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((Short description|Overview of education in Iraq))
((Multiple issues|section=|
((Tone|date=July 2014))
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((Infobox education in country
| country name          = Iraq
| agency image          = 
| agency                = [[Ministry of Education (Iraq)]]
| leader titles         = Minister
| leader names          = Ali Hamed Mokhlef
| budget                = 
| budget year           =
| funding per student   =
| primary languages     = Arabic, Kurdish, Turkmen,  Neo-Aramaic
| system type           =
| established events    =
| established dates     =
| literacy year         =
| literacy total        = 
| literacy men          = 
| literacy women        = 
| enrollment year       = 
| enroll total          =
| enroll primary        =
| enroll secondary      =
| enroll post-secondary =
| attainment year       =
| attain secondary      =
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| footnotes             =
))
'''[[Education]] in [[Iraq]]''' is administered by the [[Ministry of Education (Iraq)|Ministry of Education]].

[[UNESCO]] reports that Iraq previously had one of the best educational performances in the Middle Eastern/West Asian region.<ref name="test">((Cite web |date=2004-12-31 |title=Iraq: Education in transition, needs and challenges 2004 - Iraq ((!)) ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraq-education-transition-needs-and-challenges-2004 |access-date=2023-08-08 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en))</ref> In primary school, gross enrollment rate used to be 100%, and literacy levels were high. The illiteracy rate was 20% in 1987.<ref name=almonitor/> However, education has suffered since the 1980s and especially the 1990s following the [[Gulf War|Gulf war]], [[international sanctions]], the [[Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)|American occupation]], and general instability in the country.((citation needed|date=June 2023))

As of 2018, 92% of children were enrolled in primary school.<ref name=unicef2018>((cite web |title=Deep inequality continues to shape the lives of children in Iraq |url=https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/deep-inequality-continues-shape-lives-children-iraq |publisher=unicef |access-date=21 June 2023))</ref> However, only just over half of low-income children complete primary school, and less than a quarter complete secondary school.<ref name=unicef2018/> Iraq's [[literacy rate]] is estimated at 82<ref name=almonitor>((cite web |title=Why has illiteracy rate gone up in Iraq? |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2018/12/iraq-illiteracy-education-culture.html |website=al-monitor |access-date=21 June 2023 |date=5 December 2018))</ref>-85%<ref>((cite web |title=Iraq Literacy Rate 2000-2023 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/IRQ/iraq/literacy-rate |publisher=Macrotrends |access-date=21 June 2023))</ref>

== Current structure, status, and scale of education in Iraq ==
It is generally agreed upon that before 1980, this Educational system in Iraq was one of the best in the region in addressing both access and equality.  However, the situation began to deteriorate rapidly due to several wars and economic sanctions.  According to [[UNESCO]]’s 2003 Situation Analysis of education in Iraq, the educational system in the Centre/South worsened despite the provision of basics through the [[Oil-for-Food Programme|Oil for Food Programme]].<ref>UNESCO.  Situation Analysis of Education in Iraq.  Paris: 2003, p.56</ref>  [[Kurdistan Region|Northern Iraq]] (Kurdistan) did not suffer as much due to rehabilitation and reconstruction programs organized through several [[United Nations System|UN agencies]].

Since then, major problems have emerged that are hindering the system and include a lack of resources, the politicization of the educational system, uneven [[emigration]] and [[Internally displaced person|internal displacement]] of teachers and students, security threats, and corruption.  [[Literacy|Illiteracy]] is widespread in comparison with before, standing at 39% of the rural population. Almost 22% of the adult population in Iraq has never attended school, 46% attended only primary school and a mere 9% have secondary school as the highest level completed. As far as gender equity, 47% of women in Iraq are either fully or partly illiterate, as women’s education suffers from differences across regions, and especially between the North and South((Citation needed|date=September 2016|reason=This claim needs a reliable source; 22% of Iraqi Adults never attended high school!, 47% of Iraqi women are illiterate! Where did you get your numbers from.)).

Since the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|2003 invasion]] and the fall of the former regime [Saddam Hussein], Iraqis with the help of international agencies and foreign governments, have been attempting to create frameworks that would begin to address the issues at hand.

