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((Short description|Jews who came from Ethiopia to the State of Israel))((More citations needed|date=April 2020))
((Use mdy dates|date=February 2012))
((Infobox ethnic group
| group            = Ethiopian Jews in Israel
| image            = 
| population       = 164,400 <ref name="The Population of Ethiopian Origin in Israel">((cite web|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|url= https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/mediarelease/Pages/2022/The-Ethiopian-Population-in-Israel-2022.aspx|title=The Population of Ethiopian Origin in Israel|access-date=2023-07-03))</ref> (2021)<br />2.3% of the [[Israeli Jewish]] population, 1.75% of the total [[Israelis|Israeli]] population
| langs            = [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]((·))[[Amharic language|Amharic]]((·))[[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]
| rels             = [[Haymanot]] and [[Rabbinic Judaism]]
| related          = [[Falash Mura]]((·))[[Beta Abraham]]
))

'''Ethiopian Jews in Israel''' are immigrants and descendants of the immigrants from the [[Beta Israel]] communities in [[Ethiopia]] who now reside in Israel.<ref>((cite web |url=http://www.ethiopianisraelisproject.org/index.htm |title=The Ethiopian Jews of Israel - Personal Stories of Life in the Promised Land - by Len Lyons, PHD; - Photographs by Ilan Ossendryver - Foreword by Alan Dershowitz |access-date=2012-03-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208035841/http://www.ethiopianisraelisproject.org/index.htm |archive-date=December 8, 2011 |df=mdy-all))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/6613020/Ethiopian-Jews-in-Israel-still-await-the-promised-land.html |title=Ethiopian Jews in Israel still await the promised land |website=Telegraph.co.uk |date=November 20, 2009 |access-date=2017-08-27))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/home/0,7340,L-3070,00.html |title=ynet – 20 שנה לעליית יהודי אתיופיה - חדשות |website=Ynet.co.il |access-date=August 27, 2017))</ref> To a lesser, but notable, extent, the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel is also composed of [[Falash Mura]], a community of Beta Israel which had converted to Christianity over the course of the past two centuries, but were permitted to immigrate to Israel upon returning to Israelite religion&mdash;this time largely to [[Rabbinic Judaism]].<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3984875,00.html|title=Rabbis: Falash Mura must convert|newspaper=Ynetnews |date=November 15, 2010|last1=Nahshoni |first1=Kobi ))</ref>

Most of the community made [[aliyah]] from Ethiopia to Israel in two waves of mass immigration assisted by the Israeli government: [[Operation Moses]] (1984), and [[Operation Solomon]] (1991).<ref>((cite web |last=Weil |first=Shalva |date=2011 |title=Operation Solomon 20 Years On |publisher=International Relations and Security Network (ISN) |url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/ISN-Insights/Detail?ord538=grp1&ots591=eb06339b-2726-928e-0216-1b3f15392dd8&lng=en&id=129480&contextid734=129480&contextid735=129244&tabid=129244 |access-date=2017-08-27))</ref><ref>((cite book |last=Weil |first=Shalva |year=2007 |chapter=Operation Solomon by Stephen Spector |title=Studies in Contemporary Jewry, an Annual |location=New York and Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=22 |pages=341–343))</ref> Today, Israel is home to the largest Beta Israel community in the world, with about 164,400 citizens of Ethiopian descent in 2021,<ref name="The Ethiopian Population In Israel">((cite web|publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]]|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=201211307|title=The Ethiopian Community in Israel|access-date=2017-08-27))</ref> who are mainly assembled in the smaller urban areas of central Israel.<ref name="auto">((cite web |first=Oz |last=Almog |url=http://www.peopleil.org/details.aspx?itemID=7653&searchMode=0&index=7 |title=Residential patterns among olim from Ethiopia |year=2008 |language=he |access-date=July 25, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328045359/http://www.peopleil.org/details.aspx?itemID=7653&searchMode=0&index=7 |archive-date=March 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all ))</ref>

==History==
===First wave (1934–1960)===
The first Ethiopian Jews who settled in [[Israel]] in the modern times came in 1934 along with the [[History of the Jews in Eritrea|Yemenite Jews]] from [[Italian Eritrea]].((Citation needed|date=April 2020))

===Second wave: (1961–1975)===
((Unreferenced section|date=April 2020))[[Image:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - MIN. OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE YITZHAK NAVON VISITING A KINDERGARTEN CLASS OF YOUNG IMMIGRANTS FROM ETHIOPIA.jpg|thumb|Minister of Education [[Yitzhak Navon]] visiting kindergarten class of Ethiopian immigrants]]

Between the years 1963 and 1975, a relatively small group of Beta Israel emigrated to Israel. The Beta Israel immigrants during that period were mainly men who had studied and come to Israel on a tourist visa, and then remained in the country illegally.

Several of their supporters in Israel, who recognized their "[[Jewishness]]", decided to assist them. These supporters began organizing in associations, among others under the direction of Ovadia Hazzi, an Eritrean-born Yemeni Jew who married a Beta Israel woman in Israel. With the assistance of these support associations, a number of illegal immigrants managed to get their status regularized by the Israeli authorities. Some agreed to convert to Judaism, so as to be able to remain in Israel. People who obtained regularization often brought their families to Israel as well.

In 1973, Ovadia Hazzi officially raised the question of the "Jewishness" of the Beta Israel with Israel's Sephardi Chief Rabbi [[Ovadia Yosef]]. The rabbi, citing a rabbinic ruling from the 16th century [[David ben Solomon ibn Abi Zimra]], asserted that the Beta Israel were descendants of the [[Ten Lost Tribes|lost tribe]] of [[Tribe of Dan|Dan]], and eventually acknowledged their "Jewishness" in February 1973. This ruling was initially rejected by the Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi [[Shlomo Goren]], who eventually changed his opinion on the matter in 1974.((citation needed|date=June 2017))

In April 1975, the Israeli government of [[Yitzhak Rabin]] officially accepted the Beta Israel as Jews for the purpose of the [[Law of Return]] (an Israeli act which grants all the Jews in the world the right to immigrate to Israel).

Later on, Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] obtained clear rulings from Chief Sephardi Rabbi [[Ovadia Yosef]] that they were descendants of the [[Ten Lost Tribes]]. The [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel]] did, however, initially require them to undergo ''pro forma'' [[Conversion to Judaism|Jewish conversions]], to remove any doubt as to their Jewish status.

