Enteroendocrine cell
Actions of the major digestive hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells
Details
SystemEndocrine system
LocationGastrointestinal tract
Identifiers
Latinendocrinocyti gastroenteropancreatici
MeSHD019858
THH3.04.02.0.00024, H3.08.01.0.00003
FMA62930
Anatomical terms of microanatomy

Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses.[1][2] Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body.[3][4][5] They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system.[6] In a sense they are known to act as chemoreceptors, initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses.[7][8] Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product (short chain fatty acid), acetate.[9]

Intestinal enteroendocrine cells

Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract.[7]

Hormones secreted include somatostatin, motilin, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and enteroglucagon.[10] The enteroendocrine cells sense the metabolites from intestinal commensal microbiota and, in turn, coordinate antibacterial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota.[11]

K cell

K cells secrete gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage.[12] K cells are mostly found in the duodenum.[13]

L cell

L cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-2. L cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine (colon), but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum.[14]

I cell

I cells secrete cholecystokinin (CCK), and have the highest mucosal density in the duodenum with a decreasing amount throughout the small intestine.[15] They modulate bile secretion, exocrine pancreas secretion, and satiety.[16]

G cell

Main article: G cell

Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, and stimulate gastric acid secretion.[17]

Enterochromaffin cell

Enterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin.[18]

Enterochromaffin-like cell

Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting histamine.

N cell

Located in a increasing manner throughout the small intestine, with the highest levels found in the in ileum,[19] N cells release neurotensin, and control smooth muscle contraction.[20]

S cell

Main article: S cell

S cells secrete secretin mostly from the duodenum, but also in decreasing amounts throughout the rest of the small intestine,[21] and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion.[16]

D cell

Main article: Delta cell

Also called Delta cells, D cells secrete somatostatin.

Mo cell (or M cell)

Gastric enteroendocrine cells

Gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the gastric glands, mostly at their base. The G cells secrete gastrin, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin-releasing peptide during parasympathetic stimulation to stimulate secretion. Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells secreting histamine, which stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin.

Other hormones produced include cholecystokinin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, alpha and gamma-endorphin.[10][24]

Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells

Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells are located in the islets of Langerhans and produce most importantly the hormones insulin and glucagon. The autonomous nervous system strongly regulates their secretion, with parasympathetic stimulation stimulating insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon secretion and sympathetic stimulation having opposite effect.[25]

Other hormones produced include somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, amylin and ghrelin.

Clinical significance

Rare and slow growing carcinoid and non-carcinoid tumors develop from these cells. When a tumor arises it has the capacity to secrete large volumes of hormones.[2][26]

History

The very discovery of hormones occurred during studies of how the digestive system regulates its activities, as explained at Secretin § Discovery.

Other organisms

In rats (Rattus rattus) the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43 is expressed both by this cell type and by mast cells of the mucosa.[27]

See also

References

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  3. ^ Ahlman H (2001). "The gut as the largest endocrine organ in the body". Annals of Oncology. 12 Suppl 2 (suppl 2): S63–8. doi:10.1093/annonc/12.suppl_2.s63. PMID 11762354.
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  6. ^ Wallace Hayes A (2007). Principles and Methods of Toxicology (5th, revised ed.). CRC Press. p. 1547. ISBN 9781420005424.
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  9. ^ Jugder BE, Kamareddine L, Watnick PI (August 2021). "Microbiota-derived acetate activates intestinal innate immunity via the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase complex". Immunity. 54 (8): 1683–1697.e3. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.017. ISSN 1074-7613. PMC 8363570. PMID 34107298.
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  13. ^ Gutierrez-Aguilar, Ruth; Woods, Stephen C (February 2011). "Nutrition and L and K-enteroendocrine cells". Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity. 18 (1): 35–41. doi:10.1097/MED.0b013e32834190b5. PMC 3884637. PMID 21124210.
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  18. ^ Ormsbee HS, Fondacaro JD (March 1985). "Action of serotonin on the gastrointestinal tract". Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 178 (3): 333–8. doi:10.3181/00379727-178-42016. PMID 3919396. S2CID 34829257.
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  24. ^ Zverkov IV, Vinogradov VA, Smagin VG (October 1983). "[Endorphin-containing cells in the gastric antral mucosa in duodenal ulcer]". Biulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny. 96 (10): 32–4. PMID 6194833.
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  27. ^ Camilleri M (October 2012). "Peripheral mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome". N Engl J Med. 367 (17): 1626–35. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1207068. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 23094724.

External links

Physiology of the gastrointestinal system
Anatomy of the endocrine system
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