You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 3.89.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪L235‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 18:20, 24 March 2026.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Wiki13‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: Visit the FAQ if you are affected .
- Start of block: 13:43, 5 May 2022
- Expiry of block: 13:43, 5 May 2024
Your current IP address is 3.89.215.189. The blocked range is 3.89.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Type of communication))
[[File:191203 Furnaces of the world - Popular Mechanics - Global warming.jpg|thumb| upright=2.0| The [[greenhouse effect]] and its effect in [[Climate change|changing the climate]] was succinctly described in this 1912 ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' article meant for reading by the general public.]]
[[File:People's Climate March 2017 in Washington DC 110.jpg|thumb|Image from the People's March in Washington DC in 2017]]
'''Environmental communication''' is "the dissemination of information and the implementation of communication practices that are related to the [[Natural environment|environment]]. In the beginning, environmental communication was a narrow area of communication; however, nowadays, it is a broad field that includes research and practices regarding how different actors (e.g., institutions, states, people) interact with regard to topics related to the environment and how cultural products influence society toward environmental issues".<ref>((Cite book|url=http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/the-sage-encyclopedia-of-mass-media-and-society/i6326.xml?fromsearch=true|title=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society|last1=Antonopoulos|first1=Nikos|last2=Karyotakis|first2=Minos-Athanasios|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc|year=2020|isbn=9781483375533|location=Thousands Oaks, CA|pages=551))</ref>

Environmental communication also includes human interactions with the environment.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://meisner.ca/2015/11/30/environmental-communication-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters|title=Environmental Communication: What it is and Why it Matters|date=2015-11-30|website=Meisner.ca|language=en|access-date=2019-09-18))</ref> This includes a wide range of possible interactions, from [[interpersonal communication]] and [[virtual communities]] to participatory [[decision-making]] and environmental media coverage. From the perspective of practice, Alexander Flor defines environmental communication as the application of communication approaches, principles, strategies, and techniques to environmental management and protection.<ref name=":1">((Cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/181519|title=Environmental Communication: Principles, Approaches and Strategies of Communication Applied to Environmental Management|last=Flor|first=Alexander Gonzalez|publisher=University of the Philippines Open University|year=2004|location=Philippines|language=en))</ref><ref>((cite book |last1=Flor |first1=Alexander G. |title=Environmental Communication: Principles, Approaches, and Strategies of Communication Applied to Environmental Management |date=2004 |publisher=University of the Philippines, Open University |isbn=978-3-11-018968-1 ))((page needed|date=February 2021))</ref>

== History ==
Environmental Communication, breaking off from traditional rhetorical theory, emerged in the United States around the 1980s.<ref name="Harris">((cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Usha |title=Engaging communities in environmental communication |journal=Pacific Journalism Review |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |pages=65–79|doi=10.24135/pjr.v23i1.211 |doi-access=free ))</ref> Researchers began studying environmental communication as a stand-alone theory because of the way environmental activists used images and wording to persuade their public's. Since then, environmental communication theory has reached multiple milestones including the creation of the journal of environmental communication in 2007.<ref name="Katz-Kimchi">((cite journal |last1=Katz-Kimchi |first1=Merav |s2cid=142087798 |title=Organizing and Integrating Knowledge about Environmental Communication |journal=Environmental Communication |date=2015 |issue=9 |pages=367–369|doi=10.1080/17524032.2015.1042985 ))</ref>

== In academia ==
As an academic field, environmental communication emerged from interdisciplinary work involving [[communication studies|communication]], [[environmental studies]], [[environmental science]], [[risk analysis (engineering)|risk analysis]] and management, [[sociology]], and [[political ecology]].

In his 2004 textbook, Alexander Flor considers environmental communication to be a significant element in the environmental sciences, which he believes to be [[transdisciplinary]]. He begins his textbook on environmental communication with a declarative statement: "Environmentalism as we know it today began with environmental communication. The [[environmental movement]] was ignited by a spark from a writer’s pen, or more specifically and accurately, [[Rachel Carson]]’s typewriter." According to Flor, environmental communication has six essentials: knowledge of ecological laws; sensitivity to the cultural dimension; ability to network effectively; efficiency in using media for social agenda setting; appreciation and practice of [[environmental ethics]]; and conflict resolution, mediation and arbitration.<ref name=":1" /> In an earlier book published in 1993, Flor and colleague Ely Gomez explore the development of an environmental communication curriculum from the perspectives of practitioners from the government, the private sector, and the academe.<ref>Flor, Alexander, and Gomez, Ely D., eds. (1993). ''Environmental Communication: Considerations in Curriculum and Delivery Systems Development''. Los Banos, Laguna: University of the Philippines Los Banos - Institute of Development Communication.</ref>