===Third wave: (1975–1990)===
====Operation Brothers====
[[File:Beta_Israel_Aliyah.svg|thumb|right|Migration map of Beta Israel]]
* '''November 1979 – 1983''': [[Aliyah]] activists and [[Mossad]] agents operating in Sudan, including [[Ferede Aklum]], called the Beta Israel to come to Sudan where they would eventually be taken to Israel via Europe. Jewish Ethiopian refugees from the [[Ethiopian Civil War]] in the mid 1970s began to arrive at the refugee camps in Sudan. Most Beta Israel came from [[Tigray Province|Tigray]], which was then controlled by the [[TPLF]], which often escorted them to the Sudanese border.<ref>Gerrit Jan Abbink, ''The Falashas In Ethiopia And Israel: The Problem of Ethnic Assimilation'', Nijmegen, Institute for Cultural and Social Anthropology, 1984, p. 114</ref> Many Ethiopian Jews also immigrated to Israel to flee from the civil war, famine during and after the war, as well as hostility toward Ethiopian Jews.<ref name=":0">((Cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=Stephen|date=1988|title=The Beta Israel and the Rabbinate: Law, Ritual and Politics|journal=Social Science Information|volume=27|issue=3|pages=357–370|doi=10.1177/053901888027003004|s2cid=144691315))</ref> In 1981, the [[Jewish Defense League]] protested against the "lack of action" to rescue Ethiopian Jews by taking over the main offices of HIAS in [[Manhattan]].<ref>((Cite news|url=http://www.jta.org/1981/09/09/archive/jdl-stages-protests-at-hias-jewish-agency-offices-claiming-lack-of-action-to-rescue-falashas|title=Jdl Stages Protests at Hias, Jewish Agency Offices, Claiming 'lack of Action' to Rescue Falashas|date=September 9, 1981|newspaper=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|location=New York))</ref>
* '''1983 – March 28, 1985''': this emigration wave was in part motivated by word of mouth reports on the success of the emigration of many Jewish refugees to Israel. In 1983, the governor of [[Begemder|Gondar]] region, Major [[Melaku Teferra]], was ousted as governor and his successor removed restrictions on travel.<ref>Mitchell G. Bard, ''From Tragedy to Triumph: The Politics Behind the Rescue of Ethiopian Jewry'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 137</ref> Beta Israel began to arrive in large numbers and the Mossad was unable to evacuate them in time. Due to poor conditions in the camps, many refugees died of disease and hunger. Of these victims, it is estimated that between 2,000 and 5,000 were Beta Israel.<ref>Bard, ''From Tragedy to Triumph'', p. 139</ref> In late 1984, the Sudanese government, following the intervention of the United States, allowed the emigration of 7,200 Beta Israel refugees to Europe. They immediately flew from there to Israel. The first of two operations during this period was [[Operation Moses]] (original name: "The Lion of Judah's Cub"), which took place between November 20, 1984 and January 20, 1985, during which time 6,500 people emigrated to Israel. A few weeks later, the [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] evacuated the 494 Beta Israel refugees remaining in Sudan to Israel in [[Operation Joshua]]. The second operation was mainly carried out due to the intervention and international pressure of the United States.((Citation needed|date=April 2020))

===Fourth wave (1990–1999)===
((Unreferenced section|date=April 2020))

* '''1991 ([[Operation Solomon]])''': In 1991, the political and economic stability of Ethiopia deteriorated as rebels mounted attacks against, and eventually controlled, the capital city of [[Addis Ababa]]. Worried about the fate of the Beta Israel during the transition period, the Israeli government, together with several private groups, secretly prepared to continue with the migration. Over the course of the next 36 hours, a total of 34 [[El Al]] [[airliner|passenger planes]], with their seats removed to maximize passenger capacity, flew 14,325 Beta Israel directly to Israel. Again, the operation was mainly carried out due to the intervention and international pressure of the U.S. Dr. Rick Hodes, an American doctor who emigrated to Ethiopia, was the medical director for Operation Solomon. It was a difficult two days as he covertly arranged for a number of very ill people to be air-lifted to Israel.
* '''1992–1999''': During these years, the [[Qwara Province|Qwara]] Beta Israel emigrated to Israel.

===Falash Mura (1993–present)===
* '''1993–present''': From 1993 onwards, an irregular emigration began of [[Falash Mura]], which was and still is mainly subjected to political developments in Israel. These immigrants are required to convert from Christianity to Judaism.<ref name="Complexities of Conversion among the Felesmura">Weil, S., 2016. "The Complexities of Conversion among the 'Felesmura'". In: Eloi Ficquet, Ahmed Hassen and Thomas Osmond (eds.), Movements in Ethiopia, Ethiopia in Movement: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of Ethiopian Studies. Addis Ababa: French Center for Ethiopian Studies, Institute of Ethiopian Studies of Addis Ababa University; Los Angeles: Tsehai Publishers, Vol. 1 pp. 435–445.
[http://www.store.tsehaipublishers.com/images/EF-ICES_Flyer.pdf Link]</ref>

*'''2018''': In August 2018, the Netanyahu government vowed to bring in 1,000 Falasha Jews from Ethiopia.<ref>[https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/israel-vows-to-take-in-1-000-falasha-jews-from-ethiopia/1275824 Israel Vows to bring in 1,000 Falasha Jews from Ethiopia August 25,2018]</ref> 
*'''2019''': In April 2019 an estimated 8,000 Falasha were waiting to leave Ethiopia<ref>[https://www.timesofisrael.com/rabbi-of-8000-stranded-ethiopian-jews-fights-to-complete-their-exodus/ Times of Israel rabbi-of-8000-stranded-ethiopian-jews-fights-to-complete-their-exodus/ Times of Israel April 25,2019]</ref>
*'''2020''': On February 25, 2020, 43 Falasha arrived in Israel from Ethiopia.<ref>[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/elections/.premium-forty-three-falashmura-arrive-in-israel-accompanied-by-likud-lawmakers-1.8587343 Haaretz 25 Feb 2020]</ref>
*'''2021''':On March 11, 2021 Operation Zur Israel last operation brings 300 Ethiopian Jews up to Israel. <ref>[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/298307 Israel National News March 11 2021 Last Operation Zur Israel flight]</ref>
*'''2021''':On November 14, 2021 Falasha Jews in Israel stage a protest so their relatives left behind in Ethiopia can go to Israel.<ref>[https://english.alarabiya.net/News/world/2021/11/14/Hundreds-in-Israel-protest-for-rescue-of-Ethiopia-Jews November 14,2021]</ref><br />As of November 29, 2021, the Israeli Government permitted 3,000 Falasha Jews to go to Israel.<ref>
[https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/2035455/israel-will-bring-3000-ethiopians-of-questionable-heritage-to-israel.html "Israel Will Bring 3,000 Ethiopians Of Questionable Heritage To Israel"], The Yeshiva World, November 29, 2021</ref>
*'''2022''':On February 2, 2022, the Israeli "Supreme Court issues interim order halting Aliyah from Ethiopia".<ref>[https://www.israelnationalnews.com/flashes] News Briefs "Supreme Court issues interim order halting Aliyah from Ethiopia" News Briefs | Israel National News - Arutz Sheva 2-2-2022]</ref><br /> On March 15, 2022, Israel's High Court of Justice decided to remove an interim order which had halted the immigration of Ethiopian Jews to Israel. <ref>[https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-701345 "High Court decides to resume aliyah of Ethiopian Jews" | THE JERUSALEM POST]</ref>
*'''2022''':On September 20, 2022 it was reported that Israel is starting to airlifting approximately 3,000  Ethiopian Jews went up to Israel.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/israel-brings-thousan…Israel brings thousands of ethiopian Jews...]</ref>
*'''2023''': On March 25, 2023 it was reported that 1,500 Ethiopian Jews are expected to go up to Israel<ref>[https://icejusa.org/2023/03/15/incredible-story-ethiopian-jews-journey-to-israel incredible-story-ethiopian-jews-journey-to-israel MArch 15,2023]</ref>
*'''29 November 2020 - 12 July 2023''': Operation Tzur Israel (Rock of Israel). The operation was implemeted in two phases with the goal of facilitating the Aliyah of 5 000 relatives of Ethiopian Jews to Israel. First phase starting 29 November 2020 until spring 2021 brought 2,000 Ethiopian olim to Israel. The second phase starting June 2022 brought another 3,000 olim. The whole operation was concluded on 12 July 2023. <ref>((cite web | url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/operation-tzur-israel-to-bring-jews-from-ethiopia-takes-off/2020/11/29/ | title=Operation 'Tzur Israel' to Bring Jews from Ethiopia Takes off | date=November 29, 2020 ))</ref> <ref>((cite web | url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/article-749821 | title=Operation Tzur Israel reaches milestone: 5,000 Ethiopian olim reunited | date=July 12, 2023 ))</ref> <ref>((cite web | url=https://www.jewishpress.com/news/israel/aliyah-israel/130-ethiopian-olim-arrive-in-israel-second-phase-of-operation-tzur-israel-complete/2023/07/13// | title=130 Ethiopian Olim Arrive in Israel, Second Phase of Operation Tzur Israel Complete | date=July 13, 2023 ))</ref>

== Integration and Socio-economic status ==
[[File:falasha makstyle.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Beta Israel soldier in [[Nablus]], 2006]]
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 21546 Absorption center in Mevaseret Zion.JPG|200px|thumb|right|The entrance to [[Mevaseret Zion]] Absorption Center, 2010]]The biggest challenge to the Israeli Ethiopian Beta Israel community probably lies in the very low level of formal education of the immigrants. With few exceptions, when they first arrived in Israel, they had no useful training for a developed economy like that of Israel and due to the oral nature of rural living in Ethiopia, illiteracy was very common although young people were better educated, and a minority group amongst the Beta Israel immigrants did attend secondary schools in Ethiopia. Therefore, the very abrupt transition from village life in Ethiopia to Israel, has been accompanied by adjustment crises which in turn greatly affected their learning and integration into Israeli society.

