.S.), 1916, [[Protopresbyter]] Jacob Korchinsky celebrated the [[Divine Liturgy]] at [[Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew, Honolulu|Saint Andrew's Episcopal Cathedral]] in [[Honolulu]].((cn|date=July 2023)) Thus Orthodoxy was re-established in Hawaii.((cn|date=July 2023))

[[File:Front of Cathedral Church of Saint Andrew.jpg|right|thumb|upright|St. Andrew's Episcopal as it appears today in downtown Honolulu]]
Fr. Jacob, a well-known [[missionary]] priest, established churches in Canada, the United States, Alaska, Australia and the Philippines. He was murdered in [[Odessa]] shortly after the [[w:Russian Orthodox Church#Russian revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] in Russia, but has not yet been officially recognized as a [[martyr]]ed saint (though, for martyrs, no official [[canonization]] is necessary in the Orthodox Church).((cn|date=July 2023))

St. [[Tikhon of Moscow]] once quoted Fr. Jacob's missionary exploits this way, "He did much to convert the heathen to the Christian Faith and returned many [[Uniate]]s to the Orthodox Church. He set the foundation for parish life in many places, built churches and assisted the unfortunate with his acquired medical knowledge."<ref>Report by Bishop Tikhon Belavin to the Holy Synod. No. 155 November 26, 1906</ref>

In subsequent years, the Russian Orthodox Church sent priests by boat or airplane to Hawaii to care for the dwindling Orthodox population, becoming part of the [[Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia]] (ROCOR). [[Archimandrite]] Innokenty Dronov of [[Hilo]], a contemporary of St. [[Jonah of Hankou]] and St. [[John of Shanghai and San Francisco]] and Metropolitan Meletius of Harbin, served the entire Orthodox Christian flock on all the Hawaiian Islands throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Fr. Innokenty had a large following of [[Japanese Orthodox Church|Japanese Orthodox]] Christians. He frequently returned to the Diocese in San Francisco to report to Archbishops Apollinary (Koshevoy) and Tikhon (Troitsky) as well as for medical reasons.((cn|date=July 2023)) He is now purportedly buried on the Big Island of Hawai((okina))i.((cn|date=July 2023))

==List of churches present==
Until the 1960s, the Russian Orthodox Church was the only Orthodox jurisdiction in the islands. Following the 1960s, parishes from three other jurisdictions established themselves in the Islands: the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America|Greek Orthodox Church]], the [[Serbian Orthodox Church in the USA and Canada|Serbian Orthodox Church]], and the [[Orthodox Church in America|OCA]]. At one point there were as many as five different Orthodox jurisdictions in the Hawaiian Islands. Despite this multiplicity of jurisdictions, all Eastern Orthodox churches in Hawaii are in full communion with one another and have friendly relations. (See also: [[Eastern Orthodoxy in North America]] and [[Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America]]).

===Russian Orthodox Church===
In the late 1960s, a group of Russian Orthodox Christians parted ways with the local Greek community and joined the Russian Orthodox Church under the ''[[omophorion]]'' (jurisdiction) of Archbishop Anthony of Los Angeles; they formed the St. [[Mark of Ephesus]] Russian Orthodox Mission. In the early 1980s, this mission parish was later re-[[consecrate]]d under the heavenly protection of the [[Mother of God]] and is now known as the Holy [[Panagia Portaitissa#Montreal version|Theotokos of Iveron]] Russian Orthodox Church.<ref> [http://orthodoxhawaii.org/ Holy Theotokos of Iveron Russian Orthodox Church] </ref> In the late 1990s, the pastor of the Russian Orthodox community, Father Anatole Lyovin, was [[ordination|ordained]] to serve the Orthodox faithful in Hawaii. Currently this parish is without a permanent structure, but there are new plans to build the first Russian Orthodox [[church (building)|church]] on Oahu.  The Holy Theotokos of Iveron Russian Orthodox Church is served by three priests: Priest Nectarios Yangson (Rector), Archpriest Anatole Lyovin, and Archpriest Konstantin Sorrell.

This church houses the world famous [http://www.orthodoxhawaii.org/icons.htm “Hawaiian“ Iveron Icon of the Mother of God].  A Miracleworking image of the Virgin Mary that exudes an oily and fragrant substance called “myrrh”.  This was officially recognized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a genuine miracle in 2008.