According to the 2005 ''National Development Strategy ''of Iraq the new vision for Iraq intends to:

"Transform Iraq into a peaceful, unified federal democracy and a prosperous, market-oriented regional economic powerhouse that is fully integrated into the global economy."<ref>((citation | ref = NDS05 | publisher = Republic of Iraq | author = Ministry of Planning and Development Cooperation | title = National Development Strategy [NDS] 2005-2007 | page = viii | date = 2005-06-30 ))</ref>

This stems from the fact that the country's economy was mismanaged for 40 years, and a country that once held a bright private sector and an educated population has come to have one of the lowest human development indicators in the region.

The National Development Strategy [NDS] contains four major areas of concentration:

* Strengthening the foundations of [[economic growth]]
* Revitalizing the [[private sector]]
* Improving [[quality of life]]
* Strengthening good governance and security

The major pillar above that includes the category of education is that of "Improving quality of life," as "healthy citizens tend to be productive citizens that will be able to take advantage of the opportunities provided in a [[Market economy|market-oriented economy]]."<ref>[[#NDS05|''National Development Strategy [NDS] 2005-2007'']], p. xi</ref> The exact strategy towards education includes ‘investing in human capital with a focus on adult literacy, vocational training, and actions to reduce drop-out rates at the primary level’ .<ref>[[#NDS05|''National Development Strategy [NDS] 2005-2007'']], p. xii</ref>

=== Challenges & problems per the current conditions of education in Iraq ===
[[File:Wikipedia Education Program Workshop- American University in Iraq- Sullaimaniya 2016.jpg|thumb|360x360px|University students in Iraq]]
There is currently an insufficient supply of schools, and most schools suffer from poor conditions, some of which include:

* Gap of 3590 schools in 2003 resulted in double or triple shifts in school buildings
* About 70% of schools lack clean water and latrines
* Almost 1000 schools are built from mud, straw, or tents
* Poor quality of inputs includes: science labs, libraries, equipment, an outdated curriculum, lack of teacher training and food sources, and staff absenteeism
* Centralized Administration
* Insufficient jobs for university graduates, and falling [[academic standards]] in many universities<ref>((cite web| last =Adnan Abu Zeed| title =Bogus university graduates clog Iraqi job market| publisher =Al-Monitor| date =February 2015| url =http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/02/iraq-universities-higher-degrees-rise-unemployment.html#| access-date = 24 February 2015 ))</ref>

Since 2003 and the fall of the dictatorial regime, the war against Saddam Hussein and sectarian conflict has further destabilized the education system in Iraq.

* 2751 schools were damaged severely and require rehabilitation.  2400 schools experienced looting.
* Schools in dangerous areas were forced to close for extended periods
* Education personals were targeted, kidnapped, attacked, and or killed<ref>((cite journal|last=Miller|first=Jim|author2=Celeste Riendeau |author3=Jessica Rosen |title=Lessons in Academic Rescue: An International Higher Education Response in Post-war Iraq|journal=Science & Diplomacy|date=16 September 2013|volume=2|issue=3|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/article/2013/lessons-in-academic-rescue))</ref>
* Teacher absenteeism and that of girls reached a high level, due to the security threat
*Bombings in Baghdad claimed the lives of 16 students.<ref>((cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16696341 | work=BBC News | title=Iraq unrest: Car bombs rock Baghdad Shia districts | date=24 January 2012))</ref>

Since the bombing at Samar’a in 2006, the displacement of both teachers and students has been another factor in the destabilization of the system.
* ~320,000 students are displaced [200,000 internally]
* ~65% of the displaced are males.  Girls tend to drop out.
* ~20,000 teachers are displaced
* [[Internal migration]] patterns vary, which places a burden on the system as it cannot deal with changing demands
* [[Refugees of Iraq|External displacement]] is located mostly in [[Jordan]] (where the students are absorbed into the system, with fees paid by the MOE in Iraq), [[Syria]] (where the students continue forward with the Iraqi education system and testing), and [[Egypt]]

=== Current resources devoted to education in Iraq ===
Since May 2003, international agencies have been involved in supporting education in Iraq, but fragmented data has not allowed these numbers to be integrated into the governmental budget.  The [[United Nations]] [~US$80 million] and [[World Bank]]<ref>World Bank External Website, Iraq, Project Status Sheets <www.worldbank.org></ref> have two trust funds that go to help Iraq specifically, while [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] has contracted through the US Supplemental Budget for Iraq.  Although these programs are a great beginning, they do not reach the level as assessed by the October 2003 UN/WB Needs Assessment Study, $4.8 billion.