Israelis of '''Ethiopian descent''' rank below the national average on several critical socioeconomic metrics, Although '''large''' '''improvement''' has '''been''' '''made''' in terms of educational attainmentand and Socio-economic status in recent years and progress is being made on several fronts.

In 2020 The net income per household among Israelis of '''Ethiopian descent''' amounted to 14,027 NIS compared to 17,779 NIS for all Jewish households and 11,810 NIS for Arab households.<ref>((Cite web |title=האוכלוסייה ממוצא אתיופי בישראל - לקט נתונים לרגל חג הסיגד |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/Pages/2020/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90-%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98-%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9C-%D7%97%D7%92-%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93-.aspx |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=www.cbs.gov.il |language=he-IL))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=פערים בין יהודים לערבים 2021-2020 - נתונים מתוך דוח פני החברה מס' 14 |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/Pages/2023/%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D-2021-2020-%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9A-%D7%93%D7%95%D7%97-%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94-%D7%9E%D7%A1-14.aspx |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=www.cbs.gov.il |language=he-IL))</ref> This was an increase from 2017 when the net monthly income per household among Israelis of '''Ethiopian descent''' was 11,453 NIS compared to 15,751 NIS for All households.<ref>((Cite web |title=האוכלוסייה ממוצא אתיופי בישראל - לקט נתונים לרגל חג הסיגד |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/Pages/2018/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90-%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98-%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9C-%D7%97%D7%92-%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93.aspx |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=www.cbs.gov.il |language=he-IL))</ref>

During the 2021/22 academic year, the percentage of 12th-grade students of '''Ethiopian descent''' taking matriculation exams was 92%, compared with 95.2% of the students in the Hebrew education system overall (excluding ultra-Orthodox supervision). The rate of eligibility for a [[Bagrut certificate|Bagrut]] certificate among 12th grade students of '''Ethiopian descent''' is 77.1%(compared to 85.1% in the Hebrew education sector and 74.5% in the [[Education in Israel#Arab sector|Arab '''education''' sector]]) and has been on the rise in recent years(it was 62% in 2018, 53% in 2013 and 34% in 2004).<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.israelhayom.co.il/news/education/article/13053641 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=www.israelhayom.co.il))</ref><ref>((Cite news |last=אלון |first=אמיר |date=2018-11-05 |title=דו"ח יוצאי אתיופיה בישראל: פחות בחינוך הדתי, יותר זכאים לתעודת בגרות |language=he |work=Ynet |url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5389458,00.html |access-date=2023-12-18))</ref> The rate of eligibility for a matriculation certificate that meets the threshold requirements of the universities among 12th grade students of Ethiopian descent is 59.1% compared to 75.1% in the Hebrew education system overall (excluding ultra-Orthodox supervision) and 51.3% in the Arab education sector, A significant increase from the previous years(it was 31% during the 2013/14 academic year).<ref>((Cite web |title=האוכלוסייה המוסלמית בישראל – נתונים לרגל חג הקורבן 2023 |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/Pages/2023/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9C-%D7%97%D7%92-%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9F-2023.aspx |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=www.cbs.gov.il |language=he-IL))</ref><ref>((Cite web |title=האוכלוסייה ממוצא אתיופי בישראל - לקט נתונים לרגל חג הסיגד |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/Pages/2015/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94-%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%90-%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99-%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98-%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%9C-%D7%97%D7%92-%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%93.aspx |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=www.cbs.gov.il |language=he-IL))</ref>

In order to reconcile this Income gap many programs have been created to better the Ethiopian Jews in Israel's socio-economic status. One such program was Prof. Shalva Weil's program on excellence among Ethiopian Jews in Educational Leadership, run from the Hebrew University over time, women as well as men trained as leaders and informal educational leaders. Another program is Yvel's Megemeria School. Started in 2012, with the help of Yedid, the established pearl jewelry designer based in Jerusalem decided to open up a school to teach a class of Ethiopian students the tricks of the trade, as well as help them with Hebrew and English language courses and provide them with valuable personal finance lessons. Upon the completion of the program, the graduates are placed in jobs within the Israeli jewelry industry. This program has been so successful that it receives hundreds of applicants every year, although it only has space for 21 students per class.

== Absorption in Israel ==
Ethiopian Beta Israel are gradually becoming part of the mainstream Israeli society in religious life, military service (with nearly all males doing national service), education, and politics. Similarly to other groups of immigrant Jews, who made aliyah to Israel, the Ethiopian Beta Israel have faced obstacles in their integration to Israeli society. The Ethiopian Beta Israel community's internal challenges have been complicated by: entering a relatively modern country (Israel) from non-modern, rural, remote regions of Ethiopia (compared with other immigrant groups entering from industrialized countries, and who typically possess significantly greater formal education); the disruption of long-standing hierarchies and customs within Beta Israel in which elders lead and guide their community; racial prejudice; and a degree of lingering doubt within a minority of groups regarding the "Jewishness" of certain Ethiopians (e. g., the Falash Mura). However, with successive generations, Ethiopian Israelis have climbed in Israeli society. [citation needed]

Individual Ethiopian Beta Israel had lived in Eretz Yisrael prior to the establishment of the state. A youth group arrived in Israel in the 1950s to undergo training in Hebrew education, and returned to Ethiopia to educate young Beta Israeli community members there. Also, Ethiopian Beta Israel had been trickling into Israel prior to the 1970s. The numbers of such Ethiopian immigrants grew after the Israeli government officially recognized them in 1973 as Jews, entitled to Israeli citizenship.[1]

To prepare for the absorption of tens of thousands of Ethiopian Beta Israel, the State of Israel prepared two "Master Plans" (Ministry of Absorption, 1985, 1991). The first was prepared in 1985, a year after the arrival of the first wave of immigrants. The second updated the first in response to the second wave of immigration in 1991 from Ethiopia. The first Master Plan contained an elaborate and detailed program. It covered issues of housing, education, employment, and practical organization, together with policy guidelines regarding specific groups, including women, youths, and single-parent families. Like earlier absorption policies, it adopted a procedural approach which assumed that the immigrants were broadly similar to the existing majority population of Israel. The Plans were created with a firm belief in assimilation. As noted in this section, results have been disappointing, and suggest that much greater attention needs to be paid to issues of ethnicity.[2]

According to a 1999 BBC article, a report commissioned by Israel's Ministry of Immigrant Absorption stated that 75% of the 70,000 Ethiopian Beta Israel community, living in Israel in 1999 could not read or write Hebrew. More than half the population could not hold a simple conversation in the Hebrew language. Unlike Russian immigrants, many of whom arrived with job skills, Ethiopians came from a subsistence economy and were ill-prepared to work in an industrialized society. Since then, much progress has been made. Through military service, most Ethiopian Beta Israel have been able to increase their chances for better opportunities.[3] Today, most Ethiopian Beta Israel have been for the most part integrated into Israeli society; however, a high drop-out rate is a problem, although a higher number are now edging towards the higher areas of society. [citation needed]

