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Empress Gi
Empress consort of the Yuan dynasty
Primary Empress of Yuan
Tenure1365-10 September 1368
Empress of Northern Yuan
Tenure1368–1369
Secondary Empress of Yuan
Tenure1340–1365
Born1315
Goyang, Gyeonggi Province, Goryeo
Died1369 (aged 53–54)
SpouseToghon Temür
IssueBiligtü Khan
Posthumous name
Empress Puxian Shusheng (普顯淑聖皇后)
HouseHaengju Ki clan
FatherKi Cha-o
MotherLady Yi of the Iksan Yi clan
ReligionMahayana

Empress Gi or Empress Ki (Korean: 기황후; Hanja: 奇皇后; 1315–1369(?)), also known as Empress Qi (Chinese: 奇皇后) or Öljei Khutuk (Mongolian: Өлзийхутаг; Chinese: 完者忽都), was a Goryeo-born empress consort of the Yuan dynasty. She was one of the primary empresses of Toghon Temür (Emperor Huizong), and the mother of Biligtü Khan (Emperor Zhaozong), who would become an emperor of the Northern Yuan dynasty. Gi was originally from an aristocratic family of the Goryeo dynasty, and first served as concubine of Toghon Temür. During the last years of the Yuan dynasty, she became one of its most powerful women and political figures, controlling the country economically and politically, and ruling with de facto imperial powers.

Biography

Empress Gi was born in Haengju (행주, 幸州; modern Goyang), Goryeo to a lower-ranked aristocratic family of bureaucrats.[1] Her father was Gi Ja-oh. Lady Gi maternal side was also related the noble Jangheung Im clan, one of the prominent clans in Goryeo Kingdom from her maternal great-grandmother Princess Consort Im of the Jangheung Im clan. In 1333, the teenage Lady Gi was among the concubines sent to Yuan by the Goryeo king, who had to provide a certain number of beautiful teenage girls to serve as concubines of the Yuan emperor once every three years.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] It was considered prestigious to marry Goryeo women.[8] Extremely beautiful and skilled at dancing, conversation, singing, poetry, and calligraphy, Lady Gi quickly became the favorite concubine of Toghon Temür.[1] He fell in love with her, and it was soon noted that he was spending far more time in her company than he was with the first empress Danashiri.[1]

The primary empress Danashiri was executed on 22 July 1335 in a purge because of the rebellion of her brother Tangqishi.[9] When Toghon Temür tried to promote Lady Gi to secondary wife, which was contrary to the standard practice of only taking secondary wives from the Mongol clans, it created such opposition at court to this unheard of promotion for a Goryeo woman that he was forced to back down.[1] Bayan, who held the real power in Yuan, opposed the promotion of Lady Gi as did the Empress Dowager, who considered Lady Gi to be cunning. In 1339, when Lady Gi gave birth to a son, Ayushiridara, whom Toghon Temür decided would be his successor, he was finally able to have Lady Gi named as his secondary wife (in 1340).[1] As the favorite wife of the emperor, Lady Gi was a very powerful woman in Yuan. When Bayan was purged, Lady Gi became the secondary empress in 1340 (the primary empress was Bayan Khutugh of the Khongirad).

Toghon Temür increasingly lost interest in governing as his reign continued. During this time power was increasingly exercised by a politically and economically talented Lady Gi. Lady Gi's older brother Ki Ch'ŏl was appointed the commander of the Mongol Eastern Field Headquarters—making him in effect the real ruler of Goryeo—owing to her influence, and she closely monitored Goryeo affairs.[1] Her son was designated Crown Prince in 1353. Using her eunuch Park Bul-hwa (박불화; 朴不花) as her agent, she began a campaign to force the emperor to pass the imperial throne to her son. However, her intentions became known to the emperor and he grew apart from her.

Depending on Lady Gi's position in the imperial capital, her elder brother Ki Ch'ŏl came to threaten the position of the king of Goryeo, which was a client state of the Yuan dynasty. King Gongmin of Goryeo exterminated the Gi family in a coup in 1356 and became independent of the Yuan. Lady Gi responded by selecting Tash Temür as the new king of Goryeo and dispatched troops to Goryeo. However, the Yuan troops were defeated by the army of Goryeo while attempting to cross the Yalu River.

Within the Yuan capital an internal strife was fought between supporters and opponents of the Crown Prince. An opposition leader, Bolud Temür, finally occupied the capital in 1364. Her son fled to Köke Temür who supported him, but Lady Gi was imprisoned by Bolud Temür. Bolud Temür was overthrown by Köke Temür the next year. Once again, she tried to install her son as Khagan, this time with the support of Köke Temür, but in vain. After Bayan Khutugh died, Lady Gi was elevated to the primary empress in December 1365.[10]

The collapse of Yuan dynasty in 1368 forced her to flee to Yingchang's city, today's Inner Mongolia. In 1370, Toghon Temür died and his son ascended to the throne. Empress Gi became the Grand Empress, but soon after that went missing.

Family

In popular culture

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Hwang, Kyung Moon (2021). A history of Korea : an episodic narrative (3rd ed.). London. pp. 47–48. ISBN 978-1-352-01302-3. OCLC 1268134476.((cite book)): CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ^ Katharine Hyung-Sun Moon (January 1997). Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.-Korea Relations. Columbia University Press. pp. 40–. ISBN 978-0-231-10642-9.
  3. ^ Boudewijn Walraven; Remco E. Breuker (2007). Korea in the Middle: Korean Studies and Area Studies : Essays in Honour of Boudewijn Walraven. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 57–. ISBN 978-90-5789-153-3.
  4. ^ Gwyn Campbell; Suzanne Miers; Joseph C. Miller (8 September 2009). Children in Slavery through the Ages. Ohio University Press. pp. 136–. ISBN 978-0-8214-4339-2.
  5. ^ Jinwung Kim (2012). A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. pp. 172–. ISBN 978-0-253-00024-8.
  6. ^ Ki-baek Yi (1984). A New History of Korea. Harvard University Press. pp. 157–. ISBN 978-0-674-61576-2.
  7. ^ Simon Winchester (27 October 2009). Korea. HarperCollins. pp. 225–. ISBN 978-0-06-075044-2.
  8. ^ Lorge, Peter. China Review International 17, no. 3 (2010): 377-79. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23733178.
  9. ^ Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee; Luther Carrington Goodrich (15 October 1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644. Columbia University Press. p. 1291. ISBN 9780231038010.
  10. ^ "4 Reasons Why Hurrem Sultan and Empress Ki were similar (Part 1)". Hyped For History. 2022-09-13. Retrieved 2022-09-19.

Bibliography

Preceded byBayan Khutugh Consort of Toghon Temür 1365–1370 Succeeded byNone Khatun of the Mongols 1365–1370 Succeeded byEmpress Gwon Empress of China 1365–1368 Succeeded byEmpress Ma (Ming dynasty)
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