FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993
Great Seal of the United States
Long titleAn Act for reform in emerging new democracies and support and help for improved partnership with Russia, Ukraine, and other new independent states of the former Soviet Union.
NicknamesFRIENDSHIP Act
Enacted bythe 103rd United States Congress
EffectiveDecember 17, 1993
Citations
Public law103-199
Statutes at Large107 Stat. 2317
Codification
Titles amended
U.S.C. sections amended
Legislative history

The FRIENDSHIP Act of 1993 was enacted as a law of the United States enhancing prior statutory provisions which govern international relations between the former Republics of the Soviet Union and United States during the Cold War. The Act of Congress reformed United States statutes related to:

  • Armament export controls as related to military technology transfer limitations
  • Continental cultural and educational exchange
  • Cooperative foreign trade relations
  • Diplomatic relations with foreign allies
  • Global environmental shifts
  • Immigration and nationality requirements
  • International products exports
  • Societal propagandization as related to multicultural social ideology

H.R. 3000 was passed by the 103rd United States Congressional session and enacted into law by the 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton on December 17, 1993.[1][2]

Titles of the Act

The 1993 Act was penned as nine titles establishing purposeful foreign relations as related to the development of emerging democracies and improved multinational partnerships.

Title I: Policy of Friendship and Cooperation

Statement of purpose
Findings
Statutory provisions that have been applicable to the Soviet Union.

Title II: Trade and Business Relations

Policy under Export Administration Act
Representation of countries of Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the former Soviet Union in legal commercial transactions
Procedures regarding transfers of certain Department of Defense-funded items
Soviet slave labor

Title III: Cultural, Educational, and Other Exchange Programs

Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961
Soviet-Eastern European research and training[3][4]
Fascell Fellowship Act[5][6]
Board for International Broadcasting Act[7][8]
Scholarship programs for developing countries
Report on Soviet participants in certain exchange programs

Title IV: Arms Control

Arms Control and Disarmament Act
Arms Export Control Act
Annual reports on arms control matters
United States/Soviet direct communication link

Title V: Diplomatic Relations

Personnel levels and limitations
Other provisions related to operation of consulates and embassies
Foreign Service Buildings Act[9]

Title VI: Oceans and the Environment

Arctic Research and Policy Act[10][11]
Fur seal management
Global climate protection[12][13]

Title VII: Regional and General Diplomatic Issues

United Nations assessments
Soviet occupation of Afghanistan
Angola
Self determination of the people from the Baltic States
Obsolete references in Foreign Assistance Act
Review of United States policy toward the Soviet Union

Title VIII: Internal Security; Worldwide Communist Conspiracy

Civil defense
Report on Soviet press manipulation in the United States
Subversive Activities Control Act
Report on Soviet and international communist behavior

Title IX: Miscellaneous

Ballistic missile tests near Hawaii
Nondelivery of international mail
State-sponsored harassment of religious groups
Murder of Major Arthur D. Nicholson
Monument to honor victims of communism

See also

Arctic policy of the United States
Communist Control Act of 1954
Containment
Former Soviet Union Demilitarization Act of 1992
Freedom Support Act
Helsinki Accords
Korean Air Lines Flight 007
Mount Alto Embassy Site
National Captive Nations Committee
North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
Omnibus Foreign Trade and Competitiveness Act
Partnership for Peace
Samantha Smith
Soviet anti-religious legislation
Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
World Trade Organization

References

  1. ^ "FRIENDSHIP Act | Documents Collection Center". documents.law.yale.edu. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
  2. ^ "PUBLIC LAW 103-199—DEC. 17, 1993" (PDF). Congress.gov. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
  3. ^ "Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act of 1983 ~ P.L. 98-164" (PDF). 97 Stat. 1047 ~ House Bill 2915. U.S. Government Publishing Office. November 22, 1983.
  4. ^ "H.R.2915 - Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act of 1983". Congress.gov. May 5, 1983.
  5. ^ "Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 ~ P.L. 99-399" (PDF). 100 Stat. 853 ~ House Bill 4151. U.S. Government Publishing Office. August 27, 1986.
  6. ^ "H.R.4151 - Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986". Congress.gov. February 6, 1986.
  7. ^ "Board for International Broadcasting Act of 1973 ~ P.L. 93-129" (PDF). 87 Stat. 456 ~ Senate Bill 1914. U.S. Government Publishing Office. October 19, 1973.
  8. ^ "S.1914 - Board for International Broadcasting Act". Congress.gov. May 31, 1973.
  9. ^ "Foreign Service Buildings Act of 1926 ~ P.L. 69-186" (PDF). 44 Stat. 403 ~ House Bill 10200. Legis★Works. May 7, 1926. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 18, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
  10. ^ "Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984 ~ P.L. 98-373" (PDF). 98 Stat. 1242 ~ Senate Bill 373. U.S. Government Publishing Office. July 31, 1984.
  11. ^ "S.373 - Arctic Research and Policy Act of 1984". Congress.gov. February 1, 1983.
  12. ^ "Global Climate Protection Act of 1987 ~ P.L. 100-204" (PDF). 101 Stat. 1407 ~ House Bill 1777. U.S. Government Publishing Office. December 22, 1987.
  13. ^ "H.R.1777 - Global Climate Protection Act of 1987". Congress.gov. March 25, 1987.

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