London ethnic demographics over time

London, the capital of England and the United Kingdom, has become one of the most ethnically diverse and multicultural cities in the world.

Greater London had a population of 8,899,375 at the 2021 census. The White British population, historically the overwhelming majority, had fallen to 36.8% of the population - down from approximately 90% in 1971, 60% in 2001, and 45% in 2011. The 2021 census indicated that 40.6% of the population were born outside the UK.[1] Over 300 languages are spoken in the region.[2][3]

History and ethnic breakdown of London

Population pyramid of London by ethnicity in 2021
Ethnic makeup of London over time in age groups

For the overwhelming majority of London's history, the population of the city was ethnically homogenous with the population being of White British ethnic origin, with small clusters of minority groups such as Jewish people, most notably in areas of the East End. From 1948 onwards, and on a larger scale since the Blair government in the late 1990s and 2000s, immigration from across the globe has led to London becoming one of the world’s most diverse and multicultural cities. The 2011 census reported that for the first time in history, the White British population had fallen below 50%, establishing that it had become a majority-minority city. In 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken and 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000 in London.[4]

Ethnic Group Year
1961 estimations[5] 1971 estimations[6][7] 1981 estimations[8][9] 1991[10] 2001[11] 2011[12] 2021[13]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 7,602,233 97.7% 6,901,596 92.6% 5,663,496 85.7% 5,333,580 79.80% 5,103,203 71.15% 4,887,435 59.79% 4,731,172 53.8%
White: British[Note 1] – – 6,500,000 87% – – – – 4,287,861 59.79% 3,669,284 44.89% 3,239,281 36.8%
White: Irish – – 401,596 5.4% – – 256,470 3.83% 220,488 3.07% 175,974 2.15% 156, 333 1.8%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller[Note 2] – – – – – – – – 8,196 0.10% 7031 0.1%
White: gypsies – – – – – – – – – – 37,689 0.4%
White: Other[Note 1] – – – – – – 594,854 8.29% 1,033,981 12.65% 1,290,838 14.7%
Asian or Asian British: Total – – – – – – 690,031 10.33% 946,894 13.20% 1,511,546 18.49% 1,817,640 20.8%
Asian or Asian British: Indian – – – – – – 347,091 5.19% 436,993 6.09% 542,857 6.64% 656,272 7.5%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – – – – – – 87,816 1.31% 142,749 1.99% 223,797 2.74% 290,549 3.3%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – – – – – – 85,738 1.28% 153,893 2.15% 222,127 2.72% 322,054 3.7%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese[Note 3] – – – – – – 56,579 0.84% 80,201 1.12% 124,250 1.52% 147,520 1.7%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – – – – – 112,807 1.68% 133,058 1.86% 398,515 4.88% 401,245 4.6%
Black or Black British: Total – – – – – – 535,216 8.01% 782,849 10.92% 1,088,640 13.32% 1,188,370 13.5%
Black or Black British: African – – – – – – 163,635 2.44% 378,933 5.28% 573,931 7.02% 697,054 7.9%
Black or Black British: Caribbean – – – – – – 290,968 4.35% 343,567 4.79% 344,597 4.22% 345,405 3.9%
Black or Black British: Other Black – – – – – – 80,613 1.20% 60,349 0.84% 170,112 2.08% 145,911 1.7%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total[Note 1] – – – – – – – – 226,111 3.15% 405,279 4.96% 505,775 5.7%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – – – – – – 70,928 0.99% 119,425 1.46% 132,555 1.5%
Mixed: White and Black African – – – – – – – – 34,182 0.48% 65,479 0.80% 77,341 0.9%
Mixed: White and Asian – – – – – – – – 59,944 0.84% 101,500 1.24% 125,188 1.4%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – – – – – – 61,057 0.85% 118,875 1.45% 170,691 1.9%
Other: Total – – – – – – 120,872 1.81% 113,034 1.58% 281,041 3.44% 556,768 6.3%
Other: Arab[Note 2] – – – – – – – – – – 106,020 1.30% 139,791 1.6%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – – – – – – – 113,034 1.58% 175,021 2.14% 416,977 4.7%
Non-White: Total 179,109 2.3% 547,588 7.4% 945,017 14.3% 1,346,119 20.2% 2,068,888 28.85% 3,286,506 40.2% 4,068,553 46.2%
Total 7,781,342 100% 7,449,184 100% 6,608,513 100% 6,679,699 100.00% 7,172,091 100.00% 8,173,941 100.00% 8,799,725 100%
Distribution of ethnic groups in Greater London according to the 2011 census.
  • White
    White
  • Asian
    Asian
  • Black
    Black
  • White-British
    White-British
  • White-Irish
    White-Irish
  • White-Other
    White-Other
  • Asian-Indian
    Asian-Indian
  • Asian-Pakistani
    Asian-Pakistani
  • Asian-Bangladeshi
    Asian-Bangladeshi
  • Asian-Chinese
    Asian-Chinese
  • Black-African
    Black-African
  • Black-Caribbean
    Black-Caribbean
  • Other-Arab
    Other-Arab

