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((Short description|Symbols of the Esperanto language))
((Esperanto sidebar|expanded=Culture))
((More citations needed|date = July 2020))
[[File:2008 uk flagoj.JPG|thumbnail|Esperanto flags prominently displaying the ''Verda Stelo'' in [[Rotterdam]], the Netherlands]]
'''Esperanto symbols''', primarily the '''Esperanto flag''', have seen much consistency over the time of [[Esperanto]]'s existence (namely in the consistent usage of the colour green), though a few variations in exact flag patterning and symbology exist.

The main flag of Esperanto, featuring the '''((Lang-eo|Verda Stelo|label=none))''' (''''Green Star'''<nowiki/>'), was adopted in 1905 for use as a symbol of mutual recognition among [[Esperantist]]s, and is used by most Esperantists. As an alternative to the flag, the ''[[jubilea simbolo]]'' ('jubilee symbol') has been more recently proposed (in 1987).

== History ==

=== ''Verda Stelo'' ===
((Refimprove section|date = July 2020))

[[Image:Esperanto star.svg|thumb|right|The Green Star (((Lang|eo|Verda Stelo)))]]
Since the earliest days of Esperanto, the colour green has been used as a symbol of mutual recognition, and it appears prominently in all Esperanto symbols.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Rapley |first1=Ian |title=When global and local culture meet: Esperanto in 1920s rural Japan |journal=Language Problems and Language Planning |date=1 January 2013 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=179–196 |doi=10.1075/lplp.37.2.04rap |url=https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/lplp.37.2.04rap |access-date=13 March 2023 |quote="Green being the colour adopted by the international Esperanto community, usually in the form of either a green star, or a green flag with a white star" |url-access=subscription))</ref> In a letter to ''The British Esperantist'' in 1911, [[L. L. Zamenhof]], the creator of Esperanto, wrote: "It seems to me, that my attention was drawn to the color green by Mr. [[Richard H. Geoghegan]] and from that time I began to publish all of my works with green covers . . .  Looking at one of my pamphlets that I had entirely by chance printed with a green cover, he pointed out that this was the color of his homeland, Ireland; at that time it came to me, that we could certainly look at that color as a symbol of HOPE. About the five-pointed star, it seems to me, that at first Mr. [[Louis de Beaufront|de Beaufront]] had it imprinted on his grammar [of Esperanto]. I liked that and I adopted it as a symbol. Afterward by association of ideas, the star appeared with a green color."<ref>((Cite journal |date=February 1912 |title=La Deveno de la Verda Stelo |url=https://archive.org/details/britaesperantisto_1912_n086_feb/page/33/mode/1up |journal=The British Esperantist |issue=86 |pages=34))</ref>

The ''Verda Stelo'' was first proposed in an 1892 article in [[La Esperantisto]] for use as a symbol of mutual recognition among [[Esperantist|Esperantists]]. The [[flag]] was created by the Esperanto Club of [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]], initially for their own use, but was adopted as the flag of the worldwide Esperanto movement by a decision of the first [[World Esperanto Congress]], which took place in 1905 in that town.

=== Other proposed flags and symbols ===
[[File:Jubilea simbolo.svg|The Jubilee symbol (((Lang|eo|jubilea simbolo)))|thumb]]
[[File:1 Spesmilo.jpg|thumb|Esperanto coin 1 [[Spesmilo]], international currency used before [[World War I]]]]

In 1905, delegates to the first conference of Esperantists at Boulogne-sur-Mer, unanimously approved a version differing from the modern only by the superimposition of an "E" over the green star. Other variants include that for Christian Esperantists, with a white Christian cross superimposed upon the green star, and that for Leftists, with the color of the field changed from green to red.<ref name=FOTW>((cite web |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/qy-eo.html |title=Esperanto Flag ))</ref>

