Middleton entered Clare College, Cambridge as a sizar in 1765.[2] On 4 June 1767 he matriculated at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, but was expelled from the university in May 1768, along with five other members of the Hall, for publicly praying and preaching. The group were known as the "preaching tradesmen". At the time it was said that Selina, Countess of Huntingdon had sponsored them; in the case of two of the students, at least, there was a definite connection.[3][4] The Hall in the middle of the 18th century had only around a dozen students. Its tolerant Principal George Dixon had tried to raise numbers, and had no part in the expulsions, though he did not share the Calvinist tone of the beliefs of the group.[5]
At this time the leader of the few evangelicals at Oxford was James Stillingfleet (1752–1768), a Fellow of Merton College. The group of Oxford Methodists met in a private home, led by him; there were five more students, with the six who were expelled. John Higson of St Edmund Hall complained to David Durell, who was then vice-chancellor.[6][7]
The affair caused a furore, and some pamphleteering.[4] One of the charges against Middleton individually was that he had officiated at a service in the chapel of ease at Chieveley, though a layman.[8] The six students were defended by Sir Richard Hill, 2nd Baronet.[9] In turn Thomas Nowell defended the university's actions, leading to further polemical exchanges.[10] One of Nowell's claims was that Middleton's acquaintance with Thomas Haweis was supposed to be enough to get him holy orders, refused by the Bishop of Hereford (Lord James Beauclerk) on the grounds of insufficient learning, through unspecified influence. The Chieveley incident was reported to date to three years earlier.[11] Two further prominent defenders of the students were George Whitefield and "The Shaver", the pseudonym of the Baptist minister John Macgowan, who waxed satirical against the academics.[12]Samuel Johnson pronounced his approval of the expulsions.[5]
The matter was still a live one in 1806, after Middleton's death, with George Croft raking it up in the Anti-Jacobin Review. He traced some of the later history of Benjamin Kay, Thomas Jones and Thomas Grove (by then nonconformist minister settled at Walsall), three of the other students involved. He awarded George Dixon "indelible infamy", and said Middleton's edition of Leighton's works was "illiterate".[13] Jones had studied with John Newton before going to Oxford, and after being ordained became curate of Clifton, Bedfordshire.[14]
Middleton became minister at Dalkeith.[4] In 1770 he associated with Willielma Campbell, Lady Glenorchy, and was asked to be the opening preacher at her new chapel, St Mary's Chapel in Niddry's Wynd, Edinburgh.[17] Her plans to bring another of the expelled students, Thomas Grove, to one of her Scottish chapels as resident preacher, were later blocked in 1776 by the Church of Scotland.[18]
During the late 1770s, Middleton was a close supporter of Lord George Gordon and the Protestant Association.[24] He has been credited with being the Association's founder.[25] At Gordon's trial, Middleton was a principal defence witness, and detailed the setting up of the Association, up to the date 12 November 1779, when Gordon took it over as President.[26]
On Middleton's account the Association was formed in 1778.[27] The early London meetings in Coachmakers' Hall in imitation of the Scottish Protestant Association were open to all Protestants. They were procedurally lax but required civility, concentrated on opposition to Popery, and were made fun of by George Kearsley.[28] On the issue of the petition to parliament, the direct cause of the Gordon Riots of June 1780, Middleton's evidence was that he was Gordon's sole supporter on the Association's committee for proceeding immediately rather than delaying the presentation.[29]
Last years
In 1804 Middleton was made rector of Turvey, Bedfordshire, through the patronage of the Fuller family.[15] He died on 25 April 1805.[4]
The theological, philosophical, critical, and poetical parts of a New Complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, 1778. Also involved in the project, with others, was William Turnbull.[30]
Biographia Evangelica, or an Historical Account of the Lives and Deaths of the most eminent and evangelical Authors or Preachers both British and Foreign in the several Denominations of Protestants, 4 vols. London, 1779–86.
Versions and Imitations of the Psalms of David, London, 1806, on the title-page of which he is styled B.D.
Middleton edited The Gospel Magazine as Augustus Montague Toplady's successor, until 1783 when it was replaced by the New Spiritual Magazine.[15] He also published sermons.[4][31] In 1805 appeared his edition of the Works of Robert Leighton, 4 vols.[32] He also published the Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Galatians, by Martin Luther, issued with a Life of Luther, a work edited in 1850 by John Prince Fallowes. This version is based on the English translation of 1575.[33][34] That was a project of John Foxe, printed by Thomas Vautrollier, also issued with a life of Luther which is thought to be by Foxe himself.[35][36]
^ abH. E. Salter and Mary D. Lobel (editors) (1954). "St. Edmund Hall". A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3: The University of Oxford. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 15 September 2013. ((cite web)): |author= has generic name (help)
^Hexter, J. H. (1936). "The Protestant Revival and the Catholic Question in England, 1778-1829". The Journal of Modern History. 8 (3): 297–319. doi:10.1086/468452. JSTOR1881538. S2CID153924065.
^Camden, Vera J. (1997). "'Most Fit for a Wounded Conscience' The Place of Luther's 'Commentary on Galatians' in Grace Abounding". Renaissance Quarterly. 50 (3): 819–849. doi:10.2307/3039263. JSTOR3039263. S2CID163268381.
