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((short description|Free French political body))
((more citations needed|date=June 2020))
((Expand French|Conseil de défense de l'Empire|date=June 2020|topic=gov))
((use dmy dates|date=June 2020 ))
((Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_name            = Empire Defense Council
| cabinet_type            = 
| cabinet_number          =
| jurisdiction            = [[French colonial empire]] loyal to [[Free France]]
| flag                    = Flag of Free France (1940-1944).svg
| flag_border             = <!--true-->
| incumbent               =
| image                   = Charles De Gaulle, Philippe de Scitivaux, René Mouchotte, Martial Valin.png
| caption                 = <!-- De Gaulle in 1943, with Philippe de Scitivaux, René Mouchotte, Martial Valin-->
| date_formed             = ((Start date|1940|10|27|df=y))
| date_dissolved          = ((End date|1941|9|24|df=y))
| government_head         = [[Charles de Gaulle]]
| government_head_history =
| deputy_government_head  =
| state_head              =
| state_head_title        = state-head-title <!-- e.g. Monarch, President; defaults to "Head of state" -->
| members_number          =
| former_members_number   =
| total_number            =
| political_party         = <!-- or | political_parties = -->
| legislature_status      =
| budget                  =
| advice_and_consent1     =
| advice_and_consent2     = <!-- up to 5 times -->
| incoming_formation      =
| outgoing_formation      =
| predecessor             = 
| successor               = [[French National Committee]]
| belowstyle              = font-size:smaller; color:green
| below                   = London was the seat of the Free French Movement in 1940–1942, but Brazzaville was considered the symbolic capital due to the declaration of the Brazzaville Manifesto there. The government of Free France was based in Algiers in [[French Algeria]] in 1942–1944, then part of metropolitan France, from 1942 until the liberation of France in 1944, when it briefly moved back to London for a few weeks from the start of the Normandy and Provence landings before ending the exile by [[Liberation of Paris|moving to Paris]] on 25 August 1944.
))

The '''Empire Defense Council''' (((lang-fr|Conseil de défense de l'Empire))) was a deliberative body established within [[Free France]] in 1940. It was subsequently superseded by the [[French National Committee]].((clarify|reason=Faithful to the French original, but confusing. Needs rewording.|date=June 2020))

== Creation and legitimacy ==

On 26 June 1940, four days after the [[Pétain government]] requested the [[Armistice of 22 June 1940|armistice]], General de Gaulle submitted a memorandum to the British government notifying Churchill of his decision to set up a Council of Defense of the Empire((sfn|White|1964|p=161)) and formalizing the agreement reached with Churchill on 28 June, which allowed the [[Free French forces]] to be ((cn span|reason=Unsourced material from the translated French article|recognized as a fully-fledged French authority by the British government: in the eyes of the British government, General de Gaulle was then the "Head of the French who are continuing the war".|date=June 2020)) This memorandum led to an agreement on 7 August, but provided for the creation of a French Committee or Council as of 26 June.((citation needed|date=June 2020))<!-- something wrong with these dates -->

The agreement of 7 August between de Gaulle and the UK, known as the "[[Chequers]] agreement", gave General de Gaulle all the financial independence and resources of a [[government in exile]].((sfn|Venner|2017|p=195))  The British government considered it to have taken effect 11 July 1940, the day Marshal Pétain took full powers and signed into law the end of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. By this act, the British government wished to indicate that it recognized that [[Free France]], still being formed at the time, was the legitimate successor to the Republic that had just died, and was an ally of the United Kingdom in the war. It((clarify|reason="It"=the agreement? Free France? The British government? |date=June 2020)) also undertook to reconstitute the entire French territory and "the greatness of France" after the war was over.

The formal recognition of the Empire Defense Council as a ''de facto'' government in exile by the United Kingdom took place on 6 January 1941; recognition by the Soviet Union was published in December 1941, by exchange of letters.((sfn|Danan|1972))

== Geographical base ==
<!-- Brazzaville manifesto redirects here. -->
In his view, General de Gaulle was ensuring the continuity of the rule of law and national defense against the [[Axis powers]]. This was made possible by the legitimacy he obtained from his [[appeal of 18 June]], as well as by the rapid rallying of military units and French territories that wished to continue the fight (from 22 June, in the case of the Franco-British territory of [[New Hebrides]]).