In September 2006, the Israeli government's proposed 2007 budget included reducing Ethiopian immigration from 600 persons per month to 150. On the eve of the Knesset vote, the Prime Minister's office announced that the plan had been dropped. Advocates for the Falash Mura noted that although the quota was set at 600 per month in March 2005, actual immigration has remained at 300 per month.[4]

The first contact with Israel generally led to a culture shock amongst many of the new immigrants. Many of the Beta Israel immigrants, especially those who came from remote villages in Ethiopia, had never used electricity, elevators, flush toilets, or televisions. In addition, the adaptation to the Israeli cuisine was difficult. [citation needed]

The break-up of many of the close and extended families after being brought to the various integration centers in Israel, as well as the initial integration with the Israeli society was very difficult for many of the new immigrants. Name-changing also caused a symbolic break with the new immigrants' past. The Israeli authorities originally gave many of the new immigrants Hebrew given names, Hebrew names, and required them all to have family names, which did not exist in the Ethiopian society. These name-changes created a two-tier system, in which old and new names were used by the new immigrants. The immersion with the Hebrew language was not easy for the new immigrants, and the majority of the new immigrants never managed to master the language, even after living many years in Israel, resulting in a strong social marginalization. Finally, the questioning of their traditional religious practices by the Chief Rabbinate of Israel led to great confusion amongst the new immigrants.

==Involvement in politics==
The [[Atid Ehad]] party sees itself as the political representative of the community, though other parties include Ethiopian members. In 2006, [[Shas]], a party representing [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] Jews of Sephardic and Middle Eastern background, included an Ethiopian rabbi from [[Beersheba]] in its list for the [[Knesset]], in a conscious attempt to represent diverse geographic and ethnic groups. Shas was not the only party attempting to appeal to the Ethiopian vote. [[Herut - The National Movement]] and [[Kadima]] both had Ethiopians on their lists. [[Shlomo Molla|Shlomo Mula]], head of the [[Jewish Agency]]'s Ethiopian absorption department, was ranked 33 on Kadima's list,<ref>((Cite web|title=Knesset to swear in 2nd Ethiopian MK|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel/knesset-to-swear-in-2nd-ethiopian-mk|access-date=2020-09-01|website=The Jerusalem Post ((!)) JPost.com|date=February 7, 2008 ))</ref> and Avraham was number three on Herut's list.((Citation needed|date=April 2020))

In 2012, Israel appointed the country's first Ethiopian-born ambassador, Beylanesh Zevadia. According to the foreign minister of Israel, this represents an important milestone in fighting racism and prejudice.<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=259779 J'lem appoints first Ethiopian-born ambassador]. Jerusalem Post, 02/28/2012</ref> This was followed in 2020 by the appointment of [[Pnina Tamano-Shata]] to the post of [[Ministry of Aliyah and Integration|Minister of Aliyah and Integration]] in the [[Thirty-fifth government of Israel#Ministers|35th Israeli government]], as the first Ethiopian-born government minister.<ref>((Cite web|title=Pnina Tamano-Shata: From desert exodus to member of cabinet|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/pnina-tamano-shata-from-desert-exodus-to-member-of-cabinet-629417|access-date=2020-09-01|website=The Jerusalem Post ((!)) JPost.com|date=May 31, 2020 ))</ref>

==Language==
The main language used for communication among Israeli citizens and amongst the Ethiopian Beta Israel in Israel is [[Modern Hebrew]]. The majority of the Beta Israel immigrants continue to speak in [[Amharic language|Amharic]] (primarily) and [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] at home with their family members and friends. The Amharic language and the Tigrinya language are written in the [[Ge'ez alphabet|Ge'ez script]], originally developed for the [[Ge'ez language]] used in [[Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church]].((Citation needed|date=April 2020))

Historically, Ethiopian Jews had spoken [[Agaw languages]] such as [[Qwara dialect|Qwara]] (nearly extinct) and [[Kayla dialect|Kayla]] (extinct).<ref>"Kaïliña((spaced ndash))a "new" Agaw dialect and its implications for Agaw dialectology". In Voice and Power. The Culture of Language in North-East Africa. Ed. by R.J. Hayward & I. Lewis. pp.&nbsp;1–19. London, SOAS. 1996 (March). ((ISBN|0-7286-0257-1)).</ref><ref>[[David Appleyard]], "Preparing a Comparative Agaw Dictionary", in ed. Griefenow-Mewis & Voigt, ''Cushitic & Omotic Languages: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium Berlin, Mar. 17-19, 1994'', Rüdiger Köppe Verlag, Köln 1996. ((ISBN|3-927620-28-9)).</ref>

==Relations with Ethiopia==
Although some non-Jewish Ethiopians expressed bitterness towards the Beta Israel emigration out of Ethiopia,<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/20729|title=Americanchronicle.com|website=Americanchronicle.com|access-date=August 27, 2017))</ref> the Ethiopian Jews have close ties with Ethiopian people and tradition. Achievements by the Ethiopian Jews like [[Hagit Yaso]] winning the [[Kokhav Nolad]] creates a sense of pride in Ethiopia.((fact|date=May 2022)) The Ethiopian government is also an important ally of Israel on the international stage. Israel often sends expert assistance for development projects in Ethiopia. Strategically, Israel "has always aspired to protect itself by means of a [[Alliance of the periphery|non-Arab belt]] that has included at various times Iran, Turkey, and Ethiopia".<ref>Zvi Bar'el, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090225091719/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1065943.html "Why we need Turkey"], [[Ha'aretz]], February 22, 2009</ref>

==Demography==
The following is a list of the 60 most significant Beta Israel population centers in Israel, as of 2006:<ref name="auto"/>

