Eurotiomycetes
Verrucaria nigrescens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
(unranked): Dothideomyceta
Class: Eurotiomycetes
O.E. Erikss. & Winka 1997
Subclasses

Eurotiomycetes is a large class of ascomycetes with cleistothecial ascocarps within the subphylum Pezizomycotina,[1] currently containing around 3810 species according to the Catalogue of Life.[2] It is the third largest lichenized class, with more than 1200 lichen species that are mostly bitunicate in the formation of asci.[3] It contains most of the fungi previously known morphologically as "Plectomycetes".[4]

Systematics and phylogeny

Internal relationships

The class Eurotiomycetes was circumscribed in 1997 by Swedish mycologists Ove Erik Eriksson and Katarina Winka. At that time it only contained the order Eurotiales,[1] which together with the next order added, Onygenales, form a monophyletic group comprising most of the fungi in "Plectomycetes", a group no longer in use that unified fungi under exclusively morphological characteristics.[4]

As more orders were added to Eurotiomycetes, the first two along with Arachnomycetales became constrained to the first subclass, Eurotiomycetidae. In 2001, the second subclass, Chaetothyriomycetidae, was erected to accommodate Chaetothyriales and its sister group Verrucariales, as well as Pyrenulales since 2004. These two remain as the major subclasses of Eurotiomycetes.[4]

The remaining subclasses were created through more phylogenetic analyses to accommodate outlying taxa or newly discovered groups: Mycocaliciomycetidae in 2007,[5] Coryneliomycetidae[6] and Sclerococcomycetidae in 2016,[7] and lastly Cryptocaliciomycetidae in 2021.[8] The following cladogram shows the relationships between all Eurotiomycetes orders and monotypic subclasses as of 2021:[7][8]

Eurotiomycetes
Chaetothyriomycetidae

Chaetothyriales

Verrucariales

Phaeomoniellales

Pyrrenulales

Eurotiomycetidae

Onygenales

Arachnomycetales

Eurotiales

Cryptocaliciomycetidae

Coryneliomycetidae

Sclerococcomycetidae

Mycocaliciomycetidae

Lecanoromycetes

External relationships

The class Eurotiomycetes forms a clade with Lecanoromycetes, the largest lichenized class of fungi.[3]

Taxonomy

As of 2022, the taxonomy of Eurotiomycetes recognizes 5 subclasses, 10 orders, 34 families and 289 valid genera.[9] The families are listed here followed by the number of genera.

Subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae Doweld 2001[10]
Order Chaetothyriales M.E. Barr 1987
Family Chaetothyriaceae Hansf. ex M.E. Barr 1979 – 19 genera
Family Coccodiniaceae Höhn. ex O.E. Erikss. – 4 genera
Family Cyphellophoraceae Réblová & Unter. – 2 genera
Family Epibryaceae S. Stenroos & Gueidan – 1 genus
Family Herpotrichiellaceae Munk – 17 genera
Family Lyrommataceae Lücking – 1 genus
Family Microtheliopsidaceae O.E. Erikss. – 1 genus
Family Paracladophialophoraceae Crous – 1 genus
Family Pyrenotrichaceae Zahlbr – 2 genera
Family Trichomeriaceae Chomnunti & K.D. Hyde (=Strelitzianaceae Crous & M.J. Wingf.) – 9 genera
Chaetothyriales incertae sedis – 11 genera
Order Phaeomoniellales K.H. Chen, A.E. Arnold, Gueidan & Lutzoni
Family Celotheliaceae Lücking, Aptroot & Sipman (=Phaeomoniellaceae P.M. Kirk) – 11 genera
Order Pyrenulales Fink ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Family Pyrenulaceae Rabenh. – 12 genera
Pyrenulales incertae sedis – 2 genera
Order Verrucariales Mattick ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss.
Family Adelococcaceae Triebel – 3 genera
Family Sarcopyreniaceae Nav.-Ros. & Cl. Roux – 1 genera
Family Verrucariaceae Zenker – 52 genera
Verrucariales incertae sedis – 4 genera
Chaetothyriomycetidae incertae sedis
Family Rhynchostomataceae Winka & O.E. Erikss. – 2 genera
Subclass Cryptocaliciomycetidae M. Prieto, Etayo and Olariaga 2021[8]
Order Cryptocaliciales M. Prieto, Etayo and Olariaga 2021
Family Cryptocaliciaceae Etayo, Olariaga and M. Prieto – 1 genus
Subclass Coryneliomycetidae A.R. Wood, Damm, J.Z. Groenew., Cheew. & Crous[6]
Order Coryneliales Seaver & Chardon
Family Coryneliaceae Sacc. ex Berl. & Voglino – 8 genera
Family Eremascaceae Engl. & E. Gilg – 2 genera
Subclass Eurotiomycetidae Geiser & Lutzoni
Order Arachnomycetales Gibas, Sigler & Currah
Family Arachnomycetaceae Gibas, Sigler & Currah – 2 genera
Order Eurotiales G.W. Martin ex Benny & Kimbr.
Family Aspergillaceae Link (=Monascaceae J. Schröt.) – 14 genera
Family Elaphomycetaceae Tul. ex Paol. – 2 genera
Family Penicillaginaceae Houbraken, Frisvad & Samson – 1 genus
Family Thermoascaceae Apinis – 2 genera
Family Trichocomaceae E. Fisch. – 9 genera
Order Onygenales Cif. ex Benny & Kimbr.
Family Ajellomycetaceae Unter., J.A. Scott & Sigler – 7 genera
Family Arthrodermataceae Currah – 11 genera
Family Ascosphaeraceae L.S. Olive & Spiltoir – 3 genera
Family Gymnoascaceae Baran. – 11 genera
Family Nannizziopsidaceae Guarro, Stchigel, Deanna A. Sutton & Cano – 1 genus
Family Onygenaceae Berk. – 34 genera
Family Spiromastigaceae Guarro, Cano & Stchigel – 4 genera
Onygenales incertae sedis – 3 genera
Eurotiomycetidae incertae sedis – 5 genera
Subclass Mycocaliciomycetidae Tibell[5]
Order Mycocaliciales Tibell & Wedin[11]
Family Mycocaliciaceae A.F.W. Schmidt (=Sphinctrinaceae M. Choisy) – 7 genera
Subclass Sclerococcomycetidae Réblová, Unter. & W. Gams[7]
Order Sclerococcales Réblová, Unter. & W. Gams
Family Dactylosporaceae Bellem. & Hafellner (=Sclerococcaceae Réblová, Unter. & W. Gams) – 7 genera