Some Esperanto speakers((who|date=March 2019)) consider the traditional flag too [[nationalist]]ic for an international [[language]], so many organizations no longer recommend its use and, instead, use the [[jubilea simbolo]] (''jubilee symbol'', two green "[[E]]"s facing each other—or alternatively a Latin-alphabet "E" facing a Cyrillic-alphabet "Э", the first letter of "Эсперанто", the Russian name for Esperanto—on a white field).<ref>((cite book |last1=Fians |first1=Guilherme |title=Esperanto revolutionaries and geeks : language politics, digital media and the making of an international community |date=2021 |location=Cham |isbn=9783030842307 |chapter=When Esperantists Meet, or What Makes This Community International?))</ref>((rp|96)) This symbol was created in 1987 by a [[Brazil]]ian Esperantist to mark the centenary of the creation of Esperanto.((cn|date=July 2020))

== Design of the ''Verda Stelo'' ==
[[File:Esperanto flag - construction.svg|thumbnail|Proportions of the Esperanto flag]]
((refimprove section|date = March 2023))

The Esperanto [[flag]] is composed of a green background with a white square ([[Canton (flag)|canton]]) in the upper lefthand corner, which in turn contains a green star. The green field symbolizes [[hope]],<ref name="anthro-heller">((cite journal |last1=Heller |first1=Monica |title=Dr. Esperanto, or Anthropology as Alternative Worlds: Dr. Esperanto, or Anthropology as Alternative Worlds |journal=American Anthropologist |date=March 2017 |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.1111/aman.12824))</ref> the white symbolizes [[peace]] and neutrality((citation needed|date=March 2023)), and the [[five-pointed star]] represents the five [[continent]]s ([[Europe]], [[Americas|America]], [[Asia]], [[Oceania]], [[Africa]]).<ref name="anthro-heller" /> 

By recommendation of the board of the [[Universal Esperanto Association]], the flag should have the following proportions: The ratio of the width of the flag to the height of the flag to a side of the white square should be 3 to 2 to 1. The ratio of a side of the white square to the radius of a circle enclosing the star should be 10 to 3.5.

== In popular culture ==
Most Esperantists continue to hold the ''verda stelo'' dear as a symbol of international or supranational solidarity (with the ''jubilea simbolo'' jokingly called ''la melono'' ('the melon') by some), though many also regard the preference of one symbol over another as a purely personal choice. At most Esperanto congresses, all three main symbols((which|date = July 2020)) can be seen in use on displays or being worn as badges. Sometimes, Esperanto travelers will display the flag, wear a badge with one of the above symbols, or even wear green clothes, to make themselves known to other Esperanto speakers.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Stria |first1=Ida |title=Linguistic worldview in multilingual groups as an indicator of developing a communal identity : the case of Esperanto |journal=Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka I Kultury |date=2018 |volume=30 |page=215 |doi=10.17951/et.2018.30.215 |url=https://ispan.waw.pl/ireteslaw/bitstream/handle/20.500.12528/1621/Linguistic%20worldview%20in%20multilingual%20groups.pdf |access-date=13 March 2023 |quote="Many Esperantists display a habit of wearing t-shirts portraying Zamenhof and declaring knowledge of Esperanto"))</ref>

On December 15, 2009, the ''Verda Stelo'' flew on the [[Google]] home search page "Google" logo to mark [[L. L. Zamenhof]]'s 150th birthday. The flag flew on a flagstaff consisting of the "L" in the [[Web search engine|search]]-company's name.<ref>((Cite web|title=150th Birthday of LL Zamenhof|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/150th-birthday-of-ll-zamenhof|access-date=2020-08-30|website=Google|language=en))</ref>

== Influence ==
One hypothesis about the [[red star]] as a symbol of socialism relates to an alleged encounter between [[Leon Trotsky]] and [[Nikolai Krylenko]]. Krylenko, an [[Esperantist]], was wearing a green-star lapel badge; Trotsky enquired as to its meaning and received an explanation that each arm of the star represented one of the five traditional continents. On hearing this, he specified that a similar red star should be worn by soldiers of the [[Red Army]].<ref>((Cite web|title=Pri la stelo|url=http://www.angelfire.com/ny2/ts/stelo.html|access-date=2020-08-30|website=www.angelfire.com|language=eo))</ref>

== See also ==
* ((Anl|Esperanto jubilee symbol))
* ((Anl|Finvenkismo))

== References ==
((Reflist))

((DEFAULTSORT:Esperanto Symbols))
[[Category:Esperanto culture|Flag]]
[[Category:Lists of symbols]]
[[Category:Star symbols]]
[[Category:Peace symbols]]

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