[[File:Poleg interchange.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Netanya]] is home to the largest Beta Israel community in Israel.]]
[[File:PikiWiki Israel 10703 Architecture of Israel.jpg|thumb|250px|Ethiopian Beta Israel Synagogue in [[Netivot]].]]
[[File:EthiopianJewryMemorial-12A.jpg|thumb|250px|The official memorial site to the memory of Ethiopian Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews), who died in their [[Aliyah from Ethiopia|way to Israel]] on [[Mount Herzl]].]]
[[File:Ethiopian hut.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Tukul|Gojo]] in [[Kfar HaNoar HaDati]], [[Kfar Hasidim]].]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
! Rank || City || Total population<br /> || Beta Israel population<br /> || % of City Pop<br />
|-
| 1 || [[Netanya]] || 173,000 || 10,200 || 5.9
|-
| 2 || [[Beersheba]] || 185,443 || 6,216 || 3.4
|-
| 3 || [[Ashdod]] || 204,153 || 6,191 || 3.0
|-
| 4 || [[Rehovot]] || 104,545 || 6,179 || 5.9
|-
| 5 || [[Haifa]] || 266,280 || 5,484 || 2.1
|-
| 6 || [[Ashkelon]] || 107,759 || 5,132 || 4.8
|-
| 7 || [[Rishon LeZion]] || 222,041 || 5,004 || 2.3
|-
| 8 || [[Hadera]] || 76,332 || 4,828 || 6.3
|-
| 9 || [[Jerusalem]] || 733,329 || 4,526 || 0.6
|-
| 10 || [[Petah Tikva]] || 184,196 || 4,041 || 2.2
|-
| 11 || [[Kiryat Malakhi]] || 19,519 || 3,372 || 17.3
|-
| 12 || [[Ramla]] || 64,172 || 3,297 || 5.1
|-
| 13 || [[Lod]] || 66,776 || 3,176 || 4.8
|-
| 14 || [[Afula]] || 39,274 || 3,123 || 8.0
|-
| 15 || [[Kiryat Gat]] || 47,794 || 3,062 || 6.4
|-
| 16 || [[Beit Shemesh]] || 69,482 || 2,470 || 3.6
|-
| 17 || [[Yavne]] || 31,884 || 2,102 || 6.6
|-
| 18 || [[Kiryat Yam]] || 37,201 || 1,672 || 4.5
|-
| 19 || [[Bat Yam]] || 129,437 || 1,502 || 1.2
|-
| 20 || [[Safed]] || 28,094 || 1,439 || 5.1
|-
| 21 || [[Gedera]] || 15,462 || 1,380 || 8.9
|-
| 22 || [[Pardes Hanna-Karkur]] || 29,835 || 1,333 || 4.5
|-
| 23 || [[Netivot]] || 24,919 || 1,217 || 4.9
|-
| 24 || [[Be'er Ya'akov]] || 9,356 || 1,039 || 11.1
|-
| 25 || [[Ness Ziona]] || 30,951 || 986 || 3.2
|-
| 26 || [[Tel Aviv]] || 384,399 || 970 || 0.3
|-
| 27 || [[Or Yehuda]] || 31,255 || 903 || 2.9
|-
| 28 || [[Migdal HaEmek]] || 24,705 || 882 || 3.6
|-
| 29 || [[Holon]] || 167,080 || 825 || 0.5
|-
| 30 || [[Yokneam Illit]] || 18,453 || 772 || 4.2
|-
| 31 || [[Kiryat Motzkin]] || 39,707 || 769 || 1.9
|-
| 32 || [[Kiryat Ekron]] || 9,900 || 735 || 7.4
|-
| 34 || [[Karmiel]] || 44,108 || 667 || 1.5
|-
| 35 || [[Kfar Saba]] || 81,265 || 665 || 0.8
|-
| 36 || [[Tirat Carmel]] || 18,734 || 635 || 3.4
|-
| 37 || [[Arad, Israel|Arad]] || 23,323 || 602 || 2.6
|-
| 38 || [[Ofakim]] || 24,447 || 598 || 2.4
|-
| 39 || [[Nazareth Illit]] || 43,577 || 596 || 1.4
|-
| 40 || [[Kiryat Bialik]] || 36,497 || 524 || 1.4
|-
| 41 || [[Sderot]] || 19,841 || 522 || 2.6
|-
| 42 || [[Ma'ale Adumim]] || 31,754 || 506 || 1.6
|-
| 43 || [[Gan Yavne]] || 15,826 || 501 || 3.2
|-
| 44 || [[Tiberias]] || 39,996 || 483 || 1.2
|-
| 45 || [[Bnei Brak]] || 147,940 || 461 || 0.3
|-
| 46 || [[Rosh HaAyin]] || 37,453 || 424 || 1.1
|-
| 47 || [[Kfar Yona]] || 14,118 || 413 || 2.9
|-
| 48 || [[Ra'anana]] || 72,832 || 385 || 0.5
|-
| 49 || [[Kiryat Ata]] || 49,466 || 350 || 0.7
|-
| 50 || [[Eilat]] || 46,349 || 331 || 0.7
|-
| 51 || [[Nahariya]] || 50,439 || 309 || 0.6
|-
| 52 || [[Herzliya]] || 84,129 || 271 || 0.3
|-
| 53 || [[Beit She'an]] || 16,432 || 230 || 1.4
|-
| 54 || [[Hod HaSharon]] || 44,567 || 210 || 0.5
|-
| 55 || [[Yehud-Monosson]] || 25,464 || 172 || 0.7
|-
| 56 || [[Nesher]] || 21,246 || 166 || 0.8
|-
| 57 || [[Even Yehuda]] || 9,711 || 163 || 1.7
|-
| 58 || [[Ofra]] || 2,531 || 131 || 5.2
|-
| 59 || [[Kedumim]] || 3,208 || 104 || 3.2
|-
| 60 || [[Ramat Gan]] || 129,658 || 101 || 0.1
|-
|}

The city of Kiryat Malakhi has a large concentration of Ethiopian Beta Israel, with 17.3% of the town’s population being members of the Beta Israel as of 2006. This proportion would slightly decline to 16% by 2019.<ref>((Cite web |last=Magid |first=Jacob |title=In southern Likud stronghold, young Ethiopians lose patience with status quo |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-southern-likud-stronghold-young-ethiopians-lose-patience-with-status-quo/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US))</ref><ref>((Cite news |title=Kiryat Malakhi Demonstrators: Proud of Our Skin Color |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2012-01-11/ty-article/kiryat-malakhi-demonstrators-proud-of-our-skin-color/0000017f-df07-d856-a37f-ffc779620000 |access-date=2023-07-02))</ref> Southern towns, including Qiryat Gat, Kiryat Malakhi, Be'er Sheva, Yavne, Ashkelon, Rehovot, Kiryat Ekron, and Gedera have significant Ethiopian Jewish populations.<ref>((Cite web |title=The Situation of Ethiopian Jews in Israel |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-situation-of-ethiopian-jews-in-israel |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org))</ref>

'''Table - The Population of Ethiopian Origin at the End of 2019, in Main Localities'''

The following is a list of the most significant Beta Israel population centers in Israel in localities above 2,000 people, as of 2019.<ref>((Cite web |title=The Population of Ethiopian Origin in Israel: Selected Data Published on the Occasion of the Sigd Festival 2022 |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/mediarelease/Pages/2022/The-Ethiopian-Population-in-Israel-2022.aspx |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.cbs.gov.il |language=en-US))</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Locality'''
|'''Total population in locality (thousands)'''<ref>((Cite web |title=The Population of Ethiopian Origin in Israel: Selected Data Published on the Occasion of the Sigd Festival 2022 |url=https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/mediarelease/Pages/2022/The-Ethiopian-Population-in-Israel-2022.aspx |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.cbs.gov.il |language=en-US))</ref>
|'''Total Population of Ethiopian origin in locality (thousands)'''
|'''Percentage population of Ethiopian origin out of total population in locality'''
|-
|National Total
|9,140.5
|155.3
|1.7
|-
|Netanya
|221.4
|12.0
|5.4
|-
|Rishon LeZiyyon
|254.4
|8.9
|3.5
|-
|Be’er Sheva
|209.7
|8.7
|4.1
|-
|Petah Tiqwa
|248.0
|8.1
|3.2
|-
|Ashqelon
|144.1
|7.7
|5.3
|-
|Rehovot
|143.9
|7.6
|5.3
|-
|Ashdod
|225.9
|7.4
|3.3
|-
|Jerusalem
|936.4
|6.4
|0.7
|-
|Hadera
|97.3
|5.9
|6.1
|-
|Qiryat Gat
|57.1
|5.8
|10.2
|-
|Haifa
|285.3
|5.8
|2.0
|-
|Bet Shemesh
|125.0
|4.3
|3.5
|-
|Ramla
|76.2
|4.2
|5.6
|-
|Lod
|77.2
|4.2
|5.4
|-
|Qiryat Mal’akhi
|23.8
|3.8
|16.0
|-
|Afula
|54.2
|3.8
|7.0
|-
|Yavne
|47.6
|3.4
|7.2
|-
|Tel Aviv-Yafo
|460.6
|2.7
|0.6
|-
|Bat Yam
|129.0
|2.6
|2.0
|-
|Holon
|196.3
|2.4
|1.2
|}
(1)  Localities with 2,000 or more residents of Ethiopian origin

