The structure of a typical enol ether group
Enamines are chemically related to enol ethers.

In organic chemistry an enol ether is an alkene with an alkoxy substituent.[1] The general structure is R2C=CR-OR where R = H, alkyl or aryl. A common subfamily of enol ethers are vinyl ethers, with the formula ROCH=CH2. Important enol ethers include the reagent 3,4-dihydropyran and the monomers methyl vinyl ether and ethyl vinyl ether.

Reactions and uses

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Akin to enamines, enol ethers are electron-rich alkenes by virtue of the electron-donation from the heteroatom via pi-bonding. Enol ethers have oxonium ion character. By virtue of their bonding situation, enol ethers display distinctive reactivity. In comparison with simple alkenes, enol ethers exhibit enhanced susceptibility to attack by electrophiles such as Bronsted acids. Similarly, they undergo inverse demand Diels-Alder reactions.[2]

The reactivity of enol ethers is highly dependent on the presence of substituents alpha to oxygen. The vinyl ethers are susceptible to polymerization to give polyvinyl ethers.[3] They also react readily with thiols in the thiol-ene reaction to form thioethers. This makes enol ether-functionalized monomers ideal for polymerization with thiol-based monomers to form thiol-ene networks.[4]

Some vinyl ethers find some use as inhalation anesthetics. Enol ethers bearing α substituents do not polymerize readily. They are mainly of academic interest, e.g. as intermediates in the synthesis of more complex molecules.

The acid-catalyzed addition of hydrogen peroxide to vinyl ethers gives the hydroperoxide:[5]

C2H5OCH=CH2 + H2O2 → C2H5OCH(OOH)CH3

Nazi Germany used vinyl ether mixtures as rocket propellants during WWII, because their hypergolic combustion with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids is relatively insensitive to temperature.[6]: 16 

Preparation

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Although enol ethers can be considered the ether of the corresponding enolates, they are not prepared by alkylation of enolates. Some enol ethers are prepared from saturated ethers by elimination reactions.[7]

Ethyl vinyl ether is a potent anesthetic.

Alternatively, vinyl ethers can be prepared from alcohols by iridium-catalyzed transesterification of vinyl esters, especially the widely available vinyl acetate:[8]

ROH + CH2=CHOAc → ROCH=CH2 + HOAc

Vinyl ethers can be prepared by reaction of acetylene and alcohols in presence of a base.[9]

Occurrence in nature

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A prominent enol ether is phosphoenol pyruvate.[10]

The enzyme chorismate mutase catalyzes the Claisen rearrangement of the enol ether called chorismate to prephenate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine.[11]

Chorismate mutase catalyzes a Claisen rearrangement
Chorismate mutase catalyzes a Claisen rearrangement

Batyl alcohol and related glycyl ethers are susceptible to dehydrogenation catalyzed unsaturases to give the vinyl ethers called plasmalogens:[12]

HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OC18H37 + [O] → HOCH2CH(OH)CH2OCH=CHC16H35 + H2O
General structure of strigolactones, a family of plant hormones.[13]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Jonathan Clayden; Greeves, Nick; Stuart Warren (2012). Organic Chemistry (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-19-927029-3.
  2. ^ Percy S. Manchand (2001). "Ethyl Vinyl Ether". EEROS. doi:10.1002/047084289X.re125. ISBN 0-471-93623-5.
  3. ^ Gerd Schröder (2012). "Poly(Vinyl Ethers)". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_011. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  4. ^ Hoyle, Charles E.; Bowman, Christopher N. (2010). "Thiol–Ene Click Chemistry". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 49 (9): 1540–1573. doi:10.1002/anie.200903924.
  5. ^ Milas, Nicholas A.; Peeler, Robert L.; Mageli, Orville L. (1954). "Organic Peroxides. XIX. α-Hydroperoxyethers and Related Peroxides". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (9): 2322–2325. doi:10.1021/ja01638a012.
  6. ^ Clark, John Drury (23 May 2018). Ignition!: An Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants. Rutgers University Press. p. 302. ISBN 978-0-8135-9918-2. OCLC 281664.
  7. ^ Carl Kaiser; Joseph Weinstock (1976). "Alkenes Via Hofmann Elimination: Use of Ion-exchange Resin for Preparation of Quaternary Ammonium Hydroxides: Diphenylmethyl Vinyl Ether". Org. Synth. 55: 3. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.055.0003.
  8. ^ Tomotaka Hirabayashi; Satoshi Sakaguchi; Yasutaka Ishii (2005). "Iridium-catalyzed Synthesis of Vinyl Ethers from Alcohols and Vinyl Acetate". Org. Synth. 82: 55. doi:10.15227/orgsyn.082.0055.
  9. ^ Ernst Hofmann; Hans‐Joachim Klimisch; René Backes; Regina Vogelsang; Lothar Franz; Robert Feuerhake (2011). "Vinyl Ethers". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_435.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  10. ^ Walsh, C.T.; Benson, T.E.; Kim, D.H.; Lees, W.J. (1996). "The versatility of phosphoenolpyruvate and its vinyl ether products in biosynthesis". Chemistry & Biology. 3 (2): 83–91. doi:10.1016/s1074-5521(96)90282-3. PMID 8807832.
  11. ^ Ganem, B. (1996). "The Mechanism of the Claisen Rearrangement: Déjà Vu All over Again". Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 35 (9): 936–945. doi:10.1002/anie.199609361.
  12. ^ Taguchi, Hiroyasu; Armarego, Wilfred L. F. (1998). "Glyceryl-Ether Monooxygenase [EC 1.14.16.5]. A Microsomal Enzyme of Ether Lipid Metabolism". Medicinal Research Reviews. 18 (1): 43–89. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-1128(199801)18:1<43::AID-MED3>3.0.CO;2-S. PMID 9436181. S2CID 432376.
  13. ^ Umehara M, Cao M, Akiyama K, Akatsu T, Seto Y, Hanada A, et al. (June 2015). "Structural Requirements of Strigolactones for Shoot Branching Inhibition in Rice and Arabidopsis". Plant & Cell Physiology. 56 (6): 1059–72. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcv028. PMID 25713176.
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