You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 54.163.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪Blablubbs‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider or colocation provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 17:28, 10 March 2024.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 18:27, 12 November 2023
- Expiry of block: 18:27, 12 November 2028
Your current IP address is 54.163.179.242. The blocked range is 54.163.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Distinguish|environmental burden of disease))
((More citations needed|date=June 2009))
In [[epidemiology]], '''environmental diseases''' are [[disease]]s that can be directly [[Attributable risk#Uses|attributed]] to [[environmental factor]]s (as distinct from [[genetics|genetic factors]] or [[infectious disease|infection]]). Apart from the true [[Monogenic (genetics)|monogenic]] [[genetic disorder]]s, which are rare, environment is a major determinant of the development of disease. Diet, exposure to [[toxin]]s, [[pathogen]]s, [[radiation]], and [[chemicals]] found in almost all personal care products and household cleaners, stress, racism, and physical and mental abuse are causes of a large segment of non-hereditary disease. If a disease process is concluded to be the result of a combination of [[genetics|genetic]] and ''environmental factor'' influences, its etiological origin can be referred to as having a [[multifactorial inheritance|multifactorial]] pattern.

There are many different types of environmental disease including:<ref>((cite book|first1 = Joe|last1 = Miller|first2 = Joe|last2 = Levine|title = ''Biology''|publisher = Pearson Prentice Hall|date = 2010-02-01|isbn = 9780133685190))</ref>
* Disease caused by physical factors in the environment, such as [[skin cancer]] caused by excessive exposure to [[ultraviolet radiation]] in sunlight
* Disease caused by exposure to [[toxic]] or [[irritation|irritant]] chemicals in the environment such as [[toxic metals]]
* Disease caused by exposures to toxins from biologic agents in the environment, such as aflatoxicosis from molds that produce aflatoxin
* Disease caused by exposure to toxic social factors in the environment, such as racism
* [[Lifestyle disease]] such as [[cardiovascular disease]], diseases caused by [[substance abuse]] such as alcoholism, and smoking-related disease

==Environmental diseases vs. pollution-related diseases==
Environmental diseases are a direct result from the environment. Meanwhile, [[List of pollution-related diseases#Environmental Diseases vs. Pollution-Related Diseases|pollution-related diseases]] are attributed to exposure to toxicants or toxins in the air, water, and soil. Therefore, all pollution-related disease are environmental diseases, but not all environmental diseases are pollution-related diseases.<ref>((Cite web |title=Environmental pollution and the global burden of disease |url=https://academic.oup.com/bmb/article/68/1/1/421204 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=academic.oup.com))</ref>

== Urban-associated diseases ==
Urban areas are highly dense regions that currently hold ~50% of the global population, a number expected to grow to 70% by 2050,<ref name=":0">((Cite journal|date=2019-12-01|title=Urban-associated diseases: Candidate diseases, environmental risk factors, and a path forward|journal=Environment International|language=en|volume=133|pages=105187|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2019.105187|issn=0160-4120|last1=Flies|first1=Emily J.|last2=Mavoa|first2=Suzanne|last3=Zosky|first3=Graeme R.|last4=Mantzioris|first4=Evangeline|last5=Williams|first5=Craig|last6=Eri|first6=Rajaraman|last7=Brook|first7=Barry W.|last8=Buettel|first8=Jessie C.|issue=Pt A|pmid=31648161|doi-access=free))</ref> and produce over 80% of the global GDP.<ref>((Cite web|title=Overview|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/overview|access-date=2020-11-26|website=World Bank|language=en))</ref> These areas are known to have a higher incidence of certain diseases, which is of particular concern given their rapid growth. The urban environment includes many risk factors for a variety of different environmental diseases. Some of these risk factors, for instance, air-[[List of pollution-related diseases|pollution]], are well known, while others such as altered microbial exposure are less familiar to the general public. For instance, asthma can be induced and exacerbated by combustion related pollution, which is more prevalent in urban areas.<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Guarnieri|first1=Michael|last2=Balmes|first2=John R|date=2014-05-03|title=Outdoor air pollution and asthma|url= |journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=383|issue=9928|pages=1581–1592|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60617-6|pmid=24792855|pmc=4465283|issn=0140-6736))</ref> On the other hand, urban areas, compared to their rural counterparts, lack diverse microbial communities, which can help prevent the development of asthma.<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Stein|first1=Michelle M.|last2=Hrusch|first2=Cara L.|last3=Gozdz|first3=Justyna|last4=Igartua|first4=Catherine|last5=Pivniouk|first5=Vadim|last6=Murray|first6=Sean E.|last7=Ledford|first7=Julie G.|last8=Marques dos Santos|first8=Mauricius|last9=Anderson|first9=Rebecca L.|last10=Metwali|first10=Nervana|last11=Neilson|first11=Julia W.|date=2016-08-04|title=Innate Immunity and Asthma Risk in Amish and Hutterite Farm Children|url= |journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=375|issue=5|pages=411–421|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1508749|issn=0028-4793|pmc=5137793|pmid=27518660))</ref> Both of these effects lead to a higher incidence of asthma in cities. [[Infection|Infectious diseases]] are also often more common in cities, as transfer between hosts is facilitated by high population densities. However, recent research shows that increased access to healthcare weakens the urban association with these diseases,<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Cooke|first1=Graham S|last2=Andrieux-Meyer|first2=Isabelle|last3=Applegate|first3=Tanya L|last4=Atun|first4=Rifat|last5=Burry|first5=Jessica R|last6=Cheinquer|first6=Hugo|last7=Dusheiko|first7=Geoff|last8=Feld|first8=Jordan J|last9=Gore|first9=Charles|last10=Griswold|first10=Max G|last11=Hamid|first11=Saeed|date=2019-02-01|title=Accelerating the elimination of viral hepatitis: a Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S246812531830270X|journal=The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=135–184|doi=10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30270-X|pmid=30647010|s2cid=58663099 |issn=2468-1253|hdl=10044/1/66792|hdl-access=free))</ref> and the net effect is still unclear. Many [[DSM-5|mental health disorders]] have also been associated with urban areas, especially in low socioeconomic areas.<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Peen|first1=J.|last2=Schoevers|first2=R. A.|last3=Beekman|first3=A. T.|last4=Dekker|first4=J.|date=2010|title=The current status of urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|language=en|volume=121|issue=2|pages=84–93|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01438.x|pmid=19624573|s2cid=15917409|issn=1600-0447))</ref> Increased levels of stress, air & light & noise pollution, and reduced "green" space are all urban-associated environmental effects that are adversely linked to mental health.<ref name=":0" /> Though urban areas are often correlated with dirtiness and disease, they are likely to have more access to higher quality health care which can lead to more positive health outcomes. This benefit will continue to grow as innovation in health technologies steadily rises. Taking this into account, while overall trends do exist, it is important to note that urban risk factors are nuanced and often city and context dependent.<ref name=":0" />

