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((short description|Psychologist))
((More citations needed|date=July 2008))
[[File:Egon Brunswik (2003-2055) American psychologist.jpg|thumb]]
'''Egon Brunswik Edler von Korompa''' (18 March 1903, [[Budapest]]((spaced ndash))7 July 1955, [[Berkeley, California]]) was a [[psychologist]] who is known for his theory of probabilisitic functionalism and his proposition that representative design is essential in psychological research.

==Life==
===Early life and education===
Brunswik was born in Budapest, [[Hungary]],  He graduated from the [[Theresianische Akademie]] in 1921, after studying mathematics, science, classics, and history.  He spent two years (1921-1923) studying engineering at the [[TU Wien|Vienna Technische Hochschule]]. He then passed the first required state examination, but then decided to enroll as a student of psychology at the [[University of Vienna]],   Student colleagues included [[Paul F. Lazarsfeld]] and [[Konrad Lorenz]].  While in Vienna he was influenced by [[Moritz Schlick]] and the [[Vienna Circle]] of logical positivists. While a graduate student in psychology, he also passed the state examination for Gymnasium teachers in mathematics and physics.  He received his PhD in 1927 and became an assistant in [[Karl Bühler]]'s Psychologisches Institut.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Tolman |first=Edward C. |date=1956 |title=Egon Brunswik: 1903-1955 |journal=American Journal of Psychology |volume=69 |pages=315-342))</ref>

===Early career===
Brunswik established the first psychological laboratory in [[Turkey]] while he was visiting lecturer in [[Ankara]] during 1931–1932. He became [[Privatdozent]] at the [[University of Vienna]] in 1934. In 1933, however, [[Edward C. Tolman]], chairman of the department of psychology at the University of California, spent a year in [[Vienna]]. He and Brunswik found that although they had been working in different areas of psychological research, their theories of behavior were complementary.

===Berkeley===
Brunswik met [[Edward C. Tolman]] in [[Vienna]] during 1933, and in 1935–1936 received a Rockefeller fellowship that enabled him to visit the [[University of California]]. He remained at [[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]] where he became an assistant professor of psychology in 1937 and a full professor in 1947.

===Later life===
On June 6, 1938, in [[New York City]] Brunswik married [[Else Frenkel-Brunswik]] (also a former assistant in Buhler's institute), who became well known as a psychoanalytically oriented psychologist and investigator of the [[authoritarian personality]]. Also in 1938 he participated in the International Committee composed to organise the International Congresses for the Unity of Science.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Neurath |first1=Otto |title=Unified Science as Encyclopedic Integration |journal=[[International Encyclopedia of Unified Science]] |date=1938 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=1–27))</ref> Brunswik became an American citizen in 1943. After a long and painful bout of severe hypertension, Egon committed suicide in 1955.

==Professional contributions==

===Probabilistic Functionalism===
Brunswik's work in Vienna had culminated in the publication of ''Wahrnehmung und Gegenstandswelt'' in 1934. All of his subsequent work was devoted to the extension and elaboration of the fundamental position set forth in this book, namely, that psychology should give as much attention to the properties of the organism's environment as it does to the organism itself. He asserted that the environment with which the organism comes into contact is an uncertain, probabilistic one, however lawful it may be in terms of physical principles. Adaptation to a probabilistic world requires that the organism learn to employ probabilistic means to achieve goals and learn to utilize probabilistic, uncertain evidence (''proximal cues'') about the world (the ''distal object''). His "probabilistic functionalism" was the first behavioral system founded on probabilism.  He also created the term [[Ecological validity (perception)|ecological validity]].

===History of psychology===
Brunswik wrote a great deal about the history of psychology. His historical analysis is remarkable for its development in structural terms rather than in the customary longitudinal recapitulation of names, dates, and places. It consists of a general identification of the kinds of variables that have traditionally been employed in psychological theory and research and a description of the changes in the emphasis of these variables over time.<ref>cf. Brunswik, E. (1952): The Conceptual Framework of Psychology, International Encyclopedia of Unified Science (Vol. 1, No. 10, pp. IV + 102), Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Ch. IV.</ref> Brunswik's theory stems as much from his analysis of the history of psychology as it does from his research. 