Racial breakdown of London

White population of London

At the 2011 census, the total White population of London stood at 4,887,435.[14]

White British Population White Irish Population White Gypsy/Irish Traveller Population Other White Population Total White Population
Inner London 1,240,266 75,165 3,055 534,723 1,853,209
Outer London 2,429,018 100,809 5,141 499,258 3,034,226
London 3,669,284 175,974 8,196 1,033,981 4,887,435

Whites form a majority of London's population and are evenly spread. Bromley has the highest White British population as well as highest total White, while Newham has the lowest for both. Brent has the highest White Irish population, while Bexley has the highest White Gypsy/Irish Traveller population and Haringey has the highest for Other White (non-British/Irish/Gypsy/Irish Traveller white).[15]

The table below shows the population by numbers in the top 20 boroughs.[15]

Rank London Borough White British Population White Irish Population White Gypsy or Irish Traveller Population Other White Population Total White Population
1 Bromley 239,478 4,463 580 16,349 260,870
2 Barnet 162,117 8,685 151 57,600 228,553
3 Wandsworth 163,739 7,664 163 47,650 219,216
4 Havering 197,615 2,989 160 7,185 207,949
5 Croydon 171,740 5,369 234 22,852 200,195
6 Enfield 126,450 6,899 344 56,947 190,640
7 Bexley 179,250 2,596 624 7,492 189,962
8 Lambeth 118,250 7,456 195 47,124 173,025
9 Hillingdon 142,916 5,949 344 16,822 166,031
10 Ealing 103,035 10,428 300 52,055 165,818
11 Richmond upon Thames 133,582 4,766 95 22,282 160,725
12 Greenwich 133,130 4,291 430 21,151 159,002
13 Southwark 114,534 6,222 263 35,330 156,349
14 Haringey 88,424 6,997 370 58,552 154,343
15 Sutton 134,854 3,219 193 11,183 149,449
16 Lewisham 114,446 5,206 208 27,826 147,686
17 Camden 96,937 7,053 167 41,898 146,055
18 Islington 98,322 8,140 163 33,890 140,515
19 Westminster 77,334 4,960 76 52,960 135,330
20 Waltham Forest 92,999 3,959 369 37,472 134,799

Black population of London

At the 2011 census, the total Black population of London stood at 1,101,688.[14] This is a rise of 39% from the 2001 census, when the population stood at 781,751.