==Chemicals==
((Further|Pollution|Hazardous waste|Toxicity class|Volatile organic compound|Plastic pollution|Organic dust toxic syndrome|Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances|Persistent organic pollutant))

===Metals===
((Further|heavy metals|metal toxicity|Toxic heavy metal|Lead poisoning|Mercury poisoning||Zinc toxicity|Chromium toxicity|cadmium poisoning))
[[Poisoning]] by [[lead]] and [[mercury (element)|mercury]] has been known since antiquity. Other toxic metals or metals that are known to evoke adverse [[immune reaction]]s are [[arsenic]], [[phosphorus]], [[zinc]], [[beryllium]], [[cadmium]], [[chromium]], [[manganese]], [[nickel]], [[cobalt]], [[osmium]], [[platinum]],<ref>((cite journal |pmc=2651829|year=2009|last1=McWhinney|first1=S. R.|title=Platinum Neurotoxicity Pharmacogenetics|journal=Molecular Cancer Therapeutics|volume=8|issue=1|pages=10–16|last2=Goldberg|first2=R. M.|last3=McLeod|first3=H. L.|doi=10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0840|pmid=19139108))</ref> [[selenium]], [[tellurium]], [[thallium]], [[uranium]], and [[vanadium]].

===Halogens===
There are many other diseases likely to have been caused by common [[anion]]s found in natural drinking water. [[Fluoride]] is one of the most common found in drier climates where the geology favors release of fluoride ions to soil as the rocks decompose. In Sri Lanka, 90% of the country is underlain by crystalline metamorphic rocks of which most carry mica as a major mineral. Mica carries fluoride in their structure and releases to soil when decomposes. In the dry and arid climates, fluoride concentrates on top soil and slowly dissolves in shallow groundwater. This has been the cause of high fluoride levels in drinking water where the majority of the rural Sri Lankans obtain their drinking water from backyard wells. High fluoride in drinking water has caused a high incidence of [[Skeletal fluorosis|fluorosis]] among dry zone population in Sri Lanka. However, in the wet zone, high rainfall effectively removes fluoride from soils where no fluorosis is evident. In some parts of Sri Lanka iodine deficiency has also been noted which has been identified as a result of iodine fixation by hydrated iron oxide found in lateritic soils in wet coastal lowlands.<ref>((Cite web |title=laterites: Topics by WorldWideScience.org |url=https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/l/laterites.html |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=worldwidescience.org |language=en))</ref>

((See also|Pool chlorine hypothesis))

===Organic compounds===
Additionally, there are environmental diseases caused by the aromatic carbon compounds including : [[benzene]], [[hexachlorocyclohexane]], [[toluene diisocyanate]], [[phenol]], [[pentachlorophenol]], [[quinone]] and [[hydroquinone]].((citation needed|date=June 2023))

Also included are the aromatic nitro-, amino-, and pyridilium-deratives: [[nitrobenzene]], [[dinitrobenzene]], [[trinitrotoluene]], [[paramethylaminophenol sulfate]] (Metol), [[dinitro-ortho-cresol]], [[aniline]], [[trinitrophenylmethylnitramine]] (tetryl), [[hexanitrodiphenylamine]] (aurantia), [[phenylenediamine (disambiguation)|phenylenediamine]]s<!--intentional link to DAB page-->, and [[paraquat]].<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Buffler |first1=Patricia A. |last2=Crane |first2=Martin |last3=Key |first3=Marcus M. |date=1985 |title=Possibilities of Detecting Health Effects by Studies of Populations Exposed to Chemicals from Waste Disposal Sites |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=62 |pages=423–456 |doi=10.2307/3430147 |jstor=3430147 |pmid=3910420 |pmc=1568707 |issn=0091-6765))</ref>