=== Representative design ===
His historical as well as his theoretical analysis also led him to criticize orthodox methods of experimental design, particularly the "rule of one variable" and to suggest methods for avoiding what he believed to be an unfortunate artificiality inherent in classical experimental procedure that do not represent the multiple variables and complexities of the environment.((Citation needed|date=March 2008)) He proposed representative design as an alternative to standard experimental methods.

===Other work===
Brunswik's main field of empirical research was perception, but he also brought his probabilistic approach to bear on problems of interpersonal perception, thinking, learning, and clinical psychology.((Citation needed|date=March 2008)) His research findings were published in ''Perception and the Representative Design of Experiments'' (1947), which also includes Brunswik's methodological innovations and related research by others.

A feature of Brunswik's work is its coherence. Each theoretical, historical, and research paper is explicitly and tightly integrated with every other one. Brunswik's cast of mind compelled him to fit together with precision his conceptual framework, his methodology, and his views of the history of psychology. In 1952, he presented an overview of the field of psychology in ''The Conceptual Framework of Psychology''.

==Reception and Legacy==
According to Tolman "Brunswik's untimely death on 7 July 1955, at the age of 52, came just as his doctrines of functionalistic achievement, representative design and ecological validity had begun to arouse widespread attention both in this country and abroad."<ref>Tolman, E. C. (1955). Egon Brunswik, psychologist and philosopher of science. ''Science, '''122''','' 910. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1126/science.122.3176.910</nowiki></ref>  But the extent of his direct influence on psychology remains uncertain.<ref>Leary, David E. "From Act Psychology to Problematic Functionalism: The Place of Egon Brunswik in the History of Psychology." Psychology in Twentieth-Century Thought and Society. Ed. Mitchell G. Ash and William Ray Woodward. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1987. 115-42.</ref>

Brunswik's probabilism is attracting increasing attention in the fields of learning,<ref>((cite book |last=Estes |first=William Kaye |url=https://archive.org/stream/psychologyastudy031453mbp#page/n393/mode/2up |title=The Statistical Approach to Learning Theory |work=Psychology: A Study of a Science |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1959 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=Sigmund |volume=II |location=New York |pages=380–491 |authorlink=William Kaye Estes))</ref> thinking,<ref>((cite book |last1=Bruner |first1=Jerome Seymour |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xDZlQgt-xa0C&pg=PA1 |title=A Study of Thinking |last2=Austin |first2=George Allen |publisher=Transaction Publishers |year=1986 |isbn=978-1-4128-1627-4 |orig-year=1956))</ref> decision processes,<ref>((Citation |last=Edwards |first=Ward |title=Behavioral Decision Theory |date=February 1961 |journal=Annual Review of Psychology |volume=12 |pages=473–498 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ps.12.020161.002353 |pmid=13725822))</ref> perception,<ref>((Citation |last=Postman |first=Leo |title=Perception and Learning |work=Psychology: A Study of a Science |volume=5 |pages=30–113 |year=1963 |editor-last=Koch |editor-first=Sigmund |location=New York |publisher=McGraw-Hill))</ref> communication <ref>((cite journal |last=Miller |first=George A. |year=1953 |title=What Is Information Measurement? |journal=American Psychologist |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=3–11 |doi=10.1037/h0057808))</ref> and the study of curiosity.<ref>((cite book |last=Berlyne |first=D. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1x9AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 |title=Conflict, Arousal, and Curiosity |publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=1960 |isbn=9780070048751))</ref> Brunswik's emphasis on the importance of the environment is reflected in the increasing development of "psychological ecology."<ref>((Citation |last=Barker |first=Roger Garlock |title=Nebraska Symposium on Motivation |volume=8 |pages=1–49 |year=1960 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Marshall |contribution=Ecology and Motivation |location=Lincoln |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |authorlink=Roger Barker))</ref>