De Gaulle's support grew out of a base in colonial Africa. In the fall of 1940, the colonial empire largely supported the Vichy regime. [[Félix Éboué]], governor of [[French Chad|Chad]], switched his support to General de Gaulle in September. Encouraged, de Gaulle traveled to [[Brazzaville]] in October, where he announced the formation of the Empire Defense Council((sfn|Shillington|2013|p=448)) in the [[Brazzaville Manifesto]],((sfn|France libre|1940)) and invited all colonies still supporting Vichy to join him and the Free French forces in the fight against Germany, which most of them did by 1943.((sfn|Shillington|2013|p=448))

At the time, Free France had the bulk of its territorial base in its [[French colonial empire in World War II|colonial empire]], thanks to the rallying of various colonies : [[French India]] was the first to rally, followed by most of the territories of [[French Equatorial Africa]], followed by the [[New Hebrides Condominium]], [[French Polynesia]] and [[New Caledonia]].<ref>[http://www. persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/jso_0300-953x_1945_num_1_1487 Le ralliement à la France Libre des colonies du Pacifique], Journal de la société des océanistes, year 1945</ref> [[Félix Éboué]], governor of Chad, announced his support on August 26.((sfn|Shillington|2013|p=448)) He quickly received the support of [[Edgard de Larminat]], [[Marie-Pierre Kœnig|Pierre Koenig]] and [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque|Philippe Leclerc]].((citation needed|date=June 2020)) At the end of the summer, most of French Equatorial Africa, newly designated "[[Free French Africa]]", was in support of Free France.((sfn|Jennings|2015|p=46))((sfn|Shillington|2013|p=448))

== Government of Free France ==

On 27 October 1940, General de Gaulle announced the creation of the Empire Defense Council as the decision-making body of Free France in the "Brazzaville Manifesto", from the capital of French Equatorial Africa.((sfn|France libre|1940))  This was part of his strategy to give the movement a political as well as a military character, both to attract supporters, and to provide support for his claim as a political as well as military leader of the French resistance.((sfn|Munholland|2007|p=19-23))

In the ordinances of 27 October 1940, De Gaulle defined the powers of the council, including: external and internal security, economic activity, negotiating with foreign powers (in article 2), as well as the "establishment of organs that would exercise the powers of jurisdiction normally devolved to the [[Conseil d'État (France)|Council of State]] and the [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]]" (article 4). However, the decision-making power rested with the head of the Free French (article 3), the Council exercising only an advisory role. Ministerial powers were exercised "by agency directors appointed by the Head of the Free French". This gave the Defense Council the nature of a consultative and representative body in the [[Overseas territory (France)|territories]] that joined with it. The Administrative Conference of the Free French (((lang|fr|Conférence administrative de la France Libre))), created by decree of 29 January 1941, served as the government, bringing together all the agency directors and the members of the Empire Defence Council.

== Leadership ==

The members of the council were chosen by Charles de Gaulle((sfn|Wieviorka|2019|p=67)) because they "already exercise authority on French lands or symbolize the highest intellectual and moral values of the nation."((citation needed|reason=Quote inherited from French article, no citation there.|date=June 2020)) (Brazzaville Manifesto)((sfn|France libre|1940))

* General [[Georges Catroux]]
* Vice-Admiral [[Émile Muselier]]
* General [[Edgard de Larminat]]
* Governor [[Félix Éboué]]
* Governor [[Henri Sautot]]
* Colonel [[Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque]]
* Médecin-Général ((ill|Adolphe Sicé|fr|vertical-align=sup))
* Permanent secretary [[René Cassin]]
* Naval captain [[Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu]]<ref>((cite web |title=Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu |url=http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/967.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020601164112/https://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/fr_compagnon/967.html |archive-date=2002-06-01 |date=14 December 2001 |website=L'Ordre de la Lberation |access-date=2 June 2020 ))</ref>

