Edward Plantagenet
17th Earl of Warwick
Rendering from the "Rous Roll" by John Rous (1483–1485)
Born25 February 1475
Warwick, Warwickshire, England
Died28 November 1499(1499-11-28) (aged 24)
Tower of London, London, England
HouseYork
FatherGeorge Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence
MotherIsabel Neville

Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick (25 February 1475 – 28 November 1499) was the son of Isabel Neville and George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence, and a potential claimant to the English throne during the reigns of both his uncle, Richard III (1483–1485), and Richard's successor, Henry VII (1485–1509). He was also a younger brother of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury. Edward was tried and executed for treason in 1499.

Life

Coat of arms of the 17th Earl of Warwick

Edward Plantagenet was the son of George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence and Isabel Neville, who was the elder daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick. Edward was born on 25 February 1475 at Warwick, the family home of his mother. At his christening, his uncle King Edward IV stood as godfather. He was styled as Earl of Warwick from birth,[1] but was not officially granted the title until after his father's death in 1478. His potential claim to the throne following the deposition of his cousin Edward V in 1483 was overlooked because of the argument that the attainder of his father barred Warwick from the succession (although that could have been reversed by an act of Parliament). Despite this, he was knighted at York by Richard III in September 1483.[2]

In 1480,[3] Warwick was made a ward of King Edward IV's stepson, Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset, who as his guardian had the power to decide whom he would marry.[4] Clements Markham, writing in 1906,[5] claimed that Richard III had "liberated" Warwick from the Tower of London, where Dorset had placed him; however, there are no contemporary sources for this claim, although Dorset was Constable of the Tower. Dominic Mancini wrote that Richard, on becoming king, "gave orders that the son of the duke of Clarence, his other brother, then a boy of ten years old, should come to the city: and commanded that the lad should be kept in confinement in the household of his wife".

John Rous (died 1492) wrote that after the death of Richard III's only legitimate son, Edward of Middleham, who was Warwick's double first cousin (their fathers were brothers and their mothers were sisters), Richard III named Warwick as heir to the throne; however, there is no other evidence for this, and historians have pointed out that it would be illogical for Richard to claim that Clarence's attainder barred Warwick from the throne while at the same time naming him as his heir.[6]

Imprisonment and execution

Following the death on 16 March 1485 of Richard III's queen, Anne, young Edward Plantagenet was vested as Earl of Salisbury by right of his mother Isabel, who had been a co-heiress with Anne to the abeyant earldom.[7] This provided Edward and thus his wards with more wealth and potential power. Following King Richard's death on 22 August 1485, Warwick, only ten years old, was kept as a prisoner in the Tower of London by Henry VII acting as his ward. His claim to the throne, albeit tarnished, remained a potential threat to Henry, particularly after the appearance of the pretender Lambert Simnel in 1487. In 1490, he was confirmed in his title of Earl of Warwick despite his father's attainder (his claim to the earldom of Warwick being through his mother). But he remained a prisoner until 1499, when he became involved (willingly or unwillingly) in a plot to escape with Perkin Warbeck.

On 21 November 1499, Warwick appeared at Westminster for a trial before his peers, presided over by John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. A week later, Warwick was beheaded for treason on Tower Hill. Henry VII paid for his body and head to be taken to Bisham Abbey in Berkshire for burial,[8] using funds derived from Warwick's estate. It was thought at the time that Warwick was executed in response to pressure from Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, whose daughter, Catherine of Aragon, was to marry Henry's heir, Arthur. Catherine was said to feel very guilty about Warwick's death, and believed that her trials in later life were punishment for it.[9]

A number of historians have claimed that Warwick had a mental disability. This conclusion appears entirely based on the chronicler Edward Hall's contention that Warwick's lengthy imprisonment from a young age had left him "out of all company of men, and sight of beasts, in so much that he could not discern a goose from a capon."[10]

Upon Warwick's death, the House of Plantagenet became extinct in the legitimate male line. However, the surviving sons of his aunt Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk, continued to claim the throne for the Yorkist line.

Ancestors

Further reading

References

  1. ^ Pierce, Hazel (2003). Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury 1473-1541. Cardiff: The University of Wales Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7083-2189-8.
  2. ^ Christine Carpenter, ‘Edward, styled earl of Warwick (1475–1499)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008
  3. ^ Calendar of the Patent Rolls, 1476-1485, p212
  4. ^ Charles Ross, Edward IV. Yale University Press, 1997. ISBN 0300073720
  5. ^ Richard III, His Life and Character
  6. ^ Hazel Pierce, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury 1473-1541 (University of Wales Press, 2009), p. 9.
  7. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Salisbury, Earls of" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
  8. ^ Ian Arthurson, The Perkin Warbeck Conspiracy, 1491-1499 (Sutton, 1997), p. 215.
  9. ^ The Life of Jane Dormer, Duchess of Feria, preface: "She applied these miseries and disasters to have specially happened for the death of Prince Edward Plantagenet, son of the Duke of Clarence, brother to King Edward the Fourth; whom (most innocent) Henry VII. put to death to make the kingdom more secure to his posterity, and to induce King Ferdinand to give his daughter, this Catharine, in marriage to Prince Arthur".
  10. ^ Pierce, p. 23.
Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick House of YorkCadet branch of the House of PlantagenetBorn: 25 February 1475 Died: 28 November 1499 Peerage of England Preceded byAnne Neville Earl of Warwick 1492–1499 Forfeit
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