The role of Environmental Communication in education and academia is centered around goals through [[pedagogy]].<ref name="Cox 1224–1227">((Cite journal |last=Cox |first=James Robert |date=2018-08-03 |title=Environmental communication pedagogy and practice |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2018.1434870 |journal=Environmental Education Research |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=1224–1227 |doi=10.1080/13504622.2018.1434870 |s2cid=148692820 |issn=1350-4622))</ref> These are aimed at trying to increase [[Wakefulness|ecological wakefulness]],  support a variety of practice-based ways of learning and building a relationship of being environmental change advocates.<ref name="Cox 1224–1227"/>

In general, [[Environmental skepticism]] is an increasing challenge for environmental rhetoric.<ref>((cite book|last1=Jacques|first1=P.|title=Environmental Skepticism: Ecology, Power and Public Life|date=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0754671022))</ref>

=== Climate change communication  ===
[[File:2008- Number of academic papers including the term, climate emergency.svg |thumb |Terms like "climate emergency" and climate crisis" have often been used by activists, and are increasingly found in academic papers.<ref name=WashPost_20231030>((cite news |last1=Osaka |first1=Shannon |title=Why many scientists are now saying climate change is an all-out emergency |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/10/30/climate-emergency-scientists-declaration/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030165112/https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/10/30/climate-emergency-scientists-declaration/ |archive-date=30 October 2023 |url-status=live )) Data source: [[Web of Science]] database.</ref>]]
((excerpt|climate communication))

== Information Technology and Environmental Communication ==
The technological breakthroughs empowered by the appearance of the Internet are also contributing to environmental problems. Air pollution, acid rain, global warming, and the reduction of natural sources are also an outcome of online technologies. Netcraft argued that in the world, there are 7,290,968 web-facing computers, 214,036,874 unique domain names, and  1,838,596,056 websites leading to significant power consumption.  Therefore, notions such as “Green Websites” have emerged for helping to tackle this issue. “Green Websites” is “associated with the climate-friendly policies and aims to improve the natural habitat of Earth. Renewable sources, the use of black color, and the highlight of the environmental news are some of the easiest and cheapest ways to contribute positively to climate issues”.<ref name=":0" /> The aforementioned term is under the umbrella of “Green Computing,” which is aiming to limit the carbon footprints, energy consumption and benefit the computing performance. 

Information and Communications technology aka ICT, has an obsessive amount of environment impacts through different types of disposal of devices and equipment that have been portrayed to give off harmful gasses and Bluetooth waves into the atmosphere that increase the carbon emissions. This has also shown that the technology has been used to  minimize energy use, society always wants new technology no matter if it affects the environment good or not, but ICT has been cutting back and putting out better technology for our environment while still being able to communicate through society.((cn|date=August 2023))

<ref name=":0">((Cite journal|last1=Antonopoulos|first1=Nikos|last2=Karyotakis|first2=Minos-Athanasios|last3=Kiourexidou|first3=Matina|last4=Veglis|first4=Andreas|title=Media web-sites environmental communication: operational practices and news coverage|journal= World of Media |volume=2|issue=2|pages=44–63|doi=10.30547/worldofmedia.2.2019.3|year=2019|doi-access=free))</ref><ref>((cite journal |last1=Murugesan |first1=San |title=Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices |journal=IT Professional |date=2008 |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=24–33 |doi=10.1109/MITP.2008.10 |s2cid=40947691 |url=http://lib.myilibrary.com/detail.asp?id=390953 ))</ref>

== Symbolic action ==
((More citations needed section|date=October 2019))
[[File:Art and Activism for Climate Action (43753731785).jpg|thumb|285x285px|Peaceful Activism of climate action showing one form of Environmental Communication]]
Environmental communication is also a type of symbolic action that serves two functions:<ref>((cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-76017-9_1 |chapter=1 the Environmental Communication Under the Magnifying Lens |title=Communicating the Environment to Save the Planet |year=2019 |last1=Abbati |first1=Maurizio |pages=3–29 |isbn=978-3-319-76016-2 |s2cid=159134658 ))</ref> Environmental human communication is pragmatic because it helps individuals and organizations to accomplish goals and do things through communication. Examples include educating, alerting, persuading, and collaborating. Environmental human communication is constitutive because it helps shape human understanding of [[environmental issue]]s, themselves, and nature. Examples include values, attitudes, and ideologies regarding nature and environmental issues.