Current Projects financed by the Iraq Trust Fund, include but are not limited to:((citation needed|date=June 2023))

* Emergency Textbook Provision Project: [US$40 million].  Since May 2004, the project is intended to finance and distribute 69 million textbooks for 6 million students spread across all of the governorates for the 2004/05 year.
* Emergency School Construction Rehabilitation Project: [US$60 million].  Since October 2004, the project is meant to construct 55 school buildings and rehabilitate 133 schools.  The rehabilitation of 133 schools is complete, at an average cost of US$181 per student, and benefits 45,000 pupils while creating 3,000 construction jobs.
* Emergency School Construction Rehabilitation Project- Supplemental Grant for Marshland Schools: [US$6 million].  Since October 2006, the grant provides additional funding for the Emergency School Construction and Rehabilitation Project to construct ~33 new schools in the Marshland areas of Iraq.  This would go to benefit between 6,000 and 8,000 children in that region and create near-term employment opportunities within construction.  Local stakeholders are involved (i.e. NGOs).
* Third Emergency Education Project [US$100 million]: The funds are from the International Development Agency [IDA], in collaboration with the World Bank.  This project is in progress (updated July 2008) and aims to develop a national school construction and maintenance program as well as offer capacity-building activities.
* A distance learning via satellite television project is underway with UN agencies to produce programs for displaced persons, a total $US5 million [not part of the Iraq Trust Fund]

=== Current actions ===

Despite endless daily challenges, the education system in Iraq continues to function.  Actions thus far((when|date=June 2023)) include but are not limited to:((citation needed|date=June 2023))

* 3600 schools rehabilitated
* 120,000 teachers recruited
* Focus on girls' education
* Curriculum Reform
* Provision of Learning Resources
* Distance learning programs for out-of-school children (i.e. in Syria)
* Organizational chart reform
* Increasing collaboration with External partners

==Education after the 2003 U.S. invasion==
Following the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], the [[Coalition Provisional Authority]], with substantial international assistance, undertook a complete reform of Iraq's education system. Among immediate goals were the [[De-Ba'athification|removal of previously pervasive Baathist ideology]] from curricula and substantial increases in teacher salaries and training programs, which the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist regime]] was unable to provide in the 1990s. The new [[Ministry of Education (Iraq)|Ministry of Education]] appointed a national curriculum commission to revise curricula in all subject areas. Because of underfunding by the Hussein regime, in 2003 an estimated 80 per cent of Iraq's 15,000 school buildings needed rehabilitation and lacked basic sanitary facilities, and most schools lacked libraries and laboratories. [[John Agresto]], the Coalition Provisional Authority official tasked with reconstructing the Iraqi university system, asked for $1 billion to rebuild the universities but only received $8 million.<ref>((Cite book|last=Chandrasekaran|first=Rajiv|url=http://archive.org/details/imperiallifeinem00chan|title=Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq's Green Zone|publisher=Vintage Books|others=Internet Archive|year=2007|isbn=978-0-307-27883-8|location=New York|pages=5))</ref>

In the 1990s, school attendance decreased drastically as education funding was cut and economic conditions [[Child labour in Iraq|forced children into the workforce]]. After the regime change, the system included about 6 million students in [[kindergarten]] through [[twelfth grade]] and 300,000 teachers and administrators. [[Compulsory education|Education is mandatory]] only through the [[sixth grade]], after which a national examination determines the possibility of continuing into the upper grades. Although a [[Vocational education|vocational track]] is available to those who do not pass the exam, few students elect that option because of its poor quality. Boys and girls generally attend separate schools beginning with seventh grade. In 2005 obstacles to further reform were poor security conditions in many areas, a centralized system that lacked accountability for teachers and administrators, and the isolation in which the system functioned for the previous 30 years. Few private schools exist. (One notable example: The [[Classical School of the Medes]] in Northern Iraq.) Before the occupation of 2003, some 240,000 persons were enrolled in institutions of [[higher education]]. ''[[The World Factbook|The CIA World Factbook]]'' estimates that in 2000 the adult [[literacy rate]] was 84 per cent for males and 64 per cent for females, with UN figures suggesting a small fall in literacy of Iraqis aged 15–24 between 2000 and 2008, from 84.8% to 82.4%.<ref>((cite web|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/mdg/SeriesDetail.aspx?srid=656|work=[[Millennium Development Goals]] Indicators|title=Literacy rates of 15-24 years old, both sexes, percentage|publisher=[[United Nations]]|access-date=30 January 2011))</ref>