The application of his ideas in [[decision analysis]] helped improve the decisions of experts in a variety of fields including cancer prognosis, oil trading, and evaluation of candidates for graduate schools or employment.<ref>((cite book |last1=Kleindorfer |first1=Paul R.|authorlink2=Howard Kunreuther |last2=Kunreuther |first2=Howard |last3=Schoemaker |first3=Paul J. H. |title=Decision Sciences: An Integrative Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lN4fXDap37MC&pg=PP1 |year=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-33812-7))</ref> A specific, practical method for the application for Brunswik's models have been documented in the book ''How to Measure Anything: Finding the Value of Intangibles in Business'' by Douglas Hubbard.<ref>((cite book |last=Hubbard |first=Douglas W. |title=How to Measure Anything: Finding the Value of Intangibles in Business |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IyPwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |year=2014 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-83644-6))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Attention]]
* [[Decision making]]
* [[Functional psychology]]
* [[Gerd Gigerenzer]]
* [[Karl Buhler]]
* [[Edward C. Tolman|Edward Tolman]]
* [[Else Frenkel-Brunswik]]

==Bibliography==
* ((cite book |last=Brunswik |first=Egon |title=Wahrnehmung und Gegenstandswelt: Grundlegung einer Psychologie vom Gegenstand her |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVoAAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 |year=1934 |publisher=F. Deuticke))
* ((cite journal |last=Brunswik |first=Egon |date=April 1937 |title=Psychology as a Science of Objective Relations |journal=Philosophy of Science |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=227–260 |jstor=184864 |doi=10.1086/286455|s2cid=121832879 ))
* ((cite journal |last=Brunswik |first=Egon |date=May 1943 |title=Organismic Achievement and Environmental Probability |journal=Psychological Review |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=255–272 |doi=10.1037/h0060889))
* ((cite book |last=Brunswik |first=Egon |title=The conceptual framework of psychology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=flINAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 |volume=1 |issue=10 |year=1952 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=IV, 102|isbn=9780226575858 ))
* ((cite journal |last=Brunswik |first=Egon |date=May 1955 |title=Representative Design and Probabilistic Theory in a Functional Psychology |journal=Psychological Review |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=193–217 |doi=10.1037/h0047470 |pmid=14371898))
* ((cite book |last=Brunswik |first=Egon |title=Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTwwQvk6XCUC&pg=PP1 |edition=second |year=1956 |publisher=University of California Press))

==References==
((Reflist))

==Further reading==
* Postman, Leo/Edward C. Tolman (1959): "Brunswik's Probabilistic Functionalism". In: S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A Study of a Science, Study 1: Conceptual and Systematic, Vol. 1: Sensory, Perceptual, and Physiological Formulations, New York/Toronto/London: McGraw-Hill, pp.&nbsp;502–564.
* Hammond, Kenneth R. (editor) 1966 ''The Psychology of Egon Brunswik''. New York: Holt.
* Hammond, Kenneth R. & T. R. Stewart (ed.) 2001. ''The Essential Brunswik''. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press.
* Hammond, Kenneth. R. (editor) 2007 ''[https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-23294-000 Beyond rationality: The search for wisdom in a troubled time']'. Oxford University Press.
* Todd, P. M., & Gigerenzer, G. (Eds.). (2012). ''Ecological rationality: Intelligence in the world.'' Oxford University Press. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195315448.001.0001</nowiki>

== External links ==
* [http://www.brunswiksociety.org The Brunswik Society]
* [https://brunswiksociety.org/brunswik-publications/ Complete bibliography of the publications of Egon Brunswik]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Brunswik, Egon))
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Hungarian people]]
[[Category:20th-century Austrian people]]
[[Category:Hungarian psychologists]]
[[Category:Austrian psychologists]]
[[Category:University of Vienna alumni]]
[[Category:Austrian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley College of Letters and Science faculty]]
[[Category:20th-century American psychologists]]
[[Category:1955 suicides]]
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[[Category:Psychology theorists]]
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