Inner London and Outer London have a near-equal black population. The 2011 census is the first time that the black population in Outer London has overtaken that of Inner London:

Black African Population Black Caribbean Population Other Black Population Total Black Population
Inner London 291,331 186,256 95,350 572,937
Outer London 288,892 163,826 76,033 528,751
London 580,223 350,082 171,383 1,101,688

The black population of London is noticeably concentrated in South London, with the four boroughs with the highest black populations overall all south of the river, and Greenwich also featuring inside the top 10. Southwark has the highest Black African population, Croydon has the highest Black Caribbean population, and Lambeth has the highest total black population in London. In Southwark, Greenwich and Newham, the Black African population is significantly higher than Black Caribbean; conversely, Lewisham and Brent are almost balanced, and Croydon is the only borough where the Black Caribbean population exceeds the Black African one.

The twenty London boroughs with the highest total Black population (Black African, Black Caribbean and Other Black) are listed below:

Rank London Borough Black African Population Black Caribbean Population Other Black Population Total Black Population
1 Lambeth 35,187 28,886 14,469 78,542
2 Southwark 47,413 17,974 12,124 77,511
3 Lewisham 32,025 30,854 12,063 74,942
4 Croydon 28,981 31,320 12,955 73,256
5 Newham 37,811 15,050 7,395 60,256
6 Brent 24,391 23,723 10,518 58,632
7 Hackney 27,976 19,168 9,714 56,858
8 Enfield 28,222 17,334 8,131 53,687
9 Greenwich 35,164 8,051 5,440 48,655
10 Haringey 23,037 18,087 6,706 47,830
11 Waltham Forest 18,815 18,841 7,135 44,791
12 Barking and Dagenham 28,685 5,227 3,228 37,140
13 Ealing 17,299 13,192 6,369 36,860
14 Wandsworth 14,818 12,297 5,641 32,756
15 Barnet 19,392 4,468 3,571 27,431
16 Islington 12,622 7,943 5,729 26,294
17 Redbridge 12,357 9,064 3,424 24,845
18 Hammersmith and Fulham 10,552 7,111 3,842 21,505
19 Merton 10,442 8,126 2,243 20,811
20 Hillingdon 11,275 4,615 4,192 20,082

Asian population of London

At the 2011 census, the total Asian population of London stood at 1,511,546.[14] This is a rise of 60% from the 2001 census, when the population stood at 947,425.

Outer London has a greater Asian population than Inner London:

Indian Population Pakistani Population Bangladeshi Population Chinese Population Other Asian Population Total Asian Population
Inner London 109,933 59,890 163,838 65,983 115,549 515,193
Outer London 432,924 163,907 58,289 58,267 282,966 996,353
London 542,857 223,797 222,127 124,250 398,515 1,511,546

The Asian population of London is noticeably concentrated in East and West London. Harrow has the highest Indian population, Redbridge has the highest Pakistani population, Tower Hamlets has the highest Bangladeshi population and Barnet has the highest Chinese population. Newham has the highest total Asian population in London. The twenty London boroughs with the highest total Asian population (Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Chinese and Other Asian) are listed below.

Rank London Borough Indian Population Pakistani Population Bangladeshi Population Chinese Population Other Asian Population Total Asian Population
1 Newham 42,484 30,307 37,262 3,930 19,912 133,895
2 Redbridge 45,660 31,051 16,011 3,000 20,781 116,503
3 Brent 58,017 14,381 1,749 3,250 28,589 105,986
4 Tower Hamlets 6,787 2,442 81,377 8,109 5,786 104,501
5 Harrow 63,051 7,797 1,378 2,629 26,953 101,808
6 Ealing 48,240 14,711 1,786 4,132 31,570 100,439
7 Hounslow 48,161 13,676 2,189 2,405 20,826 87,257
8 Hillingdon 36,795 9,200 2,639 2,889 17,730 69,253
9 Barnet 27,920 5,344 2,215 8,259 22,180 65,918
10 Croydon 24,660 10,865 2,570 3,925 17,607 59,627
11 Waltham Forest 9,134 26,347 4,632 2,579 11,697 54,389
12 Merton 8,106 7,337 2,216 2,618 15,866 36,143
13 Camden 6,083 1,489 12,503 6,493 8,878 35,446
14 Enfield 11,648 2,594 5,599 2,588 12,464 34,893
15 Wandsworth 8,642 9,718 1,493 3,715 9,770 33,338
16 Westminster 7,213 2,328 6,299 5,917 10,105 31,862
17 Greenwich 7,836 2,594 1,645 5,061 12,758 29,894
18 Barking and Dagenham 7,436 8,007 7,701 1,315 5,135 29,594
19 Southwark 5,819 1,623 3,912 8,074 7,764 27,192
20 Kingston Upon Thames 6,325 3,009 892 2,883 13,043 26,152