Education under the [[Kurdistan Regional Government]] (KRG) in [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] in northern Iraq faces many problems. There is a large number of people who have "fake and bogus awards like [[Master of Arts|MAs]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhDs]] and professorial titles". Loyal political party members with fake university titles hold "high official ranks from [[Ministry (government department)|ministries]] to [[Chancellor (education)|university chancellors]], deans of colleges, general managers, administrators, supervisors and school headmasters".  Critics state that education in Iraqi Kurdistan is "overshadowed by political rivalry, media propaganda, fake patriotism, nationalist sentiments and party affiliation".<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.fairobserver.com/region/middle_east_north_africa/kurdinstan-education-sector-is-riddled-with-corruption-80326/|title = It's Time to Eradicate Corruption in Kurdistan's Schools|date = 3 October 2016))</ref>

==Iraqi Education Under Saddam==
[[File:Saddam1970s.jpg|thumb|[[Saddam Hussein]] Promoting women's literacy and education in the 1970s|262x262px]]
Iraq established its education system in 1921 (during the [[British Mandate for Iraq|British Mandate]] period) and offered both public and private educational paths. In the early 1970s, education became public and free at all levels, and mandatory at the primary level.<ref name=":0">((Cite book |last=Masri |first=Safwan M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/974992445 |title=Tunisia: an Arab anomaly |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-231-54502-0 |location=New York |pages=260 |chapter=A Different Trajectory |oclc=974992445))</ref> Two ministries came to manage the education system in Iraq: the [[Ministry of Education (Iraq)|Ministry of Education]] (MOE) and the [[Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Iraq)|Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research]] (MOHSR). The MOHSR is in charge of tertiary education and research centres, while the MOE is predominantly in charge of primary and secondary schooling and its related fields of influence.

On 1 June 1972, [[Saddam Hussein]] oversaw the nationalization of international oil interests, and the [[Iraq National Oil Company]] which, at the time, dominated the country's oil sector. A year later, world oil prices rose dramatically as a result of the [[1973 oil crisis]], which stemmed from the [[1973 OPEC embargo|1973 Oil Boycott]] and embargo against the U.S. and the West due to its support of Israel, and as a result, skyrocketing revenues enabled Saddam to expand his agenda, which included expansion of education and eradication of illiteracy. Within just a few years, Iraq was providing social services that were unprecedented among Middle Eastern countries. Saddam established and controlled the "National Campaign for the Eradication of Illiteracy" and the campaign for "Compulsory Free Education in Iraq," and largely under his auspices, the government established universal free schooling up to the highest education levels; hundreds of thousands learned to read in the years following the initiation of the program. The government also supported families of soldiers, granted [[Universal health care|free hospitalization]] to everyone, and gave [[Agricultural subsidy|subsidies to farmers]]. Iraq created one of the most modernized public-health systems in the Middle East, earning Saddam an award from the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO).<ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/news2/indepth/words/saddam_hussein.html Saddam Hussein], CBC News, 29 December 2006</ref><ref>Jessica Moore, [https://web.archive.org/web/20030625145156/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/iraq/war/player1.html The Iraq War player profile: Saddam Hussein's Rise to Power], PBS Online Newshour ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115205745/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east/iraq/war/player1.html |date=15 November 2013 ))</ref>

== Education under the Baathist regime before the 1990s ==
General trends of education during the [[Ba'athist Iraq|Baathist era in Iraq]] (from the [[1958 revolution of Iraq|1958 revolution]] to the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|deposition of Sadaam Hussein in 2003]]) included expanded access, decreased illiteracy, increased gender parity, and the rise of the reputation of Iraq as a centre of education in the Arab region.<ref>((Cite book |last=Masri |first=Safwan M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/974992445 |title=Tunisia: an Arab anomaly |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-231-54502-0 |location=New York |chapter=A Different Trajectory |oclc=974992445))</ref> Primary education was made free and compulsory after the 1958 revolution, and secondary and higher education would be dramatically expanded as well after the nationalization of oil in the 1970s. The Baath party is also known to have "popularized women's education" during their rule, and women's literacy rates became the highest among Muslim- majority countries.<ref name=":0" /> In terms of curriculum, emphasis was placed on cohering an Iraq nationalist identity around loyalty to the state and "a narrow ideal of nationalism that bolstered Sunni minority rule over a Shi'ite majority and large Kurdish population."<ref name=":0" />