Only one genus, Neocladophialophora, remains incertae sedis within the class.[9]

Nomenclature

The scientific classification for this particular class is particularly tricky, with one particular species having both the anamorph (asexual form), and teleomorph (sexual form) names used in reference to them.

Morphology

Many members (Eurotiales, Onygenales) produce an enclosed structure cleistothecium within which they produce their spores.

References

  1. ^ a b Eriksson OE, Winka W (1997). "Supraordinal taxa of Ascomycota". Myconet. Umeå: Umeå university. 1: 1–16. ISSN 1403-1418.
  2. ^ Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. "Eurotiomycetes". Catalog of Life Version 2022-03-21.
  3. ^ a b Lücking R, Hodkinson BP, Leavitt SD (3 January 2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota—approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. S2CID 90258634.
  4. ^ a b c Geiser DM, Gueidan C, et al. (2006). "Eurotiomycetes: Eurotiomycetidae and Chaetothyriomycetidae". Mycologia. Lawrence, KS: The Mycological Society of America. 98 (6): 1053–1064. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1053. PMID 17486980.
  5. ^ a b Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE, et al. (2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research. 111 (5): 509–547. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. ISSN 0953-7562. PMID 17572334. S2CID 4686378.
  6. ^ a b Wood AR, Damm U, van der Linde EJ, Groenewald JZ, Cheewangkoon R, Crous PW (28 December 2016). "Finding the missing link: Resolving the Coryneliomycetidae within Eurotiomycetes". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. Naturalis Biodiversity Center. 37: 37–56. doi:10.3767/003158516X689800. PMC 5315291. PMID 28232760.
  7. ^ a b c Réblová M, Untereiner WA, Štěpánek V, et al. (2017). "Disentangling Phialophora section Catenulatae: disposition of taxa with pigmented conidiophores and recognition of a new subclass, Sclerococcomycetidae (Eurotiomycetes)". Mycol Progress. 16: 27–46. doi:10.1007/s11557-016-1248-y. S2CID 24930052.
  8. ^ a b c Prieto M, Etayo J, Olariaga I (2021). "A new lineage of mazaediate fungi in the Eurotiomycetes: Cryptocaliciomycetidae subclass. nov., based on the new species Cryptocalicium blascoi and the revision of the ascoma evolution". Mycol Progress. 20 (7): 889–904. doi:10.1007/s11557-021-01710-y. S2CID 237740137.
  9. ^ a b Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K.; et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere. 13 (1): 53–453. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. hdl:10481/76378. S2CID 249054641.
  10. ^ Doweld, A. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum, Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta). :I–LXXX
  11. ^ Hibbett, David S.; Binder, Manfred; Bischoff, Joseph F.; Blackwell, Meredith; Cannon, Paul F.; Eriksson, Ove E.; et al. (2007). "A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi". Mycological Research. 111 (5): 509–547. doi:10.1016/j.mycres.2007.03.004. PMID 17572334. S2CID 4686378.
  12. ^ N. Gunde-Cimerman; A. Oren; A. Plemenitaš, eds. (2006). Adaptation to Life at High Salt Concentrations in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology. Vol. 9. Springer. pp. 383, 413. ISBN 978-1-402-03633-0.

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