Eumycetozoa
Fuligo septica, a myxogastrid
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Phylum: Amoebozoa
Subphylum: Conosa
Infraphylum: Eumycetozoa
Zopf 1884 ex L.S.Olive 1975 sensu Kang et al. 2017[a]
Clades[4]
Synonyms
  • Macromycetozoa Fiore-Donno et al. 2010
  • Mycetozoa de Bary, 1859 ex Rostafinski, 1873[5] (Mycetozoa sensu stricto)[6]

Eumycetozoa (from Ancient Greek εὖ (eû) 'true', μύκης (múkēs) 'fungus', and ζῷον (zôion) 'animal'), or true slime molds,[7] is a diverse group of protists that behave as slime molds and develop fruiting bodies, either as sorocarps or as sporocarps. It is a monophyletic group or clade within the phylum Amoebozoa that contains the myxogastrids, dictyostelids and protosporangiids.

Characteristics

Eumycetozoa is a clade that includes three groups of amoebozoan protists: Myxogastria, Dictyostelia and Protosporangiida—also known as Myxomycetes, Dictyosteliomycetes and Ceratiomyxomycetes, respectively.[8] It is defined on a node-based approach as the least inclusive clade containing the species Dictyostelium discoideum (a dictyostelid), Physarum polycephalum (a myxogastrid) and Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa (a protosporangiid).[3][4]

All known members of Eumycetozoa generate fruiting bodies, either as sorocarps (in dictyostelids) or as sporocarps (in myxogastrids and protosporangiids). Within their life cycle, they may appear as a single haploid amoeboid cells (in dictyostelids), or as flagellated amoebae with two cilia that give rise to obligate amoebae with no cilia, from which the sporocarps develop (in myxogastrids and protosporangiids).[4]

The flagellated amoebae of myxogastrids and protosporangiids and non-flagellated amoebae of dictyostelids have a flat cell shape. They form wide pseudopodia with acutely pointed subpseudopodia (i.e. smaller pseudopodia that grow beneath). Unlike other amoebae, the pseudopodia lack a prominent streaming of granular cytoplasm.[4]

In eumycetozoans where sexual reproduction is well studied, the zygote cannibalizes on haploid amoebae.[4]

Evolution

Eumycetozoa is a well supported clade within Amoebozoa. In independent phylogenetic analyses, it has been consistently recovered as the sister group to Archamoebae. The Eumycetozoa+Archamoebae clade is, in turn, the sister group to Variosea. Within Eumycetozoa, Dictyostelia has a basal position while Myxogastria and Protosporangiida form a clade. Together, these three groups are part of the larger clade Conosa.[3] The following cladogram is based on a 2022 analysis:[9]

Amoebozoa

Tubulinea

Discosea

Evosea

Cutosea

Conosa

Archamoebae

Eumycetozoa

Dictyostelia

Myxogastria

Protosporangiida

Variosea

Taxonomy

The name Eumycetozoa was first used by German mycologist Friedrich Wilhelm Zopf in 1884, although no formal taxonomic rank was given.[1] In 1975, mycologist Lindsay Shepherd Olive reintroduced the name Eumycetozoa as a class containing the three groups of fruiting amoebae traditionally included in this taxon: Myxogastria, Dictyostelia and Protostelia.[2] Olive hypothesized that all fruiting amoebae were grouped by this monophyletic taxon, and that the Myxogastria and Dictyostelia were also monophyletic taxa that evolved from a paraphyletic grade of Protostelia. This definition of Eumycetozoa, which included protostelids, was maintained in the 2005 cladistic classification of eukaryotes, where the name was synonymized with Mycetozoa.[10]

However, studies in the 2000's decade disproved this hypothesis. Both morphological and molecular studies showed that Eumycetozoa includes a number of non-fruiting amoeboid groups. More importantly, the Protostelia were discovered to be polyphyletic. The protosteloid type of fruiting body formation, initially considered the ancestral feature shared between all Eumycetozoa, has evolved independently at least in eight lineages within Amoebozoa (e.g. soliformoviids, cavosteliids, schizoplasmodiids, protosporangiids).[11][6] This discovery lead to the conclusion that the entirety of Amoebozoa became a synonym of Eumycetozoa, and was treated as such in the 2012 cladistic classification of eukaryotes. The term Amoebozoa was conserved as a familiar well-established name of popular usage, despite the term Eumycetozoa having priority as the older name.[12]

To preserve this widely used name, biologist Seungho Kang and his coauthors redefined Eumycetozoa in 2017 to include only one group of protosteloid amoebae, the Protosporangiida (also known as Ceratiomyxomycetes), which are a monophyletic taxon.[3][7] This usage corresponds to the 1975 hypothesis from Olive that postulates a clade of exclusively fruiting protists that includes myxogastrids, dictyostelids, and some protosteloid amoebae (in this case, the protosporangiids).[3] As of 2019, this renewed definition is accepted by the scientific community and appears in the modern cladistic classification of eukaryotes, revised by the International Society of Protistologists.[4] The name Macromycetozoa was suggested earlier,[13] but Eumycetozoa was chosen for being the oldest term.[3]

