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[[File:Ewart Oakeshott.jpg|thumb|right|Ewart Oakeshott]]
'''Ronald Ewart Oakeshott''' (25 May 1916 – 30 September 2002) was a British illustrator, [[Collecting|collector]], and amateur historian who wrote prodigiously on [[medieval]] [[weapon|arms]] and [[armour]]. He was a Fellow of the [[Society of Antiquaries of London|Society of Antiquaries]], a Founder Member of the Arms and Armour Society, and the Founder of the Oakeshott Institute.  He created a classification system of the medieval [[sword]], the [[Oakeshott typology]], a systematic organization of medieval weaponry.

==Biography==
Ronald Ewart Oakeshott was born in 1916. His uncle [[Jeffery Farnol]] wrote [[romance novel]]s and [[swashbuckler]]s and also had a collection of antique swords, through which the young Oakeshott became interested in swords. After leaving [[Dulwich College]], Oakeshott studied at the [[Central School of Art]] in London. He worked at Carlton Studios and at A.E. Johnson Ltd as a commercial artist,<ref name=Arms>[https://myarmoury.com/feature_oakeshott.html Ewart Oakeshott: The Man and his Legacy – myarmoury.com]</ref> while still being interested in collecting arms and armour.((Citation needed|date=January 2021)) During the 1930s and 1940s, antique swords could still be acquired relatively cheaply and Oakeshott began collecting them. Because of the scarcity of information about these he began to research them himself. As a trained artist he illustrated most of his own books and also became a speaker on arms and armour.<ref>Detail taken from ''Knight and his Horse'' published by Lutterworth (UK)</ref><ref name=Obit>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1409906/Ewart-Oakeshott.html Ewart Oakeshott Obituary] in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 12 October 2002</ref>

Oakeshott served in the [[Royal Navy]] from 1940 to 1945 on destroyer escort during and was relieved from service after being wounded. He returned to A.E. Johnson, Ltd. and served as its director for fifteen years<ref name=Arms/> before leaving in 1960 to become a full-time researcher and writer.  In 1964 he was elected a Fellow of the [[Society of Antiquaries of London|Society of Antiquaries]]. He co-founded the [[Arms and Armour Society]] in 1948, for which he served as President in 1951. That same year, Oakeshott published the article "A Royal Sword in Westminster Abbey" in ''[[The Connoisseur (magazine)|The Connoisseur]]'' on the results of his work on the sword of [[Henry V of England|Henry V]] in [[Westminster Abbey]]. As a result, Oakeshott began to be consulted by museums such as the [[Fitzwilliam Museum]] at [[Cambridge]] and private collectors.<ref name=Obit/>

At his death, Oakeshott bequeathed his personal collection of more than 75 swords, including many of historical significance, to the [[Oakeshott Institute]] of Arms and Armour in [[Minneapolis]], an educational organisation dedicated to youth outreach, and "promoting the interest in ancient arms and armour through hands-on educational experience."<ref name=Obit/> The Institute is currently creating an online 3D database of the collection, titled the Historical Sword Documentation Project, providing international access to the ancient weapons, and keeping with Oakeshott's wish that his family's collection stay accessible and of benefit to the public.

=== Personal life ===
In 1963, Oakeshott met the educationist and writer [[Sybil Marshall]]  (1913–2005). He left his wife for her and they became partners for life and married in 1995, after the death of Oakeshott's first wife, Margaret Roberts.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/aug/31/guardianobituaries.schools Obituary for Sybil Marshall],  ''[[The Guardian]]'', 31 August 2005.</ref><ref name="Independent">[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/sybil-marshall-310256.html "Sybil Marshall: Educationist and chronicler of Fenland life"], ''[[The Independent]]'', 4 September 2005</ref><ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1499751/Sybil-Marshall.html "Sybil Marshall Obituary"], ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 3 October 2005</ref> Oakeshott had a son and two daughters from his first marriage.