The aliphatic carbon compounds can also cause environmental disease. Included in these are [[methanol]], [[nitroglycerine]], [[nitrocellulose]], [[dimethylnitrosamine]], and the [[halogenated]] [[hydrocarbon]]s: [[methyl chloride]], [[methyl bromide]], [[trichloroethylene]], [[carbon tetrachloride]], and the chlorinated [[naphthalene]]s. Also included are glycols: [[ethylene chlorhydrin]] and [[diethylene dioxide]]<ref>((Citation |last=Humans |first=IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to |title=ETHYLENE OXIDE |date=2012 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304417/ |work=Chemical Agents and Related Occupations |access-date=2023-10-20 |publisher=International Agency for Research on Cancer |language=en))</ref>

===Noxious gases===
((See also|passive smoking))
[[Poison|Noxious]] gases can be categorized as : Simple [[asphyxiant]]s, chemical asphyxiants, and irritant gases. The simple asphixiants are [[nitrogen]], [[methane]], and [[carbon dioxide]].
The chemical asphyxiants are [[carbon monoxide]], [[sulfuretted hydrogen]] and [[hydrogen cyanide]].<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Borron |first1=Stephen W. |last2=Bebarta |first2=Vikhyat S. |date=February 2015 |title=Asphyxiants |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25455664/ |journal=Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=89–115 |doi=10.1016/j.emc.2014.09.014 |issn=1558-0539 |pmid=25455664))</ref>

The irritant gases are [[sulfur dioxide]], [[ammonia]], [[nitrogen dioxide]], [[chlorine]], [[phosgene]], and [[fluorine]] and its compounds, which include [[luroine]] and [[hydrofluoric acid]], [[fluorspar]], [[fluorapatite]], [[cryolite]], and [[organofluoride|organic fluorine compound]]s.<ref>((Cite web |title=Guide to Chemicals |url=https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-xviii-10978/guide-to-chemicals?start=14 |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=www.iloencyclopaedia.org |language=en-gb))</ref>

==Categorization and surveillance==
The [[U.S. Coast Guard]] has developed a Coast Guard-wide comprehensive system for surveillance of workplace diseases.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Stockwell |first1=J. R. |last2=Adess |first2=M. L. |last3=Titlow |first3=T. B. |last4=Zaharias |first4=G. R. |date=August 1991 |title=Use of sentinel health events (occupational) in computer assisted occupational health surveillance |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1930064/ |journal=Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine |volume=62 |issue=8 |pages=795–797 |issn=0095-6562 |pmid=1930064))</ref>

The [[American Medical Association]]'s fifth edition of the Current Medical Information and Terminology (CMIT) was used as a reference to expand the basic list of 50 Sentinel Health Events (Occupational) [SHE(O)] published by the National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH), September, 1983.<ref>((Cite journal |last1=Rutstein |first1=D D |last2=Mullan |first2=R J |last3=Frazier |first3=T M |last4=Halperin |first4=W E |last5=Melius |first5=J M |last6=Sestito |first6=J P |date=September 1983 |title=Sentinel Health Events (occupational): a basis for physician recognition and public health surveillance. |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=73 |issue=9 |pages=1054–1062 |doi=10.2105/ajph.73.9.1054 |issn=0090-0036 |pmc=1651048 |pmid=6881402))</ref>

==See also==
((col div|colwidth=40em))
* [[Effects of deforestation on public health]]
* [[Environmental health]]
* [[Environmental medicine]]
* [[Occupational disease]]
* [[Phenocopy]]
* [[Risk factor]]
* [[Microplastics]]
* [[Safe (1995 film)]]
((Div col end))

==References==
((Reflist))

==Notes==
* The Diseases of Occupations, Sixth Edition, Donald Hunter, C.B.E., D.Sc., M.D., F.R.C.P., Hodder and Stoughton, London. ((ISBN|0-340-22084-8)), 1978.
* Aviat Space Environ Med. 1991 Aug;62(8):795-7.
* Use of sentinel health events (occupational) in computer assisted occupational health surveillance. Stockwell JR, Adess ML, Titlow TB, Zaharias GR. U.S. Coast Guard Office of Health Services, Washington, D.C.

((Authority control))

[[Category:Diseases and disorders]]
[[Category:Environmental health]]

[[de:Umweltfaktor]]
[[et:Keskkonnategurid]]
[[it:Fattori ambientali]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Environmental disease (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation (view source) (protected)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Col div (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Distinguish (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Div col (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Div col/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Div col end (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Further (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:ISBN (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:See also (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno-yes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Authority control (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Authority control/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Catalog lookup link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Check isxn (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Distinguish (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:EditAtWikidata (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Format link (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Environmental disease.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_disease"