In the book ''Pragmatic Environmentalism: Towards a Rhetoric of Eco-Justice'', environmental philosopher Shane Ralston criticizes Cox's pragmatic function of environmental communication for being too shallow and instrumental, recommending instead a deeper account borrowed from [[Pragmatism]]: "[A]n even better way to move beyond a conception of pragmatic rhetoric as shallow instrumentalism and deepen the meaning of pragmatic[...] is to look instead to philosophical pragmatism’s other rich resources, for instance, to its fallibilism, experimentalism, and meliorism."<ref>((Cite book|last=Ralston|first=Shane|date=1 January 2013|title=Pragmatic Environmentalism: Towards a Rhetoric of Eco-Justice|url=https://www.troubador.co.uk/bookshop/environment/pragmatic-environmentalism/|publisher=Leicester UK|page=16|isbn= 9781780883786))</ref>

Environmental nature communication occurs when plants actually communicate within ecosystems: "A plant injured on one leaf by a nibbling insect can alert its other leaves to begin anticipatory defense responses."<ref>((Cite journal |doi = 10.1126/science.aat7744|pmid = 30213912|title = Glutamate triggers long-distance, calcium-based plant defense signaling|journal = Science|volume = 361|issue = 6407|pages = 1112–1115|year = 2018|last1 = Toyota|first1 = Masatsugu|last2 = Spencer|first2 = Dirk|last3 = Sawai-Toyota|first3 = Satoe|last4 = Jiaqi|first4 = Wang|last5 = Zhang|first5 = Tong|last6 = Koo|first6 = Abraham J.|last7 = Howe|first7 = Gregg A.|last8 = Gilroy|first8 = Simon|s2cid = 52274372|bibcode = 2018Sci...361.1112T|doi-access = free))</ref> Furthermore, "plant biologists have discovered that when a leaf gets eaten, it warns other leaves by using some of the same signals as animals". The biologists are "starting to unravel a long-standing mystery about how different parts of a plant communicate with one another."<ref name=":02">((Cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/plants-communicate-distress-using-their-own-kind-nervous-system|title=Plants communicate distress using their own kind of nervous system|last=Pennisi|first=Elizabeth|author-link=Elizabeth Pennisi|date=2018-09-13|journal=Science|publisher=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|access-date=2019-08-13))</ref>

All beings are connected by the [[Systems Theory]], which submits that one of the three critical functions of living systems is the exchange of information with its environment and with other living systems (the other two being the exchange of materials and the exchange of energy). Flor extends this argument, saying: "All living systems, from the simplest to the most complex, are equipped to perform these critical functions. They are called ''critical'' because they are necessary for the survival of the living system. Communication is nothing more than the exchange of information. Hence, at its broadest sense, environmental communication is necessary for the survival of every living system, be it an organism, an ecosystem, or (even) a social system."<ref name=":1" />

Environmental Communication plays an integral role in [[sustainability science]]. By taking knowledge and putting it into action.<ref name="Lindenfeld 23–43">((Cite journal |last1=Lindenfeld |first1=Laura A. |last2=Hall |first2=Damon M. |last3=McGreavy |first3=Bridie |last4=Silka |first4=Linda |last5=Hart |first5=David |date=2012-03-01 |title=Creating a Place for Environmental Communication Research in Sustainability Science |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2011.640702 |journal=Environmental Communication |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=23–43 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2011.640702 |s2cid=143884272 |issn=1752-4032))</ref>  Since Environmental Communication is focused on everyday practices of speaking and collaborating, it has a deep understanding in the public discussion of environmental policy. Something that sustainability science has a shortcoming of.<ref name="Lindenfeld 23–43"/>  Sustainability science requires cooperation between stakeholders and thus requires constructive communication between those stakeholders to create sustainable change.

