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((Moresources|date=November 2021))
((Infobox settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
<!-- Basic info  ---------------->
| name = El Djem
|official_name          = El Djem
|other_name             = [[Thysdrus]]
|native_name            = ((lang|ar|الجمّ)) <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
|nickname               = 
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|motto                  =
<!-- images and maps  ----------->
|image_skyline          = El Jem panorama 01.jpg
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|image_caption     = The skyline of El Djem
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|pushpin_map_caption    =Location in Tunisia
<!-- Location ------------------>
|subdivision_type       = Country
|subdivision_name       = [[Image:Flag of Tunisia.svg|25px]] [[Tunisia]]
|subdivision_type1      = [[Governorates of Tunisia|Governorate]]
|subdivision_name1      = [[Mahdia Governorate]]
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<!-- Population   ----------------------->
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))

'''El Djem''' or '''El Jem''' ([[Tunisian Arabic]]:((nbsp))((lang|ar|الجمّ)), ''((audio|help=no|El jam.wav|il-Jamm))'') is a town in [[Mahdia Governorate]], [[Tunisia]]. Its population was 21,576 during the 2014 census. It is home to [[Roman Empire|Roman]] remains, including the [[Amphitheatre of El Jem]].

==History==
((main|Thysdrus))
The Roman city of [[Thysdrus]] was built, like almost all [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] settlements in ancient Tunisia, on former [[Punics|Punic]] settlements. In a less arid climate than today's, Thysdrus prospered as an important center of [[olive oil]] production and export. It was the seat of a Christian [[bishopric]], which is included in the [[Catholic Church]]'s list of [[titular see]]s.<ref>''Annuario Pontificio 2013'' (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013; ((ISBN|978-88-209-9070-1))), pg. 992</ref>

By the early 3rd century, when the amphitheatre was built, Thysdrus rivaled [[Hadrumetum]] (modern [[Sousse]]) as the second city of Roman [[North Africa]] after [[Carthage]]. However, following the abortive revolt that began there in AD((nbsp))238 and [[Gordian I|Gordian]]'s suicide in his [[Roman villa|villa]] near Carthage, Roman troops loyal to the emperor [[Maximinus Thrax]] sacked the city. The town is shown on the 4th-century [[Peutinger Map]].

==Sights==
===Amphitheatre===
((main|Amphitheatre of El Jem))
[[Image:El Jem anciens amphithéâtres vue générale.jpg|thumb|left|View of the first two amphitheatres]]
[[File:Anfiteatro, El Jem, Túnez, 2016-09-04, DD 55-66 HDR PAN.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Amphitheatre of El Jem]]]]
The Amphitheatre of El Jem could seat 35,000 spectators. Only the [[Colosseum]] in [[Rome]] (seating about 50,000 spectators) and the ruined theatre of [[Capua]] were larger.

The amphitheatre at El Djem was built by the Romans under [[proconsul]] [[Gordian I|Gordian]], who was acclaimed emperor at Thysdrus around 238 and was mainly used for [[gladiator]] shows and small-scale [[chariot racing|chariot races]].

Until the 17th century, it remained more or less whole. From then on its stones were used for building the nearby village of El Djem and transported to the [[Mosque of Uqba|Great Mosque]] in [[Kairouan]]. At a tense moment during struggles with the [[Ottomans]], the Turks used cannons to flush rebels out of the amphitheatre.

The ruins of the amphitheatre were declared a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1979. It hosts the annual [[Festival international de musique symphonique d'El Jem|El Djem International Symphony Festival]].

===Others===
Drifting sand is preserving the market city of Thysdrus and the refined suburban [[villa]]s that once surrounded it. Some floor [[mosaic]]s have been found and published, one of them featuring the iconography of [[Africa (goddess)|(Dea) Africa]],<ref>((Cite book|title=Studies in the Iconography of Blacks in Roman Art|last=Gifty|first=Ako-Adounvo|publisher=Ph.D. Thesis awarded by McMaster University|pages=82))</ref> but field archaeology has scarcely been attempted. Recently with aerial photos, a huge racetrack stadium has been discovered.((Citation needed|date=July 2018))

The dry climate of Thysdrus has helped to preserve writings on [[papyrus]].

==World War II==
During [[World War II]] a major military airfield was located near El Djem, used first by the German [[Luftwaffe]].  It was attacked on numerous occasions and later used by the [[United States Army Air Forces]] [[Twelfth Air Force]] as a transport field.  There are few, if any, remains of the airfield today with the land being returned to agricultural uses outside of the city.

==Transport==
El Djem is located on the [[A1 motorway (Tunisia)|A1 motorway]] which runs from [[Tunis]] to [[Sfax]].

The [[metre gauge]] railway from Tunis to [[Gabès]], known as La Ligne de la Côte, stops at El Djem.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
El Djem Amphitheater aerial view.jpg|Aerial view of El Djem and Amphitheatre
Anfiteatro, El Jem, Túnez, 2016-09-04, DD 41-43 HDR.jpg|Underground alley
Anfiteatro, El Jem, Túnez, 2016-09-04, DD 35-37 HDR.jpg|An alley under the arena
Anfiteatro, El Jem, Túnez, 2016-09-04, DD 10.jpg|Porticos
Anfiteatro, El Jem, Túnez, 2016-09-04, DD 11.jpg|View of the arena
Anfiteatro, El Jem, Túnez, 2016-09-04, DD 32.jpg|Entrance of the Arena
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Hadrumetum]]
* [[Thapsus]]
* [[Dougga]]
* [[Roman 'Coloniae' in Berber Africa]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

((Commons category|El Jem))

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120310220635/http://www.ancientplaces.tv/en/archive/1-season-1/6-eldjem Ancient Places TV: HD Video of El Djem amphitheatre]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040803130854/http://www.tunisiaonline.com/mosaics/index.html Roman mosaics in Tunisia]
* [http://www.romanheritage.com/en/contenido/?idsec=2592 Romanheritage.com site with photos of El Djem amphitheatre in Tunisia]

((Communes of Tunisia))

((Authority control))

[[Category:El Djem| ]]
[[Category:Communes of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Mahdia Governorate]]
[[Category:Roman sites in Tunisia]]
[[Category:Catholic titular sees in Africa|Thysdrus]]

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