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((Short description|English galleon))
((other ships|HMS Revenge))
((More citations needed|date=October 2021))
((Use dmy dates|date=July 2017))
((Use British English|date=July 2017))
{|((Infobox ship begin))
((Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[File:Defence of the Revenge.jpg|300px|''Revenge'' in action against the Spanish fleet, 31 August - 1 September 1591]]
|Ship caption=''"Sir [[Richard Grenville]]'s Gallant Defence of the ''Revenge", print from 1804
))
((Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=[[Kingdom of England|England]]
|Ship flag=[[File:Flag of England.svg|60px|English Flag]]
|Ship name=''Revenge''
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=[[Mathew Baker (shipwright)|Mathew Baker]] at [[Deptford Dockyard|Deptford Royal Dockyard]]
|Ship original cost=£4,000 (£((Format price|((Inflation|UK|4000|1577|r=2)))) today)
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=1577
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship honours=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=*Captured 1 September 1591
*Ran aground in the Azores soon afterward
|Ship notes=
))((Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=[[Race-built galleon]]
|Ship tons burthen=440<ref name=MHO>((cite web|url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/renaissance/revenge/revenge.aspx|title=The ''Revenge'' at Military History Online|access-date=2008-11-25|author=John Barratt))</ref>
|Ship length=((cvt|140|ft))<ref name=MHO/>
|Ship beam=
|Ship draught=
|Ship draft=
|Ship hold depth=
|Ship propulsion=
|Ship sail plan=Early [[full-rigged ship]]<ref name=MHO/>
|Ship complement=Approx. 260<ref name=MHO/>
|Ship armament=
*Forty-six guns:
**20 heavy guns on the gundeck
**26 other pieces<ref name=TRTW>((cite book|last=Herman|first=Arthur|author-link=Arthur L. Herman|title=To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-06-053424-0|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_c9l5)) p.103</ref>
|Ship notes=
))
|}

'''''Revenge''''' was an English [[race-built galleon]] of 46 guns, built in 1577 and captured by the Spanish in 1591, sinking soon afterwards. She was the first of 13 English and Royal Navy ships to bear the name.<ref group=Note>Since she was built and served prior to the [[English Restoration]] of 1660, she did not carry the 'HMS' prefix.</ref>

==Construction==
''Revenge'' was built at a cost of £4,000 at the [[Deptford Dockyard|Royal Dockyard, Deptford]] in 1577 by master [[shipwright]] [[Mathew Baker (shipwright)|Mathew Baker]]. His [[race-built]] design was to usher in a new style of ship building that would revolutionise naval warfare for the next three hundred years. A comparatively small vessel, weighing about 400 tons, being about half the size of ''[[Henry Grace à Dieu]]'', ''Revenge'' was rated as a [[galleon]].

==Armament==
The armament of ships of this period was fluid; guns might be added, removed or changed for different types. ''Revenge'' was particularly heavily armed during her last cruise: she carried 20 heavy [[demi-cannon]], [[culverin]]s and [[demi-culverin]]s on her gun deck, where the sailors slept. On her upper decks were more demi-culverins, [[Saker (cannon)|sakers]] and a variety of light weapons, including swivel-mounted breech-loaders, called "fowlers" or "[[Falconet (cannon)|falconets]]".<ref name=MHO/>

==Career==
===Raid on Cadiz (1587)===
((Main|Singeing the King of Spain's Beard))
In 1587, Sir [[Francis Drake]] sailed to the Spanish coast and destroyed much ''[[materiel]]'' that Philip II had accumulated in preparation for the Armada. In consequence, Spanish plans for the invasion of England were put off until the following year.