== See also ==

((div col|colwidth=20em))
* [[Allies of World War II]]
* [[Brazzaville Conference]]
* [[Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy|Collaboration with the Axis Powers]]
* [[Foreign relations of Vichy France]]
* [[France–Germany border]]
* [[Free France]]
* [[Free French Forces]]
* [[French Colonial Empire]]
* [[French Forces of the Interior]]
* [[French Indochina in World War II]]
* [[French Fourth Republic]]
* [[French prisoners of war in World War II]]
* [[French Resistance]]
* [[French Third Republic]]
* [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Military Administration in France]]
* [[German occupation of France during World War II]]
* [[Italian occupation of France during World War II]]
* [[Liberation of France]]
* [[Liberation of Paris]]
* [[List of French divisions in World War II]]
* [[List of French possessions and colonies]]
* [[List of governors-general of French Equatorial Africa]]
* [[Military history of France during World War II]]
* [[Pacific Islands home front during World War II]]
* [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]]
* [[The Vichy 80]]
* [[Vichy France]]
* [[Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline]]
* [[Zone libre]]
((div col end))
((Portal|France))

== References ==

;Notes
((Reflist|30em))

;Sources
<!--
* ((cite encyclopedia)) ((cite encyclopedia ))
* ((cite book |lang=fr ))
-->