Foreign-born population

At the 2011 census, 36.7% of London's population was foreign born (including 24.5% born outside of Europe),[16] with 3,082,000 residents born abroad in 2014.[17] London has the largest population number (not percentage) of foreign-born residents of any UK city.[17]

Population born in the UK Population Foreign-Born
Inner London 2,012,000 1,325,000
Outer London 3,348,000 1,757,000
London 5,359,000 3,082,000
% born in the UK % Foreign-Born
Inner London 57.8 42.2
Outer London 66.9 33.1
London 63.3 36.7

Significant ethnic minority communities

Arabs

Halal Restaurant in the district of Whitechapel

See also: British Arabs

Significant migration from Arab countries to the UK began in the 1940s, mostly by Egyptians. Other waves followed, such as Lebanese fleeing the civil war. The centre of London has a thriving Arab community, centred around Edgware Road.[18]

Bangladeshis

See also: British Bangladeshi
A Bengali sign in Brick Lane in London, which is home to a large Bengali diaspora.

A major wave of immigration began in the 1970s, as people from the Sylhet Division arrived in London, fleeing poverty and the Bangladesh Liberation War. Many settled around Brick Lane (Banglatown), where they entered the textile trade. This trade has declined causing unemployment, but the community has moved into other businesses, including restaurants and banking. The level of immigration peaked in 1986 and has since entered a decline with the introduction of stricter immigration laws.

The community remains concentrated around Bethnal Green and Whitechapel and has spread into other east London boroughs. London as a city is home to the single largest number of people of Bangladeshi origin outside of Bangladesh, with close to 200,000 individuals being of full Bangladeshi origin in 2007.

The community also annually hosts Europe's largest outdoor Asian event known as the Boishakhi Mela as part of the Bengali New Year celebrations.

Chinese

Main article: Chinese community in London

Further information: British Chinese and Chinatown, London

Chinese people constitute the fourth largest Asian group in London (behind the Indians, Pakistanis and Bangladeshis respectively); numbering 114,800 in 2007, they are spread more or less across the entire city and have become successful in British life, especially when it comes to cuisine. The history of the Chinese in London is long and complex, with the first Chinese people arriving in the city in the 19th century as sailors.

Germans

See also: Germans in the United Kingdom
Douglas House in Petersham, which houses the German School London

Fiona Moore, author of "The German School in London, UK: Fostering the Next Generation of National Cosmopolitans?", wrote that the London German community "relies on subtle network connections rather than the displaying of obvious membership traits", since London Germans attended the same churches, joined the same clubs, and sent their children to the same schools.[19] According to Moore this aspect was likely influenced by the outcomes of World War I and World War II, resulting in encouragement for UK-based Germans "to try to blend in to a greater degree than elsewhere."[19]

The German business and expatriate community is centred on the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, which houses the German School London (DSL) and most German expatriates residing in London. Moore wrote that the borough "does not immediately show signs of hosting a German community" due to a lack of obvious German businesses and storefronts,[19] but that most residents know of the location of the DSL and that there are "more subtle signs of German presence."[20]

German expatriates are located throughout London. Some of them do not go to the Borough of Richmond upon Thames even though the centre of the German community is located there.[19]

Ghanaians

See also: Ghanaian British

Besides Nigerians, Ghanaians are one of the largest Black African groups in London, with the majority living in the boroughs of Southwark, Lambeth, Newham, Hackney, Haringey, Lewisham, Merton, Waltham Forest, Croydon, Enfield and Brent.[21]

