Topological equivalence
The two metrics and are said to be topologically equivalent if they generate the same topology on . The adverb topologically is often dropped.[1] There are multiple ways of expressing this condition:
- a subset is -open if and only if it is -open;
- the open balls "nest": for any point and any radius , there exist radii such that
- the identity function is continuous with continuous inverse; that is, it is a homeomorphism.
The following are sufficient but not necessary conditions for topological equivalence:
- there exists a strictly increasing, continuous, and subadditive such that .[2]
- for each , there exist positive constants and such that, for every point ,
Strong equivalence
Two metrics and on X are strongly or bilipschitz equivalent or uniformly equivalent if and only if there exist positive constants and such that, for every ,
In contrast to the sufficient condition for topological equivalence listed above, strong equivalence requires that there is a single set of constants that holds for every pair of points in , rather than potentially different constants associated with each point of .
Strong equivalence of two metrics implies topological equivalence, but not vice versa. For example, the metrics and on the interval are topologically equivalent, but not strongly equivalent. In fact, this interval is bounded under one of these metrics but not the other. On the other hand, strong equivalences always take bounded sets to bounded sets.
Relation with equivalence of norms
When X is a vector space and the two metrics and are those induced by norms and , respectively, then strong equivalence is equivalent to the condition that, for all ,
For linear operators between normed vector spaces, Lipschitz continuity is equivalent to continuity—an operator satisfying either of these conditions is called bounded. Therefore, in this case, and are topologically equivalent if and only if they are strongly equivalent; the norms and are simply said to be equivalent.
In finite dimensional vector spaces, all metrics induced by a norm, including the euclidean metric, the taxicab metric, and the Chebyshev distance, are equivalent.