== Limitations ==
Robert Cox is a leader in the discipline of environmental communication and its role in the [[public sphere]].<ref name="Pedelty 139–142">((Cite journal |last=Pedelty |first=Mark |date=2015-01-02 |title=Environmental communication and the public sphere |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2014.1003440 |journal=Environmental Communication |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=139–142 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2014.1003440 |s2cid=144101640 |issn=1752-4032))</ref> Cox covers the importance of Environmental Communication and the role it plays in policy-making processes, advocacy campaigns, journalism, and environmental movements.<ref name="Pedelty 139–142"/>  Something that Cox overlooks in the importance of ''Environmental communication in the Public Sphere'' is the role visual and aural communication, electronic and digital media, and perhaps most glaringly, popular culture.<ref name="Pedelty 139–142"/> Along with the aforementioned limitations the media plays a major role in the conversation around the environment because of the framing effect and the impact that it has on the overall perception of the environment and the discussion surrounding it.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Bognar |first1=Julia |last2=Skogstad |first2=Grace |last3=Mondou |first3=Matthieu |date=2020-11-16 |title=Media Coverage and Public Policy: Reinforcing and Undermining Media Images and Advanced Biofuels Policies in Canada and the United States |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17524032.2020.1787479 |journal=Environmental Communication |language=en |volume=14 |issue=8 |pages=1127–1144 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2020.1787479 |s2cid=225587113 |issn=1752-4032 |access-date=2023-08-09))</ref> Framing is something that has been important to many movements in the past but it is more than just creating slogans and the like. George Lakoff argues in favor of a social movement approach similar to the feminist movement or the civil rights movement.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Lakoff |first=George |date=March 2010 |title=Why it Matters How We Frame the Environment |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17524030903529749 |journal=Environmental Communication |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=70–81 |doi=10.1080/17524030903529749 |s2cid=7254556 |issn=1752-4032))</ref>

The field of Environmental Communication also faces challenges of being silenced and invalidated by governments.<ref name="Lester 392–397">((Cite journal |last=Lester |first=Libby |date=2015-07-03 |title=Three Challenges for Environmental Communication Research |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2015.1044065 |journal=Environmental Communication |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=392–397 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2015.1044065 |s2cid=145437342 |issn=1752-4032))</ref> Environmental communication like many disciplines had challenges with people with opposing views points that make it difficult to spread a certain message. Environmental Communication like many highly polarized topics is prone to [[confirmation bias]] which makes it difficult to have compromises in the world of policy making for the environmental crisis.<ref name="Lester 392–397"/> Along with confirmation bias, Echo chambers do much the same thing and are discussed by Christel van Eck who says with respect to environmental communication that echo chambers can reinforce preexisting climate change perceptions. which serve to make it more difficult to engage in real conversations about the topic.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=van Eck |first1=Christel W. |last2=Mulder |first2=Bob C. |last3=van der Linden |first3=Sander |date=2021-02-17 |title=Echo Chamber Effects in the Climate Change Blogosphere |journal=Environmental Communication |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2020.1861048 |s2cid=232105642 |issn=1752-4032 |doi-access=free ))</ref> Another reason that it can be difficult to communicate about these things is that many people try to use directional motivated reasoning in which they try to find evidence to push a specific narrative on the topic. The effect that this has had on communicating this idea is examined by Robin Bayes and others who say that it can be very detrimental and divisive.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Bayes |first1=Robin |last2=Bolsen |first2=Toby |last3=Druckman |first3=James N. |date=2023-01-02 |title=A Research Agenda for Climate Change Communication and Public Opinion: The Role of Scientific Consensus Messaging and Beyond |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17524032.2020.1805343 |journal=Environmental Communication |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=16–34 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2020.1805343 |s2cid=225309649 |issn=1752-4032))</ref> One of the things that makes environmental narratives so dangerous is that it changes so often that it is very difficult to keep the information the same as it travels. This according to Miyase Christensen makes it so that the spreading of these narratives can be dangerous.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Christensen |first1=Miyase |last2=Åberg |first2=Anna |last3=Lidström |first3=Susanna |last4=Larsen |first4=Katarina |date=2018-01-02 |title=Environmental Themes in Popular Narratives |journal=Environmental Communication |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2018.1421802 |issn=1752-4032|doi-access=free ))</ref>