[[Image:Archbishop Kyrill.jpg|thumb|145px|right|Archbishop Kyrill on an archpastoral visit to Hilo, Kona and Honolulu in 2003]]

===Greek Orthodox Church===
In the mid 1960s, a Greek Orthodox community established a mission under the auspices of the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]]. This community became known as the [[Saints Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Pacific (Honolulu)|Saints Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Church]]. The current pastor of the Greek Orthodox community in Hawai((okina))i is Priest Alexander Leong, who was assigned to the parish in Honolulu in 2008. This community is well known for its annual Greek Festival held at [[Ala Moana Beach Park]] near [[Waikiki]]. This community is under the care of Bishop-Metropolitan Gerasimos of San Francisco ([[GOARCH]]).((cn|date=July 2023))

===Serbian Orthodox Church===
In the early 1990s, a Serbian community established a [[Serbian Orthodox Church|Serbian Orthodox]] mission dedicated to [[Lazar of Serbia|St. Lazar]] of [[Kosovo]]. The Serbian mission later became inactive, and its remaining members joined the local Russian and Greek churches. There has been a recent interest within the Serbian Orthodox community in Hawai((okina))i to re-establish this mission. In recent months, visiting clergy (including the Serbian Bishop [[Maksim Vasiljević|Maxim of Western America]]) have come from the mainland to minister to them.((cn|date=July 2023))

===Greek Antiochian Orthodox Church===
In 2003, the short-lived St. Paul the Apostle [[Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America|Antiochian Orthodox]] Mission was established in Honolulu at [[Fort Shafter]] Army Base. The rector of this mission was Fr. Isaiah Gillette, a [[chaplain]] with the military. Following Fr. Isaiah's transfer to Texas, the mission was disbanded. There is currently a small community under the care of a priest from the Antiochian Orthodox Church, who visits O((okina))ahu on a regular basis.

===Orthodox Church in America===
In early 2004, a new Orthodox community under the jurisdiction of the [[Orthodox Church in America]] (OCA) was established in [[Kona District, Hawaii|Kona]], on the western side of the [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island]]. Fr. Sergius Naumann served this community for a time until leaving for Alaska. They were without a priest for about 18 months. In Autumn, 2007 the community was given the name of St. Juvenaly <ref> [https://stjuvenaly.org/ St. Juvenaly Orthodox Mission] </ref>— the first Orthodox Church to have [[Juvenaly of Alaska|St. Juvenaly]] as their patron. The mission is under the auspices of Bp. Benjamin (Peterson) of the [[Orthodox Church in America Diocese of the West|West (OCA)]]. On the eastern side of the Big Island, the Holy Ascension Orthodox Church was also established recently in [[Honomu, Hawaii]]. <ref> [http://www.holyascensionhilo.org/ Holy Ascension Orthodox Church] </ref>

==Parishes==

===Oahu===
* Holy Theotokos of Iveron Russian Orthodox Church of Hawai((okina))i — [http://www.orthodoxhawaii.org official web site]
* Ss. Constantine and Helen Greek Orthodox Cathedral of the Pacific — [http://www.ssconhelhi.goarch.org official web site]
* St. Lazar Serbian Orthodox Mission Parish — [http://www.westsrbdio.org/latest_news/visit_to_Hawaii.html 2007 News site] (No official web site)

*St. Mark's Coptic Church - [http://www.stmarkhonolulu.org official web site]

===Maui===
* Maui Mission Parish — [http://www.mauimission.org official web site] - (New website)

===Big island of Hawaii===
* Our Lady of the Angels Hermitage & Hermitage Farm (ROCOR) [https://ola-hermitage.org official website]
* St. Juvenally Orthodox Mission - serving the Big Island and based in Kona - [http://stjuvenaly.org official website]

==References==
((reflist))

==External links==
* [http://www.iveron.org/hawaii Orthodox Christianity in Hawai((okina))i]
* [http://library.manoa.hawaii.edu/departments/russian/index.php Russian Collections] of the [[University of Hawaii]]
* [http://www.orthodoxyinamerica.com/ Orthodoxy in America] online directory

==Sources==
* Archimandrite Avgustin (Nikitin); ''Gavraiskie ostrova i Rossiia (Obzor tserkovnykh sviazei i kontaktov)'' - (Saint-Petersburg; Minneapolis 2002)
* Michael Protopopov; ''A History of the Russian Orthodox Presence in Australia'' (Submitted Thesis)
* ''Pacific Commercial Advertiser'', January 23, 1916

((Christianity in Hawaii))

[[Category:Eastern Orthodoxy in Hawaii]]

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