==Typology==
((main|Oakeshott typology))((More citations needed section|date=January 2021))Oakeshott's typology of medieval and early renaissance swords is among his most influential and most lasting works. He has been described as the sword's "most distinguished modern commentator".<ref>((cite journal |last1=Whetter |first1=K. S. |title="In the Hilt is Fame": Resonances of Medieval Swords and Sword- lore in J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings |journal=[[Mythlore]] |date=2006 |volume=25 |issue=1 |at=article 2 |url=https://dc.swosu.edu/mythlore/vol25/iss1/2))</ref> Dr. Jan Peterson had previously developed a typology for [[Viking]] swords consisting of twenty-six categories. Peterson's typology was simplified by Dr. R. E. M. Wheeler in short order to only seven categories (Types I–VII). This simplified typology was then slightly expanded by Oakeshott by the addition of two transitional types into its current nine categories (Types I–IX). From this basis, Oakeshott began work on his own thirteen-category typology of the medieval sword ranging from Type X to Type XXII.

What made Oakeshott's typology unique was that he was one of the first people either within or outside of academia to seriously and systematically consider the shape and function of the blades of European medieval swords as well as the hilt, which had been the primary criterion of previous scholars. His typology traced the functional evolution of European swords over a period of five centuries, starting with the late Iron Age Type X, and took into consideration many factors: the shape of blades in cross section, profile taper, fullering, whether blades were stiff and pointed for thrusting or broad and flexible for cutting, etc.  This was a breakthrough.  Oakeshott's books also dispelled many popular cliches about Western swords being heavy and clumsy. He listed the weights and measurements of many swords in his collection which have become the basis for further academic work as well as templates for the creation of high quality modern replicas.

==List of published works==
* ''The Archaeology of Weapons: Arms and Armour from Prehistory to the Age of Chivalry'' Boydell Press, 1960. ((ISBN|0-486-29288-6))
* ''The Sword in the Age of Chivalry'' Boydell Press, 1964. ((ISBN|0-85115-715-7))
* ''Records of the Medieval Sword'' Boydell Press, 1991. ((ISBN|0-85115-566-9))
* ''European Weapons and Armour: From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution'' Boydell Press, 2000. ((ISBN|0-85115-789-0))
* ''Sword in Hand'' Arms & Armor, Inc. 2000. ((ISBN|0-9714379-0-4))
* ''A Knight and His Weapons'' Dufour Editions 1964, 1997. ((ISBN|0-8023-1299-3))
* ''A Knight and His Armor'' Dufour Editions —, 1999. ((ISBN|0-8023-1329-9))
* ''A Knight and His Horse'' Dufour Editions 1962, 1995. ((ISBN|0-8023-1297-7))
* ''A Knight in Battle'' Dufour Editions —, 1998. ((ISBN|0-8023-1322-1))
* ''A Knight and His Castle'' Dufour Editions 1965, 1996. ((ISBN|0-8023-1294-2))
* ''Swords of the Viking Age'' Boydell Press 2002. ((ISBN|0-8023-1294-2))
* ''The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England'' Boydell & Brewer 1962. ((ISBN|0-85115-355-0))
* ''Dark Age Warrior'' Dufour Editions 1974, 1984. ((ISBN|0-8023-1273-X))

==Footnotes==

((reflist))

==External links==
* [http://oakeshott.org/ The Oakshott Institute]
*[http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_oakeshott.html Ewart Oakeshott: The Man and his Legacy]
* [http://www.thearma.org/oakeshottinterview.htm#.YAW_vpNKhTY Ewart Oakeshott: "Dean of Swords"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020220222012/http://www.oakeshott.org/EOBio.html Curriculum Vitae Ewart Oakeshott, Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pe3NhaR-fSw Ewart Oakeshott- Innovator in Sword Classification]

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[[Category:Armour]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Dulwich College]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Central School of Art and Design]]
[[Category:British medievalists]]
[[Category:British military historians]]
[[Category:20th-century British historians]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London]]
[[Category:Historians of weapons]]

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