Environmental Communication faces a variety of challenges in the political environment due to increased [[Political polarization|polarization]].<ref name="Ma 225–242">((Cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Yanni |last2=Hmielowski |first2=Jay D. |date=2022-02-17 |title=Are You Threatening Me? Identity Threat, Resistance to Persuasion, and Boomerang Effects in Environmental Communication |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2021.1994442 |journal=Environmental Communication |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=225–242 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2021.1994442 |s2cid=244671120 |issn=1752-4032))</ref> People often feel threatened by arguments that do not align with their beliefs ([[Boomerang effect (psychology)|boomerang effect]]). These can lead to [[Reactance (psychology)|psychological reactance]], counter-arguing, and [[anxiety]].<ref name="Ma 225–242"/> This can cause difficulty in making progress in political change regarding environmental issues. When it comes to the increased polarization of movements regarding the environment some people point to the impact of identity campaigns because of the argument that fear is counterproductive. Robert Brulle argues this point and calls for a shift away from these identity campaigns and moving towards challenge campaigns.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Brulle |first=Robert J. |date=March 2010 |title=From Environmental Campaigns to Advancing the Public Dialog: Environmental Communication for Civic Engagement |journal=Environmental Communication |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=82–98 |doi=10.1080/17524030903522397 |issn=1752-4032 |doi-access=free ))</ref>

Another limitation of the conversation regarding the environment is the fact that there are multiple agendas being set by different groups in China and the fact that they are different from one another. Along with this the idea that these two different groups are in some sort of a discussion is presented by Xiaohui Wang et. al.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Xiaohui |last2=Chen |first2=Liang |last3=Shi |first3=Jingyuan |last4=Tang |first4=Hongjie |date=2023-04-03 |title=Who Sets the Agenda? the Dynamic Agenda Setting of the Wildlife Issue on Social Media |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17524032.2021.1901760 |journal=Environmental Communication |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=245–262 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2021.1901760 |s2cid=234860296 |issn=1752-4032 |access-date=2023-04-26 ))</ref>

A culture centered approach has been suggested by some like Debashish Munshi. These people argue for enacting change based on the knowledge of older cultures however it has to exist in a way that does not abuse the relationship between the older cultures and our current one which according to Munshi makes it very difficult to enact.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Munshi |first1=Debashish |last2=Kurian |first2=Priya |last3=Cretney |first3=Raven |last4=Morrison |first4=Sandra L. |last5=Kathlene |first5=Lyn |date=2020-07-03 |title=Centering Culture in Public Engagement on Climate Change |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17524032.2020.1746680 |journal=Environmental Communication |language=en |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=573–581 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2020.1746680 |s2cid=219408243 |issn=1752-4032))</ref>

== Environmental Communication Theory ==
To understand the ways in which environmental communication has an effect on individuals, researchers believe that one's view on the environment shapes their views in a variety of ways. The overall study of environmental communication consists of the idea that nature "speaks." In this field, theories exist in an effort to understand the basis of environmental communication.<ref name=":4">((cite journal |last1=Milstein |first1=Tema |title=Environmental Communication Theories |journal=Encyclopedia of Communication Theory |date=2009 |issue=1 |pages=344–348))</ref>

=== Material-Symbolic Discourse ===
Researchers view environmental communication as symbolic and material. They argue that the material world helps shape communication as communication helps shape the world.<ref name=":4" /> The word environment, a primary symbol in western culture, is used to shape cultural understandings of the material world. This understanding gives researchers the ability to study how cultures react to the environment around them.<ref name=":4" />

==== Mediating-Human Nature Relations ====
Humans react and form opinions based on the environment around them. Nature plays a role in human relations.  This theory strives to make a connection between human and nature relations. This belief is at the core of environmental communication because it seeks to understand how nature affects human behavior<ref name="Comfort">((cite journal |last1=Comfort |first1=Suzannah |last2=Park |first2=Young Eun |s2cid=149717289 |title=On the Field of Environmental Communication: A Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Literature |journal=  Environmental Communication|date=2018 |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=862–875|doi=10.1080/17524032.2018.1514315 ))</ref> and identity.<ref>Milstein, T. & Castro-Sotomayor, J. (2020). Routledge Handbook of Ecocultural Identity. London, UK: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351068840</ref> Researchers point out that there can be a connection made with this theory and [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]].