== Controversy ==

=== Discrimination claims ===
Controversy regarding the treatment of Ethiopian Jews began as early as the 1980s. Early that decade, the Israeli Chief Rabbinate put a policy in place that required immigrants to go through a ritual conversion ceremony, accept Rabbinic law, and - for males - be re-circumcised, with the stated goal of facilitating their assimilation to Jewish culture in Israel. By 1984, Ethiopian Jews opposed this policy, which they argued disregarded their religious practices as Jews. Many immigrants began to refuse to undergo conversion ceremonies and re-circumcision. In early 1985, the Chief Rabbinate changed the policy so that only Ethiopian Jews who wanted to marry as Jews in Israel would have to undergo the process. However, the Ethiopians still opposed the policy, which no other immigrant group in Israel had to undergo, and launched a strike on September 4, 1985. The strike aimed to achieve recognition as Jews without formal conversion or circumcision. Strikers also demanded that Ethiopians who wanted to marry as Jews should be dealt with on a case-by-case basis, and with the involvement of Ethiopian elders. The Ethiopians set up their strike in Jerusalem, outside the office of the Chief Rabbinate. Located next to the Great Synagogue, this was a prime location because people walking to and from synagogue everyday could see the protest. Eventually, non-Ethiopian Israelis began to join the protest. The strike continued for a month, into Rosh Hashanah. Anxious for the strike to end before Yom Kippur, the Chief Rabbinate began to negotiate with the protesters. The protestors denied the compromises, and once Yom Kippur was over, the Chief Rabbinate stopped negotiating with the protestors. The protestors realized their demonstration was taking a step back, so in order to avoid humiliation they decided to accept a deal presented to them weeks prior to the end of the strike. The Ethiopian Jews and Israeli officials agreed that in order for Ethiopians to marry in Israel, they would need to apply with their local registrar. The registrar would take testimony from Ethiopian elders into account, and those who could prove Jewish lineage could get married without the conversion ceremony.<ref name=":0" />[[File:Israeli-Ethiopian men.JPG|thumb|right|Men attending a demonstration against racism and discrimination, 2012]]
In May 2015, The Jewish Daily Forward described the Ethiopian Jewish community in Israel as one that has "long complained of discrimination, racism, and poverty".<ref>[http://forward.com/news/breaking-news/307422/ethiopian-israelis-clash-with-police-as-anti-racism-protests-escalate/ Ethiopian Israelis Clash With Police as Anti-Racism Protests Escalate] The Jewish Daily Forward, 3 May 2015</ref> The absorption of Ethiopians in Israeli society represents an ambitious attempt to deny the significance of race.<ref name=Rebhun/> Israeli authorities, aware of the situation of most African diaspora communities in other Western countries, hosted programs to avoid setting in patterns of discrimination.<ref name=Rebhun/> The Ethiopian Beta Israel community's internal challenges have been complicated by perceived racist attitudes in some sectors of Israeli society and the establishment.<ref name="Bookinfo">Onolemhemhen Durrenda Nash, ''The Black Jews of Ethiopia'', Scarecrow Press; Reprint edition 2002, p. 40</ref>

In 2004, racism was alleged regarding delays in admitting Ethiopian Beta Israel to Israel under the [[Law of return]].<ref name=Rebhun>Rebhun, Uzi, ''Jews in Israel: contemporary social and cultural patterns'', UPNE, 2004, pp. 139–140</ref> However, the delay may be attributed to religious motivations rather than racism, since there was debate whether or not Beta Israel people were indeed Jewish.<ref>((cite journal|jstor=2784774 | volume=27|title=Beta Israel people | pages=104–117))</ref><ref name="Kemp, Adriana 2004, p. 155">Kemp, Adriana, ''Israelis in conflict: hegemonies, identities and challenges'', Sussex Academic Press, 2004, p. 155</ref>

In 2005, racism was alleged when the mayor of [[Or Yehuda]] refused to accept a large increase in Ethiopian immigrants due to fear of having the property of the town decrease in value or having an increase in crime.<ref>((cite news |title=Ethiopian children cannot go to school in Or Yehuda while politicians argue |author=Yuval Azoulay and Yulie Khromchenko |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/ethiopian-children-cannot-go-to-school-in-or-yehuda-while-politicians-argue-1.168964 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2005-09-04 |access-date=2012-03-04))</ref>

In 2009, schoolchildren of Ethiopian ancestry were denied admission into three semi-private Haredi schools in [[Petah Tikva]]. An Israeli government official criticized the Petah Tikva Municipality and the schools. [[Shas]] spiritual leader [[Ovadia Yosef]] threatened to fire any school principal from Shas's school system who refused to receive Ethiopian students. The Israeli Education Ministry decided to pull funding from the Lamerhav, Da'at Mevinim, and Darkhei Noam schools, which refused to accept the students. Israeli Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] spoke out against the rejection of Ethiopian children, calling it "a moral terror attack".<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=153392|title=Deal reached on Petah Tikva Ethiopian olim|website=Jpost.com|date=August 31, 2009 |access-date=August 27, 2017))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/olmert-ethiopian-jews-are-right-to-feel-discriminated-against-1.234885|title=Olmert: Ethiopian Jews Are Right to Feel Discriminated Against|first=Barak|last=Ravid|date=December 9, 2007|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]))</ref>

Demonstrations in Israel have occurred protesting the alleged racism against Ethiopian immigrants.<ref>''Haaretz'': [http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/thousands-in-jerusalem-protest-racism-against-ethiopian-israelis-1.407998 Thousands in Jerusalem protest racism against Ethiopian Israelis.] January 18, 2012. Accessed February 9, 2015.</ref>

===Protests against police brutality===
[[File:מחאה לאחר מותר של סלמון טקה.jpg|thumb|[[July 2019 Ethiopian Jews protest in Israel]]]]
In April 2015, an Ethiopian soldier in the IDF was the victim of an unprovoked and allegedly racist attack by an Israeli policeman and the attack was caught on video. The soldier, Damas Pakedeh, was arrested and then released, after being accused of attacking the policeman. Pakadeh is an orphan who emigrated from Ethiopia with his siblings in 2008. He believes the incident was racially motivated, and that, if the video had not been taken, he would have been punished. Instead, the police officer and volunteer were suspended pending an investigation. Likud MK [[Avraham Neguise]] called on National Police Chief [[Yohanan Danino]] to prosecute the police officer and volunteer, saying they engaged in "a gross violation of the basic law of respecting others and their liberty by those who are supposed to protect us". ''The Jerusalem Post'' notes that in 2015, "there have been a series of reports in the Israeli press about alleged acts of [[police brutality]] against Ethiopian Israelis, with many in the community saying they are unfairly targeted and treated more harshly than other citizens".<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Video-Police-filmed-beating-IDF-soldier-at-scene-of-suspicious-object-case-399319 Video: Police suspended after assaulting IDF soldier in incident caught on tape] ''The Jerusalem Post'', 29 April 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.timesofisrael.com/cops-beat-ethiopian-idf-soldier-in-alleged-racist-attack/ Cops beat Ethiopian IDF soldier in alleged racist attack] The Times of Israel, 27 April 2015</ref>

The incident of police brutality with Pakedeh and alleged brutality of officials from Israel's [[Administration of Border Crossings, Population and Immigration|Administration of Border Crossings, Population, and Immigration]] with Walla Bayach, an Israeli of Ethiopian descent, brought the Ethiopian community to protest. Hundreds of Ethiopians participated in protests the streets of Jerusalem on April 20, 2015, to decry what they view as "rampant racism" and violence in Israel directed at their community. Israel Police Commissioner [[Yohanan Danino]] met with representatives of the Israeli Ethiopian community that day following the recent violent incidents involving police officers and members of the community.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4652484,00.html Ethiopians protest racist attack: 'Israel will be like Baltimore'] YNET, 30 April 2015</ref> When over a thousand people protested police brutality against Ethiopians and dark skinned Israelis, Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] announced: "I strongly condemn the beating of the Ethiopian IDF soldier, and those responsible will be held accountable."<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Netanyahu-condemns-police-beating-of-Ethiopian-soldier-but-calls-for-calm-amid-protests-400755 Netanyahu condemns police beating of Ethiopian soldier, but calls for calm amid protests] Jerusalem Post, 30 April 2015</ref> Following protests and demonstrations in Tel Aviv that resulted in violence, Netanyahu planned to meet with representatives of the Ethiopian community, including Pakado. Netanyahu said the meeting would include Danino and representatives of several ministries, including Immigrant Absorption. Danino already announced that the officer who beat Pakado had been fired.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/04/world/middleeast/ethiopian-israelis-protest-in-tel-aviv-over-police-treatment.html Anti-Police Protest in Israel Turns Violent] The New York Times, 3 May 2015</ref>

