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((Short description|Italian electric locomotive class))
((Refimprove|date=January 2017))
((No footnotes|date=October 2023))
((Infobox locomotive
| name = FS class E.444
| electricsystem = 3,000 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[Overhead line|Catenary]]
| collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (rail)|Pantograph]]
| tractionmotors = DC series
| powertype = Electric
| image = 22.07.85 Roma Termini E444.019.jpg
| caption = An E.444 in [[Roma Termini]] station in 1995.
| builddate = 1965-1975
| builder = 
| locoweight = ((convert|83|t|abbr=on|lk=on))
| uicclass = [[Bo′Bo′]]
| gauge = ((Track gauge|1435mm|allk=on))
| firstrundate = 1967
| disposition = updated as E.444R<ref group=note>For a total of 97 units as of 2007. The first prototype is preserved to the original standard.</ref>
| numinclass = 117<ref group=note>Including four prototypes, 110 series and three experimental units.</ref>
| wheeldiameter = ((convert|1.250|m|in|2|abbr=on))
| poweroutput = ((convert|4,272|kW|abbr=on))
| wheelbase = ((convert|9.000|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on)) between bogies<br>((convert|3.020|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on)) between [[axle]]s on each bogie
| tractiveeffort = ((convert|201|kN|abbr=on))
| maxspeed = ((convert|200|km/h|abbr=on))
| length = ((convert|16.840|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on))
| width = ((convert|3.020|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on))
| height = ((convert|4.300|m|ftin|frac=8|abbr=on))
| transmission = 41/77 gear ratio
| operator = [[FS Trenitalia]]
| nicknames = "Tartaruga" (Tortoise)
| safety = RSC4; [[SCMT]]
))

The [[Ferrovie dello Stato|FS]] '''E.444''' is a class of [[Italian railways]] [[electric locomotive]]s. They were introduced in the course of the 1960s until 1975. Starting from 1989, all E.444s were upgraded as E.444R.

The locomotives are nicknamed ''Tartaruga'' (tortoise). The original E.444 class carried a cabside cartoon of a speeding tortoise.

==History==
===E.444 standard===
The E.444 locomotive was designed in the 1960s as the first Italian electric locomotive capable to reach ((convert|200|km/h|abbr=on)) (in that period first high-speed trains like the Japanese [[Shinkansen]] and the French [[TGV]] were appearing). Italian railways could boast fast trains like the [[ETR 200]], but they were getting old and the [[Pendolino]] project was just in its early phases.

The first four prototypes, built at [[Savigliano]], made their debut in 1967-1968: their power output ((convert|3,000|kW|abbr=on)) was respectable for the time, but they proved unable to hold the fast international services required for the new locomotive, and the bogies were limited to ((convert|180|km/h|abbr=on)). They proved anyway that Italian industry could produce locomotive capable of more than ((convert|200|km/h|abbr=on))<ref group=note>A speed of ((convert|207|km/h|abbr=on))</ref> was registered on November 8, 1967, in the maiden trip Rome-Milan.

The series production saw the introduction of the more powerful T750 motors, which boosted the power to ((convert|4,200|kW|abbr=on)), while the bogies were upgraded for ((convert|200|km/h|abbr=on)). The frontal part was improved and made more aerodynamic. A characteristic livery with two blue stripes on a pale grey background was adopted. The first 50 units proved successful, and the [[Ferrovie dello Stato]] (FS) ordered 60 more to be built starting from 1972. 16 units were adapted for feeding at 1.5 kV DC. During 1974 two  locomotives (units 056 and 057) were provided with a "shunt chopper" system (later the modifications applied were rolled back, making the two units identical to standard once again), while in 1975 the E.444.005 adopted a "full chopper" electronic system,  which was later also adopted on the [[FS Class E.632|E.632/633]] classes, and which granted a ((convert|5,000|kW|abbr=on)) peak power.

Curiously, the fact that the E.444s were often used on old lines and coupled to not advanced coaches, usually hampered their performances. For example, only with the adoption of second-generation coaches, like the Grand Comfort type, trains driven by E.444 could replace the old [[ETR 300]] in the Milan–Rome fast service.
((-))

((Infobox locomotive
|  name=FS class E.444R
|  powertype=Electric
| electricsystem   = 3,000 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] [[Overhead line|Catenary]]
| collectionmethod = [[Pantograph (rail)|Pantograph]]
|  tractionmotors=DC series
|  image=Trenitalia, 444052 Brindisi.JPG
|  caption=An E.444R at [[Brindisi railway station|Brindisi Station]].
|  builddate=1989-
|  builder=
|  locoweight=((convert|84|t|abbr=on))
|  uicclass=[[Bo′Bo′]]
|  firstrundate=1989
|  disposition=In service
|  numinclass=97
|  wheeldiameter=((convert|1.250|m|in|2|abbr=on))
|  poweroutput=((convert|4,272|kW|abbr=on))
|  wheelbase=((convert|9.000|m|ftin|1|abbr=on)) between bogie pivots<br>((convert|3.020|m|ftin|1|abbr=on)) between axles on each bogie
|  tractiveeffort=((convert|201|kN|abbr=on))
|  maxspeed=((convert|200|km/h|abbr=on))
|  length=((convert|17.120|m|ftin|1|abbr=on))
|  width=((convert|3.020|m|ftin|1|abbr=on))
|  height=((convert|4.300|m|ftin|1|abbr=on))
|  transmission=42/75 gear ratio
|  operator=[[FS Trenitalia]]
))

===E.444R===
The introduction of fast lines showed the age of the E.444. It was therefore commissioned a program to upgrade all units to a new standard. That [[stator]] groups and the braking system were adapted for high speed service, while later it was also decided to update the driving cabin, which had been always noisy at high speed. A new, profiled frontal was thus adopted, together with a pearl grey-red livery.<ref group=note>Later changed to the standard white green of [[FS Trenitalia]].</ref> The modified units (for a total of 97) were re-christened '''E.444R''' ("R" standing for ''riqualificazione'', meaning "re-qualification", but also known as "Ribollita" derisively among personnel, meaning "Reheated soup").

E.444R are in widespread service with FS-Trenitalia for fast Intercity and express services.

As part of Trenitalia's plan to retire older types of locomotives (such as the [[FS Class E.656|Caimano]], [[FS Class E.632|Tigre]] and Tartaruga), the E.444Rs are now undergoing final retirement due to lack of newer safery features. By June 2020, they are no longer used in revenue services, instead being used to tow rolling stock for scrap or work trains.

== Explanatory notes ==
((Reflist|group=note))

== References ==
((Reflist))

== External links ==
* ((Commons category inline|FS E.444))
* ((Commons category inline|FS E.444R))
* ((Commons category inline|FS E.447))

((FS locos))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Fs Class E444))
[[Category:3000 V DC locomotives]]
[[Category:Bo′Bo′ electric locomotives of Europe]]
[[Category:Bo′Bo′ locomotives]]
[[Category:Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane electric locomotives|E.444]]
[[Category:Passenger locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1965]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1967]]
[[Category:Standard gauge locomotives of Italy]]

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