The name Mycetozoa was maintained in traditional classifications by some authors like Thomas Cavalier-Smith, who also used a renewed definition to include only protosporangiids. However this scheme did not acquire wide usage.[5]

Notes

  1. ^ Zopf was the first to introduce the name Eumycetozoa, but no rank was given.[1] Olive reintroduced it in 1975 as a class-level rank.[2] Finally, in 2017 Kang and his coauthors renewed the definition of Eumycetozoa into its modern usage.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b Lado, Carlos; Eliasson, Uno (2017). "Taxonomy and Systematics: Current Knowledge and Approaches on the Taxonomic Treatment of Myxomycetes". In Stephenson, Steven L.; Rojas, Carlos (eds.). Myxomycetes: Biology, Systematics, Biogeography, and Ecology. Academic Press, Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-805089-7.00007-X. ISBN 978-0-12-805089-7.
  2. ^ a b Olive LS (1975). The Mycetozoans. Academic Press, Elsvier. ISBN 978-0125262507.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Kang, Seungho; Tice, Alexander K; Spiegel, Frederick W; Silberman, Jeffrey D; Pánek, Tomáš; Čepička, Ivan; Kostka, Martin; Kosakyan, Anush; Alcântara, Daniel M C; Roger, Andrew J; Shadwick, Lora L; Smirnov, Alexey; Kudryavtsev, Alexander; Lahr, Daniel J G; Brown, Matthew W (September 2017). "Between a Pod and a Hard Test: The Deep Evolution of Amoebae". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 34 (9): 2258–2270. doi:10.1093/molbev/msx162. PMC 5850466. PMID 28505375.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, Cárdenas P, Čepička I, Chistyakova L, del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJG, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, Mitchell EAD, Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q (2019). "Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 66 (1): 4–119. doi:10.1111/jeu.12691. PMC 6492006. PMID 30257078.
  5. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Lewis R (June 2016). "187-gene phylogeny of protozoan phylum Amoebozoa reveals a new class (Cutosea) of deep-branching, ultrastructurally unique, enveloped marine Lobosa and clarifies amoeba evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 99: 275–296. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.03.023. PMID 27001604.
  6. ^ a b Leontyev, Dmitry V.; Schnittler, Martin (2017). "The Phylogeny of Myxomycetes". In Stephenson, Steven L.; Rojas, Carlos (eds.). Myxomycetes: Biology, Systematics, Biogeography, and Ecology. Academic Press, Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-805089-7.00003-2. ISBN 978-0-12-805089-7.
  7. ^ a b Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; Tsurykau, Andrei; Mesic, Armin; Navathe, Sudhir; Papp, Viktor; Oliveira Fiuza, Patrícia; Vázquez, Víctor; Gautam, Ajay; Becerra, Alejandra G.; Ekanayaka, Anusha; K. C., Rajeshkumar; Bezerra, Jadson; Matočec, Neven; Maharachchikumbura, Sajeewa; Suetrong, Satinee (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  8. ^ Leontyev, Dmitry V; Schnittler, Martin; Stephenson, Steven L; Novozhilov, Yuri K; Shchepin, Oleg N (March 2019). "Towards a phylogenetic classification of the Myxomycetes". Phytotaxa. 399 (3): 209. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.399.3.5. S2CID 108783142.
  9. ^ Tekle YI, Wang F, Wood FC, Anderson OR, Smirnov A (2022). "New insights on the evolutionary relationships between the major lineages of Amoebozoa". Sci Rep. 12 (11173): 11173. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1211173T. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15372-7. PMC 9249873. PMID 35778543. S2CID 247231712.
  10. ^ Adl SM, Simpson AG, Farmer MA, et al. (2005). "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52 (5): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873.
  11. ^ Shadwick, Lora L.; Spiegel, Frederick W.; Shadwick, John D. L.; Brown, Matthew W.; Silberman, Jeffrey D. (2009). "Eumycetozoa = Amoebozoa?: SSUrDNA Phylogeny of Protosteloid Slime Molds and Its Significance for the Amoebozoan Supergroup". PLOS ONE. 4 (8): e6754. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006754.
  12. ^ Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EA, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shadwick L, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW (September 2012). "The revised classification of eukaryotes". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–93. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.
  13. ^ Fiore-Donno, Anna Maria; Nikolaev, Sergey I.; Nelson, Michaela; Pawlowski, Jan; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Baldauf, Sandra L (January 2010). "Deep phylogeny and evolution of slime moulds (Mycetozoa)". Protist. 161 (1): 55–70. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2009.05.002.

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