Eder is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

• Alfred Eder (born 1953), Austrian biathlete
• Claudia Eder (born 1948), German singer
• Elfi Eder (born 1970), Austrian alpine skier
• Franz Xaver Eder (1925–2013), German Roman Catholic bishop
• Hans Eder (1927-2008), Austrian Nordic skier
• John Eder (born 1969), American politician
• James Martin Eder (1838-1921), Colombian sugar industry pioneer
• Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944), Austrian chemist specialized in the chemistry of photography
• Linda Eder (born 1961), American singer and actress
• Mari Eder (born 1987), Finnish biathlete and cross-country skier
• Norbert Eder (1955–2019), German football player
• Richard Eder (1932–2014), American critic
• Simon Eder (born 1983), Austrian biathlete
• Sylvia Eder (born 1965), Austrian alpine skier