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((short description|Increase in taxonomic diversity or morphological disparity))
((Distinguish|Adaptive radiation))

[[File:Phanerozoic radiations.svg|thumb|Evolutionary radiations during the [[Phanerozoic]].]]

An '''evolutionary radiation''' is an increase in [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] diversity that is caused by elevated rates of [[speciation]],<ref name="Simões et al 2016">((Cite journal| first1 = M. | title = The evolving theory of evolutionary radiations | journal = Trends in Ecology & Evolution | volume = 31 | pages = 27–34| year = 2016| last1 = Simões| issue = 1 |display-authors=etal| doi = 10.1016/j.tree.2015.10.007 | pmid = 26632984 ))</ref> that may or may not be associated with an increase in [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] disparity.<ref name=Wesley-Hunt2005>((Cite journal| first1 = G. D. | title = The morphological diversification of carnivores in North America | journal = Paleobiology | volume = 31 | pages = 35–55| year = 2005| last1 = Wesley-Hunt | doi = 10.1666/0094-8373(2005)031<0035:TMDOCI>2.0.CO;2
  | s2cid = 10989917 ))</ref> A significantly large and diverse radiation within a relatively short [[geologic time scale]] (e.g. a [[geologic period|period]] or [[geologic epoch|epoch]]) is often referred to as an '''explosion'''. Radiations may affect one [[clade]] or many, and be rapid or gradual; where they are rapid, and driven by a single lineage's adaptation to their environment, they are termed [[adaptive radiation]]s.<ref name=Schluter2000>((cite book
 | author = Schluter, D.
 | year = 2000
 | title = The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
))</ref>

==Examples==
Perhaps the most familiar example of an evolutionary radiation is that of [[Eutheria|placental mammal]]s immediately after the [[extinction]] of the non-avian [[dinosaur]]s at the end of the [[Cretaceous]], about 66 million years ago. At that time, the placental mammals were mostly small, insect-eating animals similar in size and shape to modern [[shrew]]s. By the [[Eocene]] (58–37 million years ago), they had evolved into such diverse forms as [[bat]]s, [[whale]]s, and [[horse]]s.<ref>This topic is covered in a very accessible manner in Chapter 11 of [[Richard Fortey]]'s ''[[Life: An Unauthorised Biography]]'' (1997)</ref>

Other familiar radiations include the [[Avalon Explosion]], the [[Cambrian Explosion]], the [[Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event]], the [[Carboniferous-Earliest Permian Biodiversification Event]], the [[Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiation]], the radiation of land plants after their [[Evolutionary history of plants#land|colonisation of land]], the Cretaceous [[Evolutionary history of plants#Flowers|radiation of angiosperms]], and the diversification of insects, a radiation that has continued almost unabated since the [[Devonian]], ((Ma|400)).<ref>The radiation only suffered one hiccup, when the [[Permo-Triassic extinction event]] wiped out many species.</ref>

==Types==
Adaptive radiations involve an increase in a clade's speciation rate coupled with divergence of morphological features that are directly related to ecological habits; these radiations involve speciation not driven by geographic factors and occurring in sympatry; they also may be associated with the acquisition of a key trait.<ref name="Lieberman2012">((Cite journal| first1 = B.S. | title = Adaptive radiations in the context of macroevolutionary theory: a paleontological perspective | journal = Evolutionary Biology | volume = 39 | pages = 181–191| year = 2012| last1 = Lieberman| issue = 2 | url = https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/1808/13649/3/Lieberman_Adaptive_Radiations.pdf | doi=10.1007/s11692-012-9165-8| hdl = 1808/13649 | s2cid = 4004118 | hdl-access = free ))</ref> [[Nonadaptive radiation|Nonadaptive radiations]] arguably encompass every type of evolutionary radiation that is not an adaptive radiation,<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Czekanski-Moir|first1=Jesse E.|last2=Rundell|first2=Rebecca J.|date=2019-05-01|title=The Ecology of Nonecological Speciation and Nonadaptive Radiations|url=https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(19)30027-8|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|language=en|volume=34|issue=5|pages=400–415|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2019.01.012|issn=0169-5347|pmid=30824193|s2cid=73494468 ))</ref><ref>((Cite journal|last1=Rundell|first1=Rebecca J.|last2=Price|first2=Trevor D.|date=2009-07-01|title=Adaptive radiation, nonadaptive radiation, ecological speciation and nonecological speciation|url=https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(09)00126-8|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|language=en|volume=24|issue=7|pages=394–399|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2009.02.007|issn=0169-5347|pmid=19409647))</ref> although when a more precise mechanism is known to drive diversity, it can be useful to refer to the pattern as, e.g., a geographic radiation.<ref name="Simões et al 2016" />   Geographic radiations involve an increase in speciation caused by increasing opportunities for geographic isolation.<ref name="Simões et al 2016"/> Radiations may be discordant, with either diversity or disparity increasing almost independently of the other, or concordant, where both increase at a similar rate.<ref name=Wesley-Hunt2005/> Where the mechanism of diversification is ambiguous and the species seem to be closely related, sometimes the terms "species radiation," "species flock" or "[[species complex]]" are used.<ref>((Cite journal|last1=Bowen|first1=Brian W.|last2=Forsman|first2=Zac H.|last3=Whitney|first3=Jonathan L.|last4=Faucci|first4=Anuschka|last5=Hoban|first5=Mykle|last6=Canfield|first6=Sean J.|last7=Johnston|first7=Erika C.|last8=Coleman|first8=Richard R.|last9=Copus|first9=Joshua M.|last10=Vicente|first10=Jan|last11=Toonen|first11=Robert J.|date=2020-02-05|title=Species Radiations in the Sea: What the Flock?|url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/111/1/70/5703679|journal=Journal of Heredity|language=en|volume=111|issue=1|pages=70–83|doi=10.1093/jhered/esz075|pmid=31943081 |issn=0022-1503|doi-access=free))</ref>

