Family of sea urchins
The Echinothuriidae are a family of sea urchins in the order Echinothurioida. Due to their soft skeletons, most are called "leather urchins", but species in the genus Asthenosoma are also known as "fire urchins" due to their bright colors and painful, venomous sting.
Description and characteristics
These sea urchins have a disc-like body, more or less bulging, structured by a flexible test, which is nearly unique among sea urchins. Most species can grow quite big and live in deep seas, though some genera contain shallow species (especially Asthenosoma).[1]
The test is composed of thin and weakly calcified plates, not always continuous. The spines are attached to perforated and uncrenulated tubercles. Spines from the oral face are ending with a hyaline hoof, which allows walking on soft substrate.
The jaw (Aristotle's lantern) has five aulodont teeth.[2]
This family seems to have appeared at the end of the Cretaceous.[2]
Taxonomy
The World Echinoidea Database recognises these genera:[3]
- Subfamily Echinothuriinae Thomson, 1872a
- genus Araeosoma Mortensen, 1903b - 19 current species and two fossils
- genus Asthenosoma Grube, 1868 - six current species and one fossil
- genus Calveriosoma Mortensen, 1934 - two species
- genus Hapalosoma Mortensen, 1903b - four species
- Subfamily Hygrosomatinae Smith & Wright, 1990
- genus Hygrosoma Mortensen, 1903b - three species
- Subfamily Sperosomatinae Smith & Wright, 1990
- genus Sperosoma Koehler, 1897 - 11 species
- genus Tromikosoma Mortensen, 1903 - six species
- genus Retzneiosoma Kroh, 2005 †
"†" means an extinct taxon.
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Hygrosoma sp. (abyssal species from north Atlantic)
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Sperosoma sp. (abyssal species taken in Hawaii)
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Tromikosoma sp. (3000 m deep, California)
