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((Short description|Induction of an individual into the noble class))
((refimprove|date=May 2021))
'''Ennoblement''' is the conferring of [[nobility]]—the induction of an individual into the noble [[social class|class]]. Currently only a few kingdoms still grant nobility to people; among them [[Spain]], the [[United Kingdom]], [[Belgium]] and the [[papal nobility|Vatican]]. Depending on time and region, various [[law]]s have governed who  could be ennobled and how. Typically, nobility was conferred on individuals who had assisted the [[monarch|sovereign]]. In some countries (e.g. France under the ''[[Ancien Régime]]''), this degenerated into the buying of [[patent of nobility|patents of nobility]], whereby rich commoners (e.g.  merchants) could purchase a title of nobility.

== Ennobling qualities ==

Medieval theorists of nobility relied on earlier classical concepts (Platonic, Aristotelian and Christian-Hellenistic) of what personal traits and virtues constitute grounds for ennoblement. In [[Plato's Republic]], he provides for promotion and degradation of citizens according to a strict spiritual meritocracy. In the words of [[Will Durant]], "If the ruler's son is a dolt he falls at the first shearing; if the boot-black's son is a man of ability the way is clear for him to become a guardian of the state" (Durant, ''The Story of Philosophy'', 1961, p.&nbsp;28). In medieval times, [[heraldic]] writers cited biblical examples to demonstrate that nobility is not just a matter of descent but of personal [[virtue]]: Shem, Ham and Japheth sprang from the same father, yet Ham was ignoble and [[King David]] rose from shepherd to become king through sheer faith and soldierly [[courage]]. [[Bartolus]] defined natural nobility by reference to [[Aristotle]], who in his ''Politics'' explains how some are marked out for freedom by their virtues (and specifically by their capacity to rule), and are so distinguished from the mass of men whose talents fit them only for a servile role. Those free men whose virtues thus fit them to rule Bartolus defines as the natural nobility. With regard to natural nobility, Bartolus applauded [[Dante Alighieri]]'s argument in his ''[[Convivio]]'' that nobility does not derive from ancient riches adorned with fine manners, but is the meed of individual virtue. Bartolus argues that the prince should strive to make his dominion a true mirror of God's own by advancing only those who are naturally noble (see [[Maurice Keen]], ''Chivalry'', p.&nbsp;149). [[Geoffroi de Charny]], the noted celebrant of [[knighthood]], argued "God will mark out those who labor valorously, even though they come of little estate" (''Livre de chevalrie'', in Oeuvres de Froissart, ed. K. de Lettenhove I, pt. iii, 494, 495). During the Renaissance, the Platonic-Christian humanist belief in virtue as the essence of nobility was summed up in the Latin phrase: ''Virtus vera nobilitas est'' (Virtue is the True Nobility). The [[counter-revolutionary]] author [[Edmund Burke]] wrote on merit-based promotion: "...the road to eminence and power, from obscure condition, ought not to be made too easy, nor a thing too much of course. If rare merit be the rarest of all rare things, it ought to pass through some sort of probation. The temple of honor ought to be seated on an eminence. If it be opened through virtue, let it be remembered, too, that virtue is never tried but by some difficulty and some struggle." [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] and [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] were later to continue the tradition of promoting a vision of aristocratic [[meritocracy]], although no longer within (and opposed to) the Catholic-chivalric framework.

== Kingdom of Poland ==
((Further|Szlachta#In Kingdom of Poland))

In the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] and later in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], ennoblement (''nobilitacja'') meant an individual's joining the ''[[szlachta]]''  (Polish nobility). At first it was granted by [[monarch]], since the late 16th century by the ''[[sejm]]'' that gave the ennobled person<ref>((cite web|first=Jury|last=Lyczkowski|url=https://www.lyczkowski.net/en/handbooks/list-of-gentry/ennoblement.html|title=Ennoblement))The registers of ennobled persons in Polish-Litvan Commonwealth during 1569-1792</ref> a [[coat of arms]]. Often that person could join an existing noble szlachta family with their [[Polish heraldry|own coat of arms]]. The increase of number of Polish nobility by trustworthy ennoblements was proportionally minimal since the 14th century.

==Grand Duchy of Lithuania==
In the late 14th century, in the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], [[Vytautas the Great]] reformed the [[Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army|Grand Duchy's army]]: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—''[[bajorai]]'' ("nobles"; see the [[cognate]] "''[[boyar]]''"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their [[military service]] to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men ([[veldamas]]). The newly formed noble families generally took up, as their [[family name]]s, the [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] pagan [[given name]]s of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the [[Goštautai]], [[Radvilos]], [[Astikai]], [[Kęsgailos]] and others. These families were granted their [[coats of arms]] under the [[Union of Horodło]] (1413).

In 1506, King [[Sigismund I the Old]] confirmed the position of the [[Lithuanian Council of Lords]] in state politics and limited entry into the [[nobility]].

==Imperial Russia==
((See also|Table of Ranks))
After the reforms of Tsar [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] in the early 18th century, noblemen in Russia were obliged to serve as civil or military officials. Personal nobility was automatically conferred on all civil and military officials starting with the corresponding rank of [[Captain (land and air)|captain]]. Hereditary nobility was conferred on all officials with the rank of [[colonel]] (Any given military post had an equivalent civil one, rank-wise). The system was later extended to merchants and industrialists that with a successful career managing a business of moderate size would achieve personal or hereditary nobility.
== References ==
((Reflist))
== See also ==
* [[Battlefield commission]], modern equivalent to ennoblement for valor or [[knighting]] on the battleground in the [[ancien régime]]
* [[Fount of honour]]
* [[Gaetano Mosca]]'s sociological concept of the "circulation of elites"
* [[Meritocracy]], or political order "open to talents"
* ''[[Novus homo]]''
* [[Peerage]]
* [[Promotion (rank)]]
* [[Social mobility]]

((Authority control))

[[Category:Nobility]]

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