===== Applied Activist Theory =====
It is difficult to avoid the "call to action" when talking about environmental communication because it is directly linked with issues such as climate change, endangered animals, and pollution. Scholars find it difficult to publish objective studies in this field. However, others argue that it is their ethical duty to inform the public on environmental change while providing solutions to these issues.<ref name=":4" /> This idea that it can be damaging to a scientist's reputation to offer up opinions or solutions to the problem of Climate Change has been furthered by research done by Doug Cloud who had findings affirming this idea.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Cloud |first=Doug |date=2020-08-17 |title=The Corrupted Scientist Archetype and Its Implications for Climate Change Communication and Public Perceptions of Science |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17524032.2020.1741420 |journal=Environmental Communication |language=en |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=816–829 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2020.1741420 |s2cid=216203931 |issn=1752-4032))</ref>

As the following section suggests, there are many divisions of studies and practices in the field of environmental communication, one of which being social marketing and advocacy campaigns. Though this is a broad topic, a key aspect of successful environmental campaigns is the language used in campaign material. Researchers have found that when individuals are concerned & interested about environmental actions, they take well to messages with assertive language; However, individuals who are less concerned & interested about environmental stances, are more receptive to less assertive messages.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Kronrod |first1=Ann |last2=Grinstein |first2=Amir |last3=Wathieu |first3=Luc |title=Go Green! Should Environmental Messages be So Assertive? |journal=Journal of Marketing |date=January 2012 |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=95–102 |doi=10.1509/jm.10.0416 |s2cid=168002678 ))</ref> Although communications on environmental issues often aim to push into action consumers who already perceive the issue being promoted as important, it is important for such message producers to analyze their target audience and tailor messages accordingly.

While there are some findings that there is a problem with scientists advocating for certain positions in a study conducted by John Kotcher and others it was found that there was no real difference between the credibility of scientists regardless of their advocacy unless they directly tried to argue in favor a specific solution to the problem.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Kotcher |first1=John E. |last2=Myers |first2=Teresa A. |last3=Vraga |first3=Emily K. |last4=Stenhouse |first4=Neil |last5=Maibach |first5=Edward W. |date=2017-05-04 |title=Does Engagement in Advocacy Hurt the Credibility of Scientists? Results from a Randomized National Survey Experiment |journal=Environmental Communication |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=415–429 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2016.1275736 |s2cid=85511071 |issn=1752-4032 |doi-access=free ))</ref>

== Areas of study and practice ==
According to J. Robert Cox, the field of environmental communication is composed of seven major areas of study and practice:

# Environmental rhetoric and discourse
# Media and [[environmental journalism]]
# Public participation in environmental decision making
# [[Social marketing]] and advocacy campaigns
# Environmental collaboration and conflict resolution
# Risk communication
# Representations of nature in [[popular culture]] and [[green marketing]]<ref>Cox, J. Robert. (2010). ''Environmental Communication And The Public Sphere''. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, pp.??((page needed|date=December 2015))</ref>

== Publications ==

=== Journals ===
Peer-reviewed journals related to environmental communication include:

* ''[[Applied Environmental Education and Communication]]''
* ''[[Environmental Communication (journal)|Environmental Communication]]''

===Books===
* Anderson, Alison (1997). ''Media, Culture and the Environment''. London: [[Routledge]]
* Anderson, Alison (2014). ''Media, Environment and the Network Society''. Basingstoke: [[Palgrave Macmillan|Palgrave]]
* Boykoff, Maxwell T (2019). ''Creative (Climate) Communications: Productive Pathways for Science, Policy and Society''. London: [[Oxford University Press]]
* Corbett, Julia B (2006). ''Communicating Nature: How We Create and Understand Environmental Messages''. Washington, D.C.: [[Island Press]]
* Cox, J. Robert (2010). ''Environmental Communication and the Public Sphere'' (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: [[SAGE Publications]]
*Fletcher, C Vail & Jeanette Lovejoy (2018) ''Natural Disasters and Risk Communication: Implications of the Cascadia Subduction Zone Megaquake. Maryland: [[Rowman & Littlefield|Lexington Books]]''
* Flor, Alexander G (2004). ''Environmental Communication: Principles, Approaches and Strategies of Communication Applied to Environmental Management''. Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines: [[University of the Philippines Open University]]
*Mathur, Piyush (2017). ''Technological Forms and Ecological Communication: A Theoretical Heuristic''. Lanham, Maryland: [[Lexington Books]]
*Ralston, Shane (2013). ''Pragmatic Environmentalism: Towards a Rhetoric of Eco-Justice.'' Leicester: Troubador.
*Stephens, Murdoch (2018). ''Critical Environmental Communication: How Does Critique Respond to the Urgency of Climate Change.'' Maryland: [[Rowman & Littlefield|Lexington Books]]