The impact of government policies on the class structure and stratification patterns can be imputed from available statistics on education and training as well as employment and wage structures. Owing to the historic emphasis on the expansion of educational facilities, the leaders of the [[Baath Party]] and indeed much of Iraq's urban middle class were able to move from rural or urban lower-class origins to middle and even top positions in the state apparatus, the public sector, and the society at large. ((Citation needed|date=April 2022))

This social history is confirmed in the efforts of the government to generalize opportunities for basic education throughout the country. Between 1976 and 1986, the number of primary-school students increased by 30 per cent; female students increased by 45 per cent, from 35 to 44 per cent of the total. ((Citation needed|date=April 2022)) The number of primary-school teachers increased by 40 per cent over this period. At the secondary level, the number of students increased by 46 per cent, and the number of female students increased by 55 per cent, from 29 to 36 per cent of the total. Baghdad, which had about 29 per cent of the population, had 26 per cent of the primary students, 27 per cent of the female primary students, and 32 per cent of the secondary students. ((Citation needed|date=April 2022))

Education was provided by the government through a centrally organized school system. In the early 1980s, the system included a six-year primary (or elementary) level known as the first level. The second level, also six years, consisted of an intermediate-secondary and an intermediate-preparatory, each of three years. Graduates of these schools could enroll in a vocational school, one of the teacher training schools or institutes, or one of the various colleges, universities, or technical institutes.

The number of students enrolled in primary and secondary schools was highest in the central region of the country and lowest in the north, although the enrollment of the northern schools was only slightly lower than that of the south. Before the war, the government had made considerable gains in lessening the extreme concentration of primary and secondary educational facilities in the main cities, notably [[Baghdad]]. Vocational education, which had been notoriously inadequate in Iraq, received considerable official attention in the 1980s. The number of students in technical fields had increased threefold since 1977, to over 120,090 in 1986. ((Citation needed|date=April 2022))

The Baath regime also seemed to have made progress since the late 1960s in reducing regional disparities, although they were far from eliminated and no doubt were more severe than official statistics would suggest. [[Baghdad]], for example, was the home of most educational facilities above the secondary level, since it was the site not only of [[Baghdad University]], which in the academic year 1983–84 (the most recent year for which statistics were available in early 1988) had 34,555 students, but also of the Foundation of Technical Institutes, with 34,277 students, [[Al-Mustansiriya University|Mustansiriya University]], with 11,686 students, and the University of Technology, with 7,384 students. The universities in [[Basra]], [[Mosul]], and [[Erbil]], taken together, enrolled 26 per cent of all students in higher education in the academic year 1983–84. ((Citation needed|date=April 2022))

The number of students seeking to pursue higher education in the 1980s increased dramatically. Accordingly, in the mid-1980s, the government made plans to expand [[Salahaddin University]] in [[Erbil]] in the north and to establish [[Ar Rashid University|Ar-Rashid University]] outside [[Baghdad]]. The latter was not yet in existence in early 1988 but both were designed ultimately to accommodate 50,000 students. In addition, at the end of December 1987, the government announced plans to create four more universities: one in [[Tikrit]] in the central area, one each at [[Al Kufah]] and [[Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate|Al Qadisiyah]] in the south, and one at [[Al Anbar]] in the west. Details of these universities were not known.

With the outbreak of the [[Iran–Iraq War|war]], the government faced a dilemma regarding education. Despite the shortage of wartime manpower, the regime was unwilling to tap the pool of available university students, arguing that these young people were Iraq's hope for the future. As of early 1988, therefore, the government routinely exempted students from military service until graduation, a policy it adhered to rigorously.

== See also ==
* [[List of schools in Iraq]]
* [[Violence against academics in post-invasion Iraq]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
((Commons))
* [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=11216&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html UNESCO fact sheet] (2003)
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/04/AR2007050402359.html?hpid=topnews?hpid=topnews Iraq Reimposes Freeze on Medical Diplomas In Bid to Keep Doctors From Fleeing Abroad]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110516062839/http://www.geopolicity.com/upload/content/pub_1288013876_regular.pdf Iraq Education Sector Scoping Study]

((Country study))

((Iraq topics))
((Education in Asia))

[[Category:Education in Iraq| ]]

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Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Commons link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox with collapsible groups (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:Template wrapper (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Iraq"