===Battle of Gravelines (1588)===
((main|Spanish Armada))
[[File:English ship Revenge at Battle of Gravelines (1588) - Invincible Armada (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Revenge'' at Battle of Gravelines]]
In early 1588, Drake moved his flag from [[English ship Bonaventure (1567)|''Elizabeth Bonaventure'']] to ''Revenge'', which was considered((by whom|date=June 2015)) to be the best by far of the new ships. On 29 July 1588 the [[Naval battle of Gravelines|Battle of Gravelines]] (named after a [[Flanders|Flemish]] town near [[Calais]]), was concluded with a decisive victory over the Spanish fleet. Following ''Revenge'' at the head of the line, the English fleet engaged their broadsides into the [[Spanish Armada]], following a fire ships attack the night before which broke up the tight Spanish formation. Many Spanish vessels were severely damaged, although only a few sank or ran aground. Both sides fought until supplies of ammunition was running dangerously low, and the shattered Armada was forced to flee into the [[North Sea]]. The English fleet shadowed them until they drew level with [[Edinburgh]], and then returned to port, ending the threat of a Spanish invasion.

===Drake–Norris expedition (1589)===
((main|English Armada))
In 1589 ''Revenge'' again put to sea as Drake's flagship, in what was to be a failed attempt to destroy the surviving Spanish fleet at [[Santander, Spain|Santander]] and invade Spanish-controlled [[Portugal]]. Returning with the ship in an unseaworthy condition, and without any prizes to his credit Drake fell out of favour with [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth I]] and was kept ashore until 1595.<ref>Rodríguez González, Agustín Ramón (2006).''Victorias por mar de los españoles''. Madrid: Biblioteca de Historia, Grafite Ediciones, pp. 60-62</ref>

===Frobisher expedition (1590)===
In 1590 ''Revenge'' was commanded by Sir [[Martin Frobisher]] in an unsuccessful expedition along the coast of Spain to intercept the [[Spanish treasure fleet]].

==Capture by the Spanish and sinking (1591)==
((main|Battle of Flores (1591)))
[[File:Revenge surrendered.jpg|thumb|right|300px|''Revenge'' sinking near [[Terceira]] during a storm after surrender to the Spanish off [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores]], according to an illustration from 1897]]
In order to impede a Spanish naval recovery after the Armada, Sir [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]] proposed a blockade of the supply of treasure being acquired from the [[Spanish Empire]] in America by a constant naval patrol designed to intercept Spanish ships. ''Revenge'' was on such a patrol in the summer of 1591 under the command of Sir [[Richard Grenville]].

The Spanish had dispatched a fleet of some 53 ships under [[Alonso de Bazán]], having under his orders generals [[Martín de Bertendona]] and Marcos de Aramburu. Intent upon the capture of the English at [[Flores Island (Azores)|Flores]] in the northern [[Azores]]. In late August 1591 the Spanish fleet came upon the English while repairs to the ships caused the crews, many of whom were suffering an epidemic of fever, to be ashore. Most of the ships managed to slip away to sea. Grenville who had many sick men ashore decided to wait for them. When putting to sea he might have gone round the west of Corvo island, but he decided to go straight through the Spaniards, who were approaching from the eastward.

The battle began late on 31 August, when overwhelming force was immediately brought to bear upon the ship, which put up a fierce resistance. For some time he succeeded by skillful tactics in avoiding much of the enemy's fire, but they were all round him and gradually numbers began to tell. As one Spanish ship retired beaten, another took her place, and for fifteen hours the unequal contest continued. Attempts by the Spaniards to board were driven off. ''San Felipe'', a vessel three times her size, tried to come alongside for the Spaniards to board her, along with Aramburu's ''San Cristóbal''. After boarding ''Revenge'', ''San Felipe'' was forced to break off. Seven men of the boarding party died, and the other three were rescued by ''San Bernabé'', which grappled her shortly after. The Spanish also lost the galleon ''Ascensión'' and a smaller vessel by accident that night, after they collided with each other. Meanwhile, ''San Cristóbal'', which had come to help ''San Felipe'', rammed ''Revenge'' underneath her [[aftcastle]], and some time later, Bertendona's ''San Bernabé'' battered the English warship with heavy fire, inflicting many casualties and severe damage. The English crew returned fire from the [[embrasure]]s below deck. When morning broke on 1 September, ''Revenge'' lay with her masts shot away, six feet of water on the hold and only sixteen men left uninjured out of a crew of two hundred and fifty. She remained grappled by the galleons ''San Bernabé'' and ''San Cristóbal'', the latter with her bow shattered by the ramming.<ref>[http://www.todoababor.es/datos_docum/captura-revenge.htm ''La captura del Revenge, 1591''] ((in lang|es))]</ref> The grappling manoeuvre of ''San Bernabé'', which compelled the English gun crews to abandon their posts in order to fight off boarding parties, was decisive in securing the fate of the ''Revenge''.<ref>Hammer, Paul E. J. (2003). ''Elizabeth's wars: war, government, and society in Tudor England, 1544-1604''. Palgrave Macmillan,  p. 166. ((ISBN|0-333-91942-4))</ref>