==In the fossil record==
Much of the work carried out by [[palaeontology|palaeontologists]] studying evolutionary radiations has been using marine [[invertebrate]] [[fossil]]s simply because these tend to be much more numerous and easy to collect in quantity than large land [[vertebrate]]s such as [[mammal]]s or [[dinosaur]]s. [[Brachiopod]]s, for example, underwent major bursts of evolutionary radiation in the Early [[Cambrian]], Early [[Ordovician]], to a lesser degree throughout the [[Silurian]] and [[Devonian]], and then again during the [[Carboniferous]] and earliest [[Permian]]. During these periods, different [[species]] of brachiopods independently assumed a similar morphology, and presumably mode of life, to species that had lived millions of years before. This phenomenon, known as homeomorphy, is explained by [[convergent evolution]]: when subjected to similar selective pressures, organisms will often evolve similar adaptations.<ref>((cite book|title = Living and Fossil Brachiopods|first = M. J. S. |last = Rudwick|date = 1970|publisher = Hutchinson|isbn = 9780091030810))</ref>  Further examples of rapid evolutionary radiation can be observed among [[ammonite]]s, which suffered a series of extinctions from which they repeatedly re-diversified; and [[trilobite]]s which, during the Cambrian, rapidly evolved into a variety of forms occupying many of the [[Ecological niche|niche]]s exploited by [[crustacean]]s today.<ref>''Aquagenesis, The Origins and Evolution of Life in the Sea'' by Richard Ellis (2001)</ref><ref>((cite book|title = Ammonites|first1= Neale|last1= Monks |first2= Philip|last2= Palmer |date =2002|publisher = Smithsonian Books|isbn = 978-1588340474))</ref><ref>((cite book|title= Trilobite! Eyewitness to Evolution|first= Richard|last = Fortey |date =2000|publisher =HarperCollins|isbn = 9780002570121))</ref>

==Recent examples==
A number of groups have undergone evolutionary radiation in relatively recent times. The [[cichlidae|cichlids]] in particular have been much studied by [[biologist]]s. In places such as [[Lake Malawi]] they have evolved into a very wide variety of forms, including species that are filter feeders, snail eaters, brood parasites, algal grazers, and fish-eaters.<ref>The Cichlid Fishes: Nature's Grand Experiment in Evolution by George Barlow (2002)</ref> [[Anolis ecomorph|Caribbean anoline lizards]] are another well-known example of an adaptive radiation.<ref>[http://www87.homepage.villanova.edu/todd.jackman/anolis/parallel.html ''Parallel Adaptive Radiations - Caribbean Anoline Lizards.''] Todd Jackman. Villanova University. Retrieved 10 September 2013.</ref> [[Grass]]es have been a success, evolving in parallel with [[grazing]] [[herbivore]]s such as [[horse]]s and [[antelope]].<ref>[http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Cenozoic.htm Palaeos Cenozoic: The Cenozoic Era<!-- Bot generated title -->] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106000812/http://www.palaeos.com/Cenozoic/Cenozoic.htm |date=2008-11-06 ))</ref>

==See also==
* [[Evolutionary fauna]]
* [[Adaptive radiation]]
* [[Nonadaptive radiation]]

==References==
((Reflist|30em))

[[Category:Evolutionary biology terminology]]

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