Greeks

See also: Greek British

According to the "History of London's Greek community" by Jonathan Harris,[22] the Greek population of London numbered several thousand by 1870 AD whereas in 1850 AD it was just a few hundred. The 2001 Census recorded 12,360 Greek-born people living in London, with particular concentrations in the Hyde Park, Regent's Park, Chelsea and Kensington Census tracts.[23]

The Census tracts with the highest number of Cypriot-born people in 2001 were Palmers Green, Upper Edmonton, Cockfosters, Lower Edmonton, Tottenham North and Tottenham South.[24] Many Greek-Cypriots reside in Wood Green, Harringay and Palmers Green, the latter harbouring the largest community of Greek-Cypriots outside Cyprus, resulting in these areas bearing local nicknames whereby the Green is replaced by Greek – as in Greek Lanes and Palmers Greek.[25][26][27]

According to a City of London Corporation sponsored report,[28] there are between 280,600 and 310,000 Greek speakers in Greater London.

The Greek Primary School of London and the Greek Secondary School of London both serve the community.

Indians

Main articles: British Indian and Indian community of London

British Indians have long been one of London's largest ethnic minority groups and in 2007 over 500,000 Indians were residing in London (this excludes people of half or less Indian origin). Around 7% of London's population is of Indian origin. Indians have been in the British capital for generations and come from all walks of life. They are influential in the city's culture and are major contributors to London's workforce and economy.

Southall, Hounslow and Wembley have significant Indian populations.

Irish

See also: Irish migration to Great Britain

Irish migration to Great Britain has a lengthy history due to the close proximity of, and complex relationship between, the islands of Ireland and Great Britain and the various political entities that have ruled them. Today, millions of residents of Great Britain are either from the island of Ireland or have Irish ancestry. Around six million Britons have an Irish grandfather or grandmother (approximately 10% of the UK population).[29] 900,000 ethnic Irish people live in the capital (12% of the city's population); despite this, some sources put the population of people of Irish descent in London at 77% (some five and a half million people), although the White British and White Irish populations combined are less than this.[30][31] The highest numbers of the Irish population is in the North and West London boroughs of Brent and Ealing.[15]

Jamaicans

See also: Jamaican British

There are records that show black people, predominantly from Jamaica, living in London during the 17th and 18th centuries; but it was not until the arrival of the HMT Empire Windrush, on 22 June 1948, that significant numbers of Caribbeans, in particular Jamaicans, arrived in the capital. This has since become an important landmark in the history of modern multicultural Britain. During the post World War II era, the presence of the Caribbean Community was requested to help reconstruct the British economy. Employers such as British Rail, the NHS and London transport recruited almost exclusively from Jamaica. Some 250,000 Londoners are of Jamaican origin.[32] Brixton and Harlesden are considered the community's cultural capitals.[33][34]

Japanese

Main article: Japanese community of London
Japanese School in London

Junko Sakai, author of Japanese Bankers in the City of London: Language, Culture and Identity in the Japanese Diaspora, stated that there is no particular location for the Japanese community in London, but that the families of Japanese "company men" have a tendency of living in North London and West London. Japanese restaurants and shops are located around these groups of Japanese people.[35]

Jews

Main article: British Jews

Jews are often considered a religious minority. Legally, however, Jews are also an ethnic minority, since they are protected under the Race Relations Act.[36][37] London has the second largest Jewish community in Europe after Paris, numbering some 160,000, particularly in North London. Districts with a high concentration include Finchley, Mill Hill, Edgware, Stanmore, Golders Green, Hendon, Hampstead Garden Suburb, Highgate, and further east the Hasidic-strong exclave in Stamford Hill & South Tottenham.

