"Error has no rights" (Latin: Error non habet ius[1][2]) is a historical Catholic and traditionalist Catholic principle. It asserts that it is the responsibility of governments to suppress non-Catholic religions as they do not have a right to express publicly any religion outside of Catholicism which should be the only religion allowed by the State, but had the right to privately profess and practice any religion. Alternatively, it asserts that while non-Catholics had civil or political rights, there is no theological toleration for such religious beliefs.[3][4] It was still the official position of the Catholic Church in the 1950s, and was repudiated[5][6] or superseded[7] in the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965 by Dignitatis humanae. It is also argued, based on the interpretation that the moral right to error is distinct from the legal right, that this principle was not superseded by Dignitatis Humanae.[8]

Principle

This principle states that non-Roman Catholics must not have any civil or political rights and do not have the right to express publicly any religion outside of Roman Catholicism, however they had the right to privately profess and practice any religion; moreover, this principle states that Roman Catholicism should be the only religion allowed by the State.[9][10][11]

It was also argued that the principle meant that although error had no rights, people in error had rights.[12][4] In this interpretation, the state only suppresses those errors which are a danger to public safety rather all things it identifies as errors.[13] It is also suggested that it was a rejection of theological[3] or moral right rather than a legal right.[14]

Catholic theology prior to Vatican II held that the ideal was a confessional state unified with the Catholic Church, with the reasoning that the Catholic Church's revealed truth would lead to "perfect justice", and if the state allowed error to be expressed, it would detract from this.[6] The underpinning of this preference for an absolutist confessional state was the view that error had no rights, and that non-Catholics could or should be persecuted.[6][15][16] According to this traditional view, people who were not members of the Catholic Church did not deserve any civil and political rights because they were deemed to be in error.[10]

To put it simply, this principle flowed "from a whole series of theological and political premises: that individuals are obligated to embrace religious truth; that Catholicism is the one true religion; that religious liberty is to be understood as an empowerment, as the moral right of individuals to profess and practice their beliefs; that 'total care' of the common good [...] is committed to the state; that religious truth is an integral element of this good; and that the state's total care for the common good thus encompasses the care of religion".[11]

History

For centuries, the Catholic Church maintained close connection to the State and used state coercion (such as the Inquisition) to punish people whom they deemed to be heretics.[17] In practice, while often persecuted, non-Catholics in Catholic-majority countries were sometimes tolerated, often either because of the personal sensitivities by members of the clergy, or out of hope of converting people to Catholicism.[6]

In 1832, Pope Gregory XVI released the encyclical Mirari vos, rejecting freedom of the press, religious liberty, and separation of church and state as based on indifferentism. Liberty of conscience, Gregory wrote, was "a pestilence more deadly to the state than any other".[18] The arguments condemning freedom of religion were reiterated by Pius IX in his 1864 Syllabus of Errors.[15]

The "error has no rights" principle was still the official position of the Catholic Church in the 1950s.[9] At the time, the implementation of the "error has not rights" principle made it so that in Latin America and Southern Europe, where Catholics had power, Protestants suffered religious persecutions as they had no rights due to their religious choice.[19]

Repudiation

The American Catholic theologian John Courtney Murray worked throughout the 1950s to reconcile Catholic teachings with religious pluralism and democracy. His ideas encountered significant resistance from more traditional-minded Catholics, but were supported by bishop Karol Wojtyla, the future Pope John Paul II, at Vatican II. John Courtney Murray's ideas were eventually included in the Vatican II reforms as the Declaration on Religious Liberty, a.k.a. Dignitatis humanae (1965).[9][5][7] According to the new view, people do have rights even if they are considered in error.[7] "[Joseph C. Fenton's] most important public controversy was with the Jesuit theologian John Courtney Murray over the latter's unorthodox interpretation of church teaching on church-state relations. Murray's dissenting position was adopted in the Declaration of Religious Freedom at Vatican Council II in 1964, and Fenton's positions have been eclipsed".[20]

Dignitatis humanae keeps the theological premises of the "error has no rights" principle, but "implicitly modifies the political theory underlying it. To begin with, it distinguishes between the common good in toto and that 'component' of this good which is entrusted in a 'special' manner to the state, affirming that the care of the common good devolves not upon the state alone, but 'upon the people as a whole, upon social groups, upon government, and upon the Church and other religious communities ... in the manner proper to each'. Secondly, it distinguishes between the moral and juridical dimensions of religious liberty, between the question of our obligations toward religious truth, and the question of the role of the state in enforcing these obligations. Finally, it brings into play the whole subject of the implications of our dignity as persons—as beings who possess intelligence and freedom—for the pursuit of religious truth and ordering of human social life".[11]