"Out-gunned, out-fought, and out-numbered fifty-three to one",<ref name="ReferenceA">''[[s:The Revenge: A Ballad of the Fleet|The Revenge: A Ballad of the Fleet]]'' by [[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Lord Tennyson]]</ref> when the end looked certain Grenville ordered ''Revenge'' to be sunk: "Sink me the ship, Master Gunner—sink her, split her in twain! Fall into the hands of God, not into the hands of Spain!"<ref name="ReferenceA"/> His officers could not agree with this order and a surrender was agreed by which the lives of the officers and crew would be spared. After an assurance of proper conduct, and having held off dozens of Spanish ships, ''Revenge'' at last surrendered. The injured Grenville died of wounds two days later aboard the Spanish flagship.

The captured but heavily damaged ''Revenge'' never reached Spain, but was lost with her mixed prize-crew of 70 Spaniards and English captives, along with a large number of the Spanish ships in a dreadful storm off the Azores. The battle-damaged ''Revenge'' was cast upon a cliff next to the island off [[Terceira]], where she broke up completely. Between 1592 and 1593, 14 guns of the ''Revenge'' were recovered by the Spanish from the site of the wreck. Other cannons were driven ashore years later by the tide, and the last weapons raised were salvaged as late as 1625.<ref>Earle, Pearl (2004). ''The last fight of the Revenge''. Methuen, p. 159. ((ISBN|0-413-77484-8))</ref>

==''Revenge'' in literature and the arts==
Her final action inspired a popular poem entitled ''[[s:The Revenge: A Ballad of the Fleet|The Revenge: A Ballad of the Fleet]]'' by [[Lord Tennyson]], which dramatically narrates the course of the engagement.

[[Al Stewart]]'s song "Lord Grenville" (on his 1976 album ''[[Year of the Cat (album)|Year of the Cat]]'') concerns the end of the ''Revenge'' at Flores.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.capecodtimes.com/story/entertainment/local/2018/07/15/al-stewart-x2019-s-historical/11452222007/ |title=Al Stewart’s historical perspective |author=Jim Sullivan |date=July 18, 2018 |work=Cape Cod Times |accessdate=February 20, 2024 | quote=Hey, you start an album with a song (“Lord Grenville”) about a naval battle off the Azores in 1591))</ref>

==See also==
* [[English ship Dainty (1588)|''Dainty'']], considered a [[sister ship]] of ''Revenge''<ref>((cite book |last=Martin |first=Colin |date=1975 |title=Full Fathom Five: Wrecks of the Spanish Armada |publisher=Viking Press |page=257 ))</ref>

==Notes==
((Reflist|group=Note))

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons category|Revenge (1577 ship)))
* [http://www.todoababor.es/datos_docum/captura-revenge.htm ''La captura del Revenge, 1591''] ((in lang|es))

((coord|38|46|9|N|27|22|42|W|display=title))

((DEFAULTSORT:Revenge))
[[Category:Ships of the English navy]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Ships built in Deptford]]
[[Category:16th-century ships]]
[[Category:16th-century maritime incidents]]

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