| Fangcheng Yue | |
|---|---|
| 防城白話 | |
| Native to | China, Vietnam |
| Region | Fangchenggang/Fongsinggong, Mong Cai |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
The Fangcheng dialect (Chinese: 防城白話; local Jyutping: Fong4sing4 baak4waa4; IPA: [fɔŋ˩˨ ɕeɪŋ˩˨ pak̚˨ ʋa˩˨], lit. 'Fangcheng plain speech') also rendered Fongsing Jyut dialect, is a dialect of Yue (Cantonese), spoken in the southern area closer to the sea of former Fangcheng County(防城縣), which was divided present-day Dongxing City(東興市), Fangcheng District(防城區) and Gangkou District(港口區).
As a variety of Cantonese, it is intelligible with Guangzhou Cantonese.
Due to the policy on the promotion of Putonghua and the influx of foreign population who doesn't speak Yue Chinese, the level of dialect use among local young people is declining.
Except for most of the consonants that are the same as in Standard Cantonese, there are also several other consonants in Fangcheng Yue Dialect. The extended Jyutping(Jyut++) will be used to transcribe the phonemes as follows.
| Labial | Dental | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | Labialized | |||||||
| Nasal | /m/ ⟨m⟩ | /n/ ⟨n⟩ | [ɲ] ⟨nj⟩ | /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ | ||||
| Plosive | tenuis | /p/ ⟨b⟩ | /t/ ⟨d⟩ | /k/ ⟨g⟩ | /kʷ/ ⟨gw⟩ | (ʔ) | ||
| aspirated | /pʰ/ ⟨p⟩ | /tʰ/ ⟨t⟩ | /kʰ/ ⟨k⟩ | /kʰʷ/ ⟨kw⟩ | ||||
| Affricate | tenuis | /tɕ/ ⟨z⟩ | ||||||
| aspirated | /tɕʰ/ ⟨c⟩ | |||||||
| Fricative | /f/ ⟨f⟩ | /ɕ/ ⟨s⟩ | /h/ ⟨h⟩ | |||||
| Approximant | /ʋ/ ⟨v⟩ | /l/ ⟨l⟩ | /ɬ/ ⟨sl⟩ | /j/ ⟨j⟩ | ||||
Fangcheng Yue has six vowels, a, ɐ, ɛ, i, ɔ, and u.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | /i/ ⟨i⟩ | /u/ ⟨u⟩ | |
| Mid | /ɛ/ ⟨e⟩ | /ɐ/ ⟨a⟩ | /ɔ/ ⟨o⟩ |
| Open | /a/ ⟨aa⟩ |
And two diphthongs only exist before -ŋ and -k, each pair of sounds of theirs has almost equal weight respectively, which do not lend themselves to analysis as ending analyzed to ending as -j or -w phonemely.
Moreover, Fangcheng Yue finals exhibit the final consonants found in Middle Chinese, namely [m, n, ŋ, p, t, k]. Which are romanized as m, n, ng, p, t, and k respectively.
| nucleus | note | coda | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -∅ | -i | -u | -m | -n | -ŋ | -p | -t | -k | ||
| -a- | IPA | a | ai | au | am | an | aŋ | ap | at | ak |
| e.g. | 花 faa1 | 買 maai2 | 鬧 naau4 | 藍 laam4 | 山 saan1 | 冷 laang2 | 鴨 aap3 | 襪 maat4 | 白 baak4 | |
| meaning | flower | to buy | to scold | blue | mountain | cold | duck | sock | white | |
| -ɛ- | IPA | ɛ | ɛu | ɛm | ɛn | e͡ɐŋ | ɛp | ɛt | e͡ɐk | |
| e.g. | 車 ce1 | 貓 meu1 | 鉗 kem4 | 剪 zen2 | 贏 jeng4 | 碟 dep4 | 裂 let3 | 赤 cek3 | ||
| meaning | car | cat | plicer | to cut(use scissors) | to win | (small)dish | to split | red | ||
| -ø͡ɔ- | IPA | ø͡ɔŋ | ø͡ɔt | ø͡ɔk | ||||||
| e.g. | 梁 loeng4 | 噦 oet4 | 脚 goek3 | |||||||
| meaning | lintel; a surname Leung, Liang etc. | yuck(an onomatopoeia for vomiting) | foot | |||||||
| -i- | ∅- | i | iu | im | in | eɪŋ | ip | it | eɪk | |
| Syllabics | ŋ̩ | |||||||||
Fangcheng Yue dialect has 6 or 7 tones.
| Name | Tone contour | Description | Example | Number | five-scale IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yin-level (jam1-ping4 陰平) | ˦˥ | high rising | 衣 | 1 | 45 |
| Rising tone (soeng2-seng1 上聲) | ˩˧ | middle level | 子 | 2 | 13 |
| Yin-departing (jam1-hi3 陰去) | ˧˧ | middle level | 貢 | 3 | 21 |
| Upper Yin-entering (soeng4-jam1-jap4 上陰入) | ˥ | high stopped | 谷 | 1 | 5 |
| Lower Yin-entering (haa4-jam1-jap4 下陰入) | ˧ | middle stopped | 百 | 3 | 3 |
| Yang-level (joeng4-ping4 陽平) | ˩˨ | low falling | 群 | 4 | 21 |
| Yang-entering (joeng4-jap4 陽入) | ˨ | low stopped | 物 | 4 | 2 |
| High rising (gau1-gong3-diu4 高降調) | ˥˧ | high rising | 乜 | `53 | 53 |