== See also ==
* [[Climate emergency declaration]] (includes usage of the term "climate emergency")
* [[Climate crisis]] (about usage of the term)
* [[Communication studies]]
* [[List of environmental issues]]
* [[List of environmental studies topics]]
* [[Lists of environmental publications]]
*[[Media coverage of climate change]]
*[[Science Communication Observatory]]

==References==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
*((cite journal |last1=Katz-Kimchi |first1=Merav |last2=Goodwin |first2=Bernhard |title=FORUM: Organizing and Integrating Knowledge about Environmental Communication |journal=Environmental Communication |date=3 July 2015 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=367–369 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2015.1042985 |s2cid=142087798 ))
* Tema Milstein, "Environmental Communication Theories," in Stephen W. Littlejohn and Karen A. Foss (Eds.), ''Encyclopedia of Communication Theory'', Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2009, pp. 344–349. http://sk.sagepub.com/reference/communicationtheory/n130.xml 
* Tema Milstein and Gabi Mocatta, "Environmental Communication Theory and Practice for Global Transformation: An Ecocultural Approach," in Yoshitaka Miike and Jing Yin (Eds.), ''The Handbook of Global Interventions in Communication Theory'', New York: Routledge, 2022, pp. 474–490. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003043348-35
*((cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Usha Sundar |title=Engaging communities in environmental communication |journal=Pacific Journalism Review |date=21 July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=65 |doi=10.24135/pjr.v23i1.211 |doi-access=free ))
*((cite journal |last1=Comfort |first1=Suzannah Evans |last2=Park |first2=Young Eun |title=On the Field of Environmental Communication: A Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Literature |journal=Environmental Communication |date=3 October 2018 |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=862–875 |doi=10.1080/17524032.2018.1514315 |s2cid=149717289 ))

==External links==
* [https://theieca.org International Environmental Communication Association (IECA)] – a professional association for environmental communication practitioners, teachers, and scholars
* [http://theconversation.com/the-climate-clock-counting-down-to-1-5-107498 ClimateClock: clock counting down to 1,5°C temperature rise]
*Lexington book series on [https://rowman.com/Action/SERIES/_/LEXECN/Environmental-Communication-and-Nature:-Conflict-and-Ecoculture-in-the-Anthropocene Environmental Communication and Nature: Conflict and Ecoculture in the Anthropocene]
* [https://talk.eco Talk.Eco: Resources for Environmental Communicators] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924195111/https://talk.eco/ |date=2022-09-24 )) – a website featuring curated resources for environmental [[communication professionals]]
* [https://meisner.ca/2015/11/30/environmental-communication-what-it-is-and-why-it-matters Environmental Communication: What it is and Why it Matters] by Mark Meisner
* [https://meisner.ca/environmental-communication-research-into-practice/ Environmental Communication: Research Into Practice] – an online course
* [https://theieca.org/resources/bibliographies/environmental-communication-books Bibliography of books in environmental communication] by Mark Meisner
* [http://www.ecoresearch.net/ ECOresearch Network] – Research Network on Environmental Online Communication
* [http://indications.wordpress.com Indications: Environmental Communication] blog (inactive), 2010–2012
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20151208082313/http://enviro.icahdq.org/ohana/website/index.cfm?p=67522331 About the Environmental Communication Division] – The International Communication Association Environmental Communication Division
* [http://www.puf.com/Autres_Collections:Communication_et_environnement,_le_pacte_impossible Communication et environnement, le pacte impossible] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216003431/http://www.puf.com/Autres_Collections:Communication_et_environnement%2C_le_pacte_impossible |date=2016-02-16 )) by [[Thierry Libaert]]

((Communication studies))
((Environmental social science))
((Environmental humanities))

[[Category:Environmental communication| ]]
[[Category:Interdisciplinary subfields of sociology]]
[[Category:Communication studies]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Climate communication (edit)
Environmental communication (edit)
File:20181204 Warming stripes (global, WMO, 1850-2018) - Climate Lab Book (Ed Hawkins).svg (view source)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Cn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Communication studies (edit)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Environmental humanities (edit)
Template:Environmental social science (edit)
Template:Excerpt (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Excerpt/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Longitem (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:More citations needed section (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Page needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Sp (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Excerpt (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Excerpt/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Icon/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TNT (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Transcluder (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Environmental communication.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_communication"