*<!--Danan|1972--> ((cite journal |journal=Publications de la faculté de droit et des sciences politiques et sociales d'Amiens |last=Danan |first=Yves-Maxime |date=1972 |title=La nature juridique du Conseil de défense de l'empire (Brazzaville, October 1940) Contribution à la Théorie des Gouvernements Insurrectionnels |trans-title=The legal nature of the Empire Defense (October 1940) Contribution to the Theory of Insurrectionnal Governments |url=https://www.u-picardie.fr/curapp-revues/root/3/danan.pdf |issue=4 |pages=145–149 ))
*<!--deGaulle|1940--> ((cite book |last=de Gaulle |first=Charles |title=Déclaration organique complétant le manifeste du 27 octobre 1940 |trans-title=Organic Declaration supplementing the Manifesto of 27 October 1940 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aaLygAACAAJ |date=16 November 1940 |location=Brazzaville |oclc=493620292))
*<!--France libre|1941--> ((cite book |author=France libre |title=Documents officiels. &#91;Manifeste du 27 octobre 1940, à Brazzaville. Ordonnances n ° 1 et 2, du 27 octobre 1940, instituant un Conseil de défense de l'Empire. Déclaration organique complétant le manifeste du 27 octobre 1940, du 16 novembre 1940, à Brazzaville. Signé: De Gaulle.&#93;. |trans-title=Official documents. Manifesto of 27 October 1940, in Brazzaville. Orders No. 1 and 2, of 27 October 1940, establishing an Empire Defense Council. Organic Declaration supplementing the Manifesto of 27 October 1940, of 16 November 1940, in Brazzaville. Signed: De Gaulle. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQjwSAAACAAJ  |year=1940 |publisher=Impr. officielle |location=Brazzaville |oclc=460992617))
*<!--Jennings|2015--> ((cite book |last=Jennings |first=Eric T. |title=Free French Africa in World War II: The African Resistance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePsKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 |access-date=2 June 2020 |date=8 July 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-44519-8 |pages=46 |quote=In the fall of 1940, Gaullist legitimacy rested squarely and almost entirely on Free French Africa, a freshly invented designator that linked Cameroon to FEA more than ever. In the wake of his two telegrams on October 27, 1940, de Gaulle recycled his earlier formula, instituting the Empire Defense Council in Brazzaville 'on French land'.))
*<!--Munholland|2007--> ((cite book |last=Munholland |first=Kim |title=Rock of Contention: Free French and Americans at War in New Caledonia, 1940-1945 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEimktLz-lAC&pg=PA19 |access-date=2 June 2020 |date=February 2007 |publisher=Berghahn Books |location=New York |isbn=978-1-84545-300-8 |pages=19– |chapter=chap 1. The Free French and the Americans before Pearl Harbor - The Empire Defense Council and the Allies in the Tropics |quote=While he was in Africa and on French colonial territory, de Gaulle decided to give his movement a more clearly distinct, political character when he created an Empire Defense Council on 27 October. This important initiative had far-reaching implications for his movement since it was the first step toward the formation of a provisional government and General de Gaulle's claim to legitimacy as the political as well as military leader of the French resistance.))
*<!--Shillington|2013-->((cite book |last=Shillington |first=Kevin |title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WixiTjxYdkYC&pg=PA448 |access-date=2 June 2020 |volume=1 A–G |date=4 July 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-45669-6 |oclc=254075497 |quote=There was much support for the Vichy regime among French colonial personnel, with the exception of Guianese-born governor of Chad, Félix Éboué, who in September 1940 announced his switch of allegiance from Vichy to the Gaullist Free French movement based in London. Encouraged by this support for his fledgling movement, Charles de Gaulle traveled to Brazzaville in October 1940 to announce the formation of an Empire Defense Council and to invite all French possessions loyal to Vichy to join it and continue the war against Germany; within two years, most did.))
*<!--Venner|2017--> ((cite book |last=Venner |first=Dominique |title=De Gaulle la Grandeur et le Neant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlisDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT195 |date=15 April 2017 |publisher=Editions du Rocher |isbn=978-2-268-09133-4))
*<!--White|1964--> ((cite book |last=White |first=Dorothy Shipley |title=Seeds of Discord: De Gaulle, Free France and the Allies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PowduQEACAAJ |year=1964 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=Syracuse, NY |chapter=XI The French Empire Rises <!--p.161-177--> |oclc=876345256 |access-date=3 June 2020))
*<!--Wieviorka|2019-->((cite book |last=Wieviorka |first=Olivier |title=The Resistance in Western Europe, 1940–1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btGQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67 |date=3 September 2019 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-54864-9 |translator-last=Todd |translator-first=Jane Marie |access-date=2 June 2020 |quote=At the same time, de Gaulle was only one man, and had no eminent political supporters. He therefore had to broaden his base. An order of October 27, 1940, created the Conseil de défense de l'Empire (Empire Defense Council), which included, in addition to de Gaulle, the governors of the territories who had rallied to the cause (Edgard de Larminat, Félix Éboué, Leclerc, Henri Sautot) military leaders (Georges Catroux and Émile Muselier), and three personalities from varied backgrounds: Father Georges Thierry Argenlieu, a friar and alumnus of the E'cole Navale; Rene' Cassin, a distinguished jurist and prominent representative of the veterans movement; and the military doctor Adolph Sice'.))

== Further reading ==

*<!--Epstein|1973--> ((cite book |last1=Epstein |first1=Sam |last2=Epstein |first2=Beryl Williams |title=Charles de Gaulle, Defender of France |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sedV67E6JuQC |series=Century book (Champaign, Ill.) |year=1973 |publisher=Garrard |location=Champaign, Ill. |isbn=978-0-8116-4756-4 |oclc=730526 |quote=<!--p.87:--><small>...set up an Empire Defense council. He appointed men to represent him in various world capitals. He also sent representatives secretly into France.</small>))
<!--
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== External links ==  <!-- WP:EL -->
<!-- wrong cat:
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((wikiquote|Charles_de_Gaulle#World_War_II))
((Wikisource|L’Affiche de Londres))<!-- fr:s:L’Affiche de Londres-->
((Wikisourcelang|fr|L’Affiche de Londres|De Gaulle's appeal from London))

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[[Category:1940 in France]]
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Module:Footnotes/anchor id list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:ISO 639 name (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/ISO 639-1 (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/ISO 639-3 (dep) (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/ISO 639 deprecated (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/ISO 639 override (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Military navigation (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Mw lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/f (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/w (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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