Ethiopian Jews in Israel [[July 2019 Ethiopian Jews protest in Israel|held a protest]] on 2 July 2019.<ref name= 'vox'>((cite news |last1=Ward |first1=Alex |title=Violent protests erupt in Israel over police shooting of unarmed Ethiopian teen |url=https://www.vox.com/2019/7/2/20679896/israel-protest-ethiopia-killing-teenager |access-date=3 July 2019 |agency=VOX |publisher=vox.com |date=2 July 2019))</ref><ref name='al'>((cite news |title=Ethiopian Jews protest after Israeli policeman kills teen |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/ethiopian-jews-protest-israeli-policeman-kills-teen-190703041647844.html |access-date=3 July 2019 |agency=Aljazeera |publisher=aljazeera.com |date=3 July 2019))</ref> The protest started after an off-duty officer killed a young Ethiopian man, named Solomon Teka, on Sunday night, 1 July 2019, in [[Kiryat Haim]], [[Haifa]], in northern Israel.<ref name='jp'>((cite news |last1=Keinon |first1=Herb |last2=Ahronheim |first2=Anna |title=ETHIOPIAN ISRAELIS CONTINUE PROTESTS AS FAMILY OF VICTIM CALLS FOR CALM |url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Netanyahu-on-Ethiopian-Israeli-protests-We-will-not-tolerate-violence-594482 |access-date=3 July 2019 |agency=The Jerusalem Post |newspaper=jpost.com |date=3 July 2019))</ref><ref name='jta'>((cite news |last1=Oster | first1=Marcy |title=Dozens arrested in demonstrations protesting Ethiopian-Israeli's shooting death by off-duty cop |url=https://www.jta.org/quick-reads/dozens-arrested-in-demonstrations-protesting-ethiopian-israelis-shooting-death-by-off-duty-cop |access-date=4 July 2019 |agency=JTA |publisher=jta.org |date=2 July 2019))</ref>

===Blood donations===

On January 24, 1996, ''[[Maariv (newspaper)|Ma'ariv]]'' newspaper revealed a [[Magen David Adom]] policy that drew heavy criticism in Israel and worldwide.<ref name=Seeman99>((cite journal | last1 = Seeman | first1 = D | date = Jun 1999 | title = One people, one blood": public health, political violence, and HIV in an Ethiopian-Israeli setting | doi = 10.1023/A:1005439308374 | journal = Cult Med Psychiatry | volume = 23 | issue = 2| pages = 159–195 | pmid = 10451801 | s2cid = 19608785 ))</ref><ref name="Kaplan98">((cite journal | last1 = Kaplan | first1 = Edward H. | date = Apr 1998 | title = Israel's ban on use of Ethiopians' blood: how many infectious donations were prevented? | url = http://www.som.yale.edu/faculty/ehk1/Lancet_Ethiopian_blood.pdf | journal = Lancet | volume = 351 | issue = 9109 | pages = 1127–1128 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)10356-7 | pmid = 9660600 | s2cid = 27664179 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100622164125/http://www.som.yale.edu/faculty/ehk1/Lancet_Ethiopian_blood.pdf | archive-date = June 22, 2010 | df = mdy-all ))</ref><ref name="Kaplan99">((cite journal | last1 = Kaplan | first1 = Edward H. | date = Apr–Jun 1999 | title = Implicit Valuation of a Blood-exclusion Decision | doi = 10.1177/0272989X9901900212 | journal = Med Decis Making | volume = 19 | issue = 2| pages = 207–213 | pmid = 10231084 | s2cid = 30602688 ))</ref> According to the policy, which was not brought to the attention of the [[Health Minister of Israel|Israeli Ministry of Health]] or donors, blood donations received from Ethiopian immigrants and their offspring were secretly disposed of. A later [[public inquiry]] traced this back to a misinterpretation of a 1984 instruction to mark blood donations from Ethiopian immigrants due to a relatively high prevalence of [[HBsAg]], indicative of [[Hepatitis B]] infections, in blood samples taken from this population.<ref>((Cite web|last=SEEMAN|first=DON|title=ONE PEOPLE, ONE BLOOD: PUBLIC HEALTH, POLITICALVIOLENCE, AND HIV IN AN ETHIOPIAN-ISRAELI SETTING|url=https://webhome.weizmann.ac.il/home/liorg/seeman.pdf))</ref>

A few days after the expose, ten thousand Beta Israel demonstrated in front of the [[Office of the Prime Minister (Israel)|Office of the Prime Minister]]. The police force was surprised and unprepared for the violence that erupted, leading to policemen being injured by stones, sticks, and steel rods. The police repelled the demonstrators with [[rubber bullets]], [[water cannons]], and [[tear gas]]. 41 policemen and 20 demonstrators were injured, and 200 cars belonging to the employees of the Prime Minister's Office were damaged.

Tests conducted on 650 Ethiopian immigrants who immigrated to Israel in 1984–1990 and 5,200 Ethiopian immigrants who immigrated in 1990–1992 revealed no HIV carriers before July 1990. Nevertheless, among the 5,200 Ethiopian immigrants who immigrated during "[[Operation Solomon]]", there were 118 HIV carriers, who made up 2.3 percent of the test population.<ref name=Alkan93>((cite journal | last1 = Alkan | first1 = ML | last2 = Maayan | first2 = S | last3 = Belmaker | first3 = I | last4 = Arbeli | first4 = Y | last5 = Mani | first5 = N | last6 = Ben-Yshai | first6 = F | date = Jun–Jul 1993 | title = Serological markers for hepatitis B and treponemal infection among HIV carriers from Ethiopia | journal = Isr J Med Sci | volume = 29 | issue = 6–7| pages = 390–392 | pmid = 8349459 ))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=http://www1.snunit.k12.il/heb_journals/chimia/55004.html |title=שם המאמר: האיידס בישראל |website=www1.snunit.k12.il |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001205020800/http://www1.snunit.k12.il/heb_journals/chimia/55004.html |archive-date=5 December 2000 |url-status=dead))</ref><ref name=Pollack94>((cite journal | last1 = Pollack | first1 = S | last2 = Ben-Porath | first2 = E | last3 = Fuad | first3 = B | last4 = Raz | first4 = R | last5 = Etzioni | first5 = A | date = Aug 1994 | title = Epidemiological and serological studies in HIV-infected Ethiopian immigrants to Israel | doi = 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13327.x | journal = Acta Paediatr Suppl | volume = 400 | pages = 19–21 | pmid = 7833553 | s2cid = 28429381 ))</ref><ref name=Bentwich96>((cite journal | last1 = Bentwich | first1 = Z. | last2 = Weisman | first2 = Z. | last3 = Moroz | first3 = C. | last4 = Bar-Yehuda | first4 = S. | last5 = Kalinkovich | first5 = A. | year = 1996 | title = Immune dysregulation in Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections? | doi = 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-612.x | journal = Clinical & Experimental Immunology | volume = 103 | issue = 2| pages = 239–243 | pmid = 8565306 | pmc=2200340))</ref><ref name=Bar-Yehuda97>((cite journal | last1 = Bar-Yehuda | first1 = S | last2 = Weisman | first2 = Z | last3 = Kalinkovich | first3 = A | last4 = Vonsover | first4 = A | last5 = Zlotnikov | first5 = S | last6 = Jehuda-Cohen | first6 = T | last7 = Bentwich | first7 = Z | date = Jan 1997 | title = High prevalence of HIV-specific immunity in seronegative Ethiopian immigrants in Israel | journal = AIDS | volume = 11 | issue = 1| pages = 117–118 | pmid = 9110085 ))</ref>