After Vatican II, some Catholic leaders such as Cardinal Józef Glemp and part of the Spanish Church hierarchy still sympathized with the older "error has no rights" approach. However, they realized that it was inconsistent with developments in the world at large and therefore supported counter-proselytization rather than legal restrictions on non-Catholic religions.[21] Traditionalist Catholics such as Society of St. Pius X have rejected the Vatican II reforms, especially their teaching on religious liberty.[7]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung". H. Böhlaus Nacht. October 2, 1978 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Zecha, G.; Weingartner, P. (December 6, 2012). Conscience: An Interdisciplinary View: Salzburg Colloquium on Ethics in the Sciences and Humanities. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9789400938212 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ a b Patrick W. Carey (2004). Orestes A. Brownson: American Religious Weathervane. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 255. ISBN 9780802843005.
  4. ^ a b Daniel Agatino (2018). Mere Catholicism: Faith in the Third Millennium. Sunbury Press. p. 245. ISBN 9781620066850.
  5. ^ a b Cogley, John (8 December 1965). "Freedom of Religion; Vatican Decree Supplants Ancient Doctrine That 'Error Has No Rights'". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  6. ^ a b c d Pawlikowski, John T. (1979). "Human Rights in the Roman Catholic Tradition: Some Theological Reflections". Selected Papers from the Annual Meeting (American Society of Christian Ethics): 145–166. doi:10.5840/selpapasce19797. JSTOR 23564895.
  7. ^ a b c d Whitehead, Kenneth D. (2012). "Martin Rhonheimer, Changing the World: The Timeliness of Opus Dei". Catholic Social Science Review. 17: 298–301. doi:10.5840/cssr20121724.
  8. ^ Ronald J. Rychlak (2015). American Law from a Catholic Perspective: Through a Clearer Lens. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 101. ISBN 9780810889187.
  9. ^ a b c Hertzke, Allen D. (2005). "Roman Catholicism and the Faith-based Movement for Global Human Rights". The Review of Faith & International Affairs. 3 (3): 19–24. doi:10.1080/15570274.2005.9523222. S2CID 144921864.
  10. ^ a b Pawlikowski, John T. (1989). "Catholicism and the Public Church: Recent U.S. Developments". The Annual of the Society of Christian Ethics. 9: 147–165. doi:10.5840/asce198999. ISSN 0732-4928. JSTOR 23559453.
  11. ^ a b c Grasso, Kenneth L.; Hunt, Robert P. (2005-12-01). "Dignitatis Humanae and the Catholic Human Rights Revolution". The Review of Faith & International Affairs. 3 (3): 3–10. doi:10.1080/15570274.2005.9523220. ISSN 1557-0274. S2CID 143611920.
  12. ^ Jay Newman (1991). On Religious Freedom. University of Ottawa Press. ISBN 9780776603087.
  13. ^ Eugene J. McCarthy (2004). Parting Shots from My Brittle Bow: Reflections on American Politics and Life. Fulcrum Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 9781555915285.
  14. ^ Michael J. White (1997). Partisan Or Neutral?: The Futility of Public Political Theory. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 148–9. ISBN 9780847684540.
  15. ^ a b FitzPatrick, Paul (2013). "Review of Catholicism and Democracy: An Essay in the History of Political Thought". The Furrow. 64 (10): 573–576. ISSN 0016-3120. JSTOR 24635791.
  16. ^ Russell, Frederick H. (1975). The Just War in the Middle Ages. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-521-29276-4.
  17. ^ "Does Inquisition Belong to Religious History?". The American Historical Review. February 2005. doi:10.1086/ahr/110.1.11.
  18. ^ Carey, Patrick W. (1989). "American Catholics and the First Amendment: 1776–1840". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 113 (3): 323–346. ISSN 0031-4587. JSTOR 20092357.
  19. ^ Kuzmič, Peter (December 2004). "To Suffer with Our Lord: Christian Responses to Religious Persecution". The Brandywine Review of Faith & International Affairs. 2 (3): 35–42. doi:10.1080/15435725.2004.9523192. ISSN 1543-5725. S2CID 145623036.
  20. ^ White, M. Joseph (1989). "Part III: Roman direction, 1910 to 1962 – 14. Catholic University Reform and Influence". The Diocesan Seminary in the United States: A History from the 1780s to the Present. Univ. of Notre Dame Press. p. 333. ISBN 0-268-00865-5. OCLC 260209337.
  21. ^ Anderson, John (2003). "Catholicism and democratic consolidation in Spain and Poland". West European Politics. 26 (1): 137–156. doi:10.1080/01402380412331300237. S2CID 153688457.
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