Koreans

See also: Koreans in the United Kingdom
Kmart, a Korean supermarket in New Malden

As of 2014 there were about 10,000 ethnic Koreans in New Malden proper,[38] and as of the same year the Korean population in the area around New Malden is around 20,000, including about 600 originating from North Korea, giving it the largest group of North Koreans in Europe.[39] Many of the Koreans living in New Malden work for Korean companies, and they are either permanently settled and formerly expatriate, or they are still expatriates.[40] In 2015 Paul Fischer of The Independent wrote that the North Koreans were insular, and that there were tensions between the South Korean majority and the North Koreans in New Malden.[38]

The New Malden area has Korean-language churches and nursery schools as well as restaurants and shops with Korean clientele.[41] The area has Korean supermarkets, about 20 Korean restaurants and cafes,[38] including those serving bulgogi.[38] It also has a noraebang (Karaoke bar).[39] The Korean language is visible on several shop signs. The original Embassy of South Korea to the United Kingdom is in Malden.[38]

Some factors cited in The Telegraph as reasons why the Korean community formed in New Malden included a 1950s joint venture partnership between a chaebol and Racal Avionics (formerly Dacca), Lord Chancellor's Walk in Coombe Lane West previously serving as the residence of the Ambassador of South Korea to the United Kingdom, and Samsung Electronics having its UK offices in New Malden until they moved to their current location in Chertsey, Surrey in 2005. Many Koreans settled in New Malden in the 1970s due to the ambassador's location.[39]

There is a newspaper published in New Malden, Free NK, which is opposed to the government of North Korea.[39]

Lithuanians

See also: Lithuanians in the United Kingdom
St Casimir's Lithuanian Church in Bethnal Green

The Lithuanian community in London goes back to at least the early 20th century. Most of the community came in a wave of Eastern European immigration in the 2000s, after Lithuania joined the European Union.[42]

Most of London's Lithuanians live in the boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Newham, Redbridge and Waltham Forest, with smaller numbers elsewhere. The main Lithuanian-speaking Roman Catholic church, St Casimir's, however, lies in Bethnal Green.[42]

Nigerians

See also: Nigerian British

London (in particular the southern boroughs) is home to the largest Nigerian community in the UK, and possibly the largest overseas Nigerian community in the world. The first recorded Nigerian in London was Olaudah Equiano who came to Britain after escaping from slavery over 200 years ago, becoming a member of the abolitionist Sons of Africa group.

In the mid-20th century a wave of Nigerian immigrants came to London. Civil and political unrest in the country contributed to numerous refugees arriving in England.[43] The vast majority of famous and notable British people of Nigerian origin were either born in or now live in London.

Peckham (also known as Little Lagos and Yorubatown) is home to one of the largest overseas Nigerian communities in the world; many of the local establishments are Yoruba-owned. Nigerian churches and mosques can be found in the area. As immigrants become assimilated, English is becoming the predominant language of the local Nigerian British population. The Yoruba language is declining in use in the Peckham area despite the increasing Nigerian population.[44] In 2001, about 7% of Peckham's population was born in Nigeria.[45] A much larger proportion of the ward's 60% Black population is of Nigerian descent, as 40% are of other African descent.[46]

Pakistanis

Main article: Pakistani community of London
Asian Afro-Caribbean Food Store in London

Pakistanis in London form the largest concentrated community of British Pakistanis; immigration from regions which now form Pakistan predate Pakistan's independence.[47] The main concentrations of Pakistani settlement in London are found in Outer London with the boroughs of Redbridge, Newham and Waltham Forest accounting for nearly a third of Londoners of Pakistani descent.

Polish

See also: Poles in the United Kingdom
Sign in English and Polish outside St Andrew Bobola's Church in Shepherd's Bush

London has had a notable Polish community since the Second World War. Many of the migrants from Poland in the 1940s were soldiers and their families. The Polish Government in Exile was based in London until it was dissolved in 1991 following the restoration of democracy in Poland. In the 2000s a wave of Polish immigrants came to Britain, including London, after Poland joined the European Union. As of 2016, Poles now account for about 4.5 per cent of London's foreign-born population.[48]

The boroughs of Ealing, Enfield, Kensington and Chelsea, Haringey, Lambeth, Lewisham and Wandsworth have significant numbers of Poles living there. The Church of the Evangelist in Putney is one of several Polish-speaking Roman Catholic churches in London, and the Polish Social and Cultural Association in Hammersmith is the community's main centre. Polish-style shops, with their distinctive red and white signs accompanied by words in the Polish language, can be found in many parts of London.[49]

Romanian

There has been a growing Romanian community in London since World War II. In the 2000s a wave of Romanian immigrants came to the UK, including London, after Romania joined the European Union.

A particularly concentrated community exists in the Edgware-London suburb of Burnt Oak which has gained the nickname "Little Romania" or "Little Bucharest".[50] Most Romanians belong to the Romanian Orthodox religion.[51]

Romanichal

See also: Romanichal

Roma are concentrated in north and east London.

Sri Lankans

See also: British Sri Lankans

There is a large Sri Lankan community in London. The population of Sri Lankans in London was 50,000 in 2001 and 84,000 in 2011.[52][53] British Sri Lankans in London (mainly Tamils) can be found in Harrow (West London) and Tooting (South London).[54] They have a long presence in the UK dating back to the colonial times in the 19th century.[55] However, the majority came as refugees during the Sri Lankan Civil War.[56]

Thai

See also: Thais in the United Kingdom

Turkish

Main articles: Turkish community of London and British Turks

London is home to the largest Turkish community in the UK. The boroughs of Enfield, Haringey and Hackney have a significant number of Turkish inhabitants. A large Turkish-cypriot community is also present in boroughs of South London such as Lambeth and Croydon.

Gallery

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c New category created for the 2001 census
  2. ^ a b New category created for the 2011 census
  3. ^ In 2001, listed under the 'Other ethnic group' heading.

References

Reference notes

  1. ^ "Migration statistics - House of Commons Library". House of Commons Library. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  2. ^ "Languages in London - Multilingual Capital". Multilingual Capital. Queen Mary University of London. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
  3. ^ "CILT, the National Centre for Languages". 13 February 2005. Archived from the original on 13 February 2005. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  4. ^ Benedictus, Leo (25 January 2005). "Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 August 2009.
  5. ^ Lee, Trevor R. (30 June 2010). "Immigrants in London: Trends in distribution and concentration 1961–71". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. doi:10.1080/1369183x.1973.9975191. ISSN 1369-183X.
  6. ^ Goodhew, David; Cooper, Anthony-Paul, "The Desecularisation of the City: London's Churches, 1980 to the Present", The Desecularisation of the City, doi:10.4324/9781351167765-1/desecularisation-city-london-churches-1980-present-david-goodhew-anthony-paul-cooper, retrieved 4 December 2022
  7. ^ Jones, P. N. (1978). "The Distribution and Diffusion of the Coloured Population in England and Wales, 1961-71". Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. 3 (4): 515–532. doi:10.2307/622127. ISSN 0020-2754.
  8. ^ "Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement". Commission for Racial Equality: Table 2.2. 1985.
  9. ^ Peach, Ceri (1 July 1986). "A geographical perspective on the 1981 urban riots in England". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 9 (3): 396–411. doi:10.1080/01419870.1986.9993541. ISSN 0141-9870.
  10. ^ Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales (Table 6)
  11. ^ "Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  12. ^ "2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  13. ^ "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  14. ^ a b c "Ethnic Groups in London". Census Update. Office for National Statistics. 2011: 1. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  15. ^ a b c "[ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive - The National Archives".
  16. ^ "A summary of countries of birth in London". Census Update. Office for National Statistics. 2011: 1. 11 December 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  17. ^ a b "Population of the United Kingdom by Country of Birth and Nationality".
  18. ^ "Arabic London". BBC. 30 April 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
  19. ^ a b c d Moore, Google Books PT89 (actual page number unstated).
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