The public outcry led to his dismissal of the CEO of MDA, and the establishment of a commission of inquiry headed by former Israeli president [[Yitzhak Navon]]. After several months, the committee published its conclusions, calling for a change in policy. The Committee did not find evidence of racism, although some researchers have contested this.<ref name=Seeman99/><ref>((cite web |url=http://www.iaej.co.il/newsite/content.asp?pageid=482 |title=אגודה ישראלית למען יהודי אתיופיה - הזווית האחרת של פרשת שפיכת הדם |access-date=2011-06-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616054205/http://www.iaej.co.il/newsite/content.asp?pageid=482 |archive-date=June 16, 2011 |df=mdy-all ))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3324140,00.html|title=במקום לבכות על הדם - ננקה אותו|date=November 6, 2006|access-date=August 27, 2017|newspaper=Ynet|last1=אבבה |first1=דני אדינו ))</ref>

On November 6, 2006, hundreds of Ethiopians clashed with police when protesters attempted to block the entrance to [[Jerusalem]] in the wake of the Israeli Health Ministry's decision to continue the MDA policy of disposing of donations from high-risk groups.<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/06/africa/ME_GEN_Israel_Blood_Protest.php|title=Ethiopian-Israelis clash with police, disrupt Jerusalem traffic over discarding of donated blood|newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]|date=June 20, 2008|access-date=2017-08-27|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620044718/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/11/06/africa/ME_GEN_Israel_Blood_Protest.php|archive-date=June 20, 2008|df=mdy-all))</ref>

To date, the MDA prohibits the use of blood donations from natives of [[sub-Saharan Africa]], except South Africa, natives of Southeast Asia, natives of the [[Caribbean]] and natives of countries which have been widely affected by the AIDS epidemic, including donations from the natives of Ethiopia. Since 1991, all immigrants from Ethiopia undergo mandatory HIV screenings, regardless of their intention to donate blood.<ref name="Walters88">((cite journal | last1 = Walters | first1 = Leroy | year = 1988 | title = Ethical Issues in the Prevention and Treatment of HIV Infection and AIDS | journal = Science | volume = 239 | issue = 4840| pages = 597–603 | doi=10.1126/science.3340846| pmid = 3340846 | bibcode = 1988Sci...239..597W ))</ref><ref name=Oppenheimer88>Gerald M. Oppenheimer, 'In the eye of the storm: The epidemiological construction of AIDS', pp. 267–300, in [[Elizabeth Fee]] and Daniel M. Fox, eds., 'AIDS: The Burdens of History', (University of California Press, 1988) ((ISBN|978-0-520-06395-2))</ref><ref name=Farmer92>Farmer P., 'AIDS and accusation. Haiti and the geography of blame', University of California Press, Berkeley, 1992. ((ISBN|978-0-520-08343-1)) pp. 210–228</ref>

===Birth control===
According to a TV program in 2012, female Ethiopian immigrants may have been given the [[Depo-Provera]] birth control drug without full explanation of its effects,<ref>((cite news|last=Nesher|first=Talila|title=Israel admits Ethiopian women were given birth control shots|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israel-admits-ethiopian-women-were-given-birth-control-shots.premium-1.496519|access-date=4 February 2013|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=27 January 2013))</ref> although the Israeli health ministry has instructed all health maintenance organizations not to use the treatment unless patients understand the ramifications. Ethiopian Jewish women awaiting [[aliyah]] were given birth control while in transit camps. The drug has existed for around thirty years and about forty percent of women use this method of birth control in Ethiopia.<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Zerihun|first1=Muluken Fekadie|last2=Malik|first2=Tabarak|last3=Ferede|first3=Yohannes Mulu|last4=Bekele|first4=Tesfahun|last5=Yeshaw|first5=Yigizie|date=2019-08-15|title=Changes in body weight and blood pressure among women using Depo-Provera injection in Northwest Ethiopia|journal=BMC Research Notes|volume=12|issue=1|page=512|doi=10.1186/s13104-019-4555-y|issn=1756-0500|pmc=6694638|pmid=31416486 |doi-access=free ))</ref>

The practice was first reported in 2010 by ''Isha le'Isha'' (Hebrew: Woman to Woman), an Israeli women's rights organization. Hedva Eyal, the report's author, stated: "We believe it is a method of reducing the number of births in a community that is black and mostly poor."<ref>((cite news|title=Furore in Israel over birth control drugs for Ethiopian Jews|url=http://www.irinnews.org/Report/97352/Furore-in-Israel-over-birth-control-drugs-for-Ethiopian-Jews|website=Irinnews.org|access-date=4 February 2013|date=28 January 2013))</ref> ''[[Haaretz]]'' criticized international coverage of the issue, alleging that many Ethiopian women's procreational rights had been violated through poor medical practice on immigrant communities, but dismissed ideas of state-sponsored sterilization as false as the effects of Depo-Provera last only for three months.<ref name=HA1>((cite news|title=Ethiopian women and birth control: when a scoop becomes a smear|url=http://www.haaretz.com/blogs/routine-emergencies/ethiopian-women-and-birth-control-when-a-scoop-becomes-a-smear.premium-1.500341|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=30 January 2013))</ref>

According to ''[[Haaretz]]'', the government investigation in 2016 found no evidence that forced birth control injections for Ethiopian-Israelis took place.<ref name=HA2>((cite news|title=No Evidence That Ethiopian-Israeli Women Were Forced to Take Birth-control Shot, Comptroller Says|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2016-01-20/ty-article/.premium/comptroller-ethiopians-not-forced-into-birth-control/0000017f-dc79-df62-a9ff-dcffb5e80000|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=20 January 2016|access-date=2023-11-05))</ref> In a subsequently published independent study, the rapid decline in fertility rate was shown to be "the product of urbanization, improved educational opportunities, a later age of marriage and commencement of childbirth and an earlier age of cessation of childbearing."<ref>((Cite journal|last=Kaplan|first=Steven|date=2016|title=Coercion and Control|journal=International Journal of Ethiopian Studies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26554851|volume=10|issue=1&2|pages=35–50|jstor=26554851 |access-date=2023-11-05))</ref>

==See also==
((Portal|Israel|Africa))
* [[Ethiopia–Israel relations]]
* [[Ethiopian cuisine]]
* [[Aliyah from Ethiopia]]
* [[History of the Jews in Africa]]
* [[History of the Jews in Ethiopia]]
* [[Jewish Agency for Israel]]
* [[Jewish ethnic divisions]]
* [[List of Israeli Ethiopian Jews]]
* ''[[The Red Sea Diving Resort]]''

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
((Commons category|Israelis of Ethiopian descent))
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304033830/http://www.beteisrael.co.il/index.asp Beta Israel: Society and Culture – Ethiopian Jews]
* [http://www.ethiostruggle.com Ethio-struggle]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304173243/http://www.yopi.co.il/ Yopi – The Ethiopian Portal]
* [https://iaej.co.il/language/en/association-of-ethiopian-jews/ Association of Ethiopian Jews website]

((Israeli Jews by ethnic or national origin in Israel))
((Demographics of Israel))((African diaspora))

((DEFAULTSORT:Ethiopian Jews In Israel))
[[Category:Israeli Jews by national origin]]
[[Category:Beta Israel| ]]
[[Category:Habesha peoples]]
[[Category:Ethiopian Jews| ]]
[[Category:Ethiopian diaspora by country|Israel]]
[[Category:Society of Israel]]
[[Category:Jewish Ethiopian history]]
[[Category:Jewish Agency for Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli people of Ethiopian-Jewish descent| ]]
[[Category:Ethiopian-Jewish culture in Israel| ]]

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Return to Ethiopian Jews in Israel.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel"