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((short description|Daughter of Mary Wollstonecraft))
((Use dmy dates|date=May 2023))
((quote box |width=275px|align = right  |bgcolor = #c6dbf7
|title = On Fanny Godwin
|quote =
<poem>
Her voice did quiver as we parted,
Yet knew I not that heart was broken
From which it came, and I departed
Heeding not the words then spoken.
Misery—O Misery,
This world is all too wide for thee.
</poem>
|source =—Percy Bysshe Shelley<ref>[[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Shelley, Percy Bysshe]]. ((ws | [[s:On Fanny Godwin|"On Fanny Godwin"]])) Retrieved 1 June 2007.</ref>
))
'''Frances Imlay''' (14 May 1794&nbsp;– 9 October 1816), also known as '''Fanny Godwin''' and '''Frances Wollstonecraft''', was the [[illegitimate daughter]] of the British feminist [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] and the American commercial speculator and diplomat [[Gilbert Imlay]]. Wollstonecraft wrote about her frequently in her later works. Fanny grew up in the household of anarchist political philosopher [[William Godwin]], the widower of her mother, with his second wife [[Mary Jane Clairmont]] and their combined family of five children. Fanny's half-sister [[Mary Shelley|Mary]] grew up to write ''[[Frankenstein]]'' and married [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], a leading [[Romanticism|Romantic]] poet, who composed a poem on Fanny's death.

Although Gilbert Imlay and Mary Wollstonecraft lived together happily for brief periods before and after the birth of Fanny, he left Wollstonecraft in France in the midst of [[French Revolution|the Revolution]]. In an attempt to revive their relationship, Wollstonecraft travelled to Scandinavia on business for him, taking the one-year-old Fanny with her, but the affair never rekindled. After falling in love with and marrying Godwin, Wollstonecraft died soon after giving birth in 1797, leaving the three-year-old Fanny in the hands of Godwin, along with their newborn daughter Mary.

Four years later, Godwin remarried and his new wife, Mary Jane Clairmont, brought two children of her own into the marriage, most significantly [[Claire Clairmont]]. Wollstonecraft's daughters resented the new Mrs Godwin and the attention she paid to her own daughter. The Godwin household became an increasingly uncomfortable place to live as tensions rose and debts mounted. The teenage Mary and Claire escaped by running off to the Continent with Shelley in 1814. Fanny, left behind, bore the brunt of her stepmother's anger. She became increasingly isolated from her family and died by suicide in 1816.

==Life==

===Birth===
[[File:Mary Wollstonecraft by John Opie (c. 1797).jpg|thumb|alt=Left-looking half-length portrait of a possibly pregnant woman in a white dress|''Mary Wollstonecraft'' by [[John Opie]] (c. 1797)<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 39.</ref>]]

Fanny Wollstonecraft was the daughter of the British [[feminist]] writer [[Mary Wollstonecraft]] and the American entrepreneur [[Gilbert Imlay]]. Both had moved to France during the [[French Revolution]], Wollstonecraft to practise the principles laid out in her seminal work ''[[A Vindication of the Rights of Woman]]'' (1792) and Imlay to engage in speculative business ventures. The two met and fell in love. At one point during Wollstonecraft and Imlay's relationship, the couple could meet only at a tollbooth between [[Paris]] and [[Neuilly-sur-Seine|Neuilly]], and it was there that their daughter was conceived; Fanny was therefore, in Godwin's words, a "barrier child".<ref>St Clair, 182; Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 54. Todd identifies the place as a "tollbooth" and St Clair, paraphrasing Godwin's 1798 edition of Wollstonecraft's and Imlay's letters, identifies it as a "toll gate barrier". In modern French, at least, ''poste de péage'' can mean both "tollbooth" and "tollhouse". According to St Clair, "the lovers had arranged uncomfortable assignations there during the time when Imlay was forbidden to leave the city limits" (182). Which of the many places named Neuilly is unclear. [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]] was known as "Neuilly" until 1897, when the name was changed, and is the most likely candidate.</ref> Frances "Fanny" Imlay, Wollstonecraft's first child, was born in [[Le Havre]] on 14 May 1794, or, as the birth certificate stated, on the 25th day of [[Floréal|Floreal]] in the Second Year of the Republic,<ref>Tomalin, 218–19; Holmes, ''Footsteps'', 118.</ref> and named after [[Fanny Blood]], her mother's closest friend.<ref>Todd, ''Mary Wollstonecraft'', 258.</ref> Although Imlay never married Wollstonecraft, he registered her as his wife at the American consulate to protect her once [[French Revolutionary Wars|Britain and France went to war]] in February 1793. Most people, including Wollstonecraft's sisters, assumed they were married—and thus, by extension, that Fanny was legitimate—and she was registered as such in France.<ref>Tomalin, 218–19; Todd, ''Mary Wollstonecraft'', 267.</ref>

===Infancy and early childhood===
Initially, the couple's life together was idyllic. Wollstonecraft playfully wrote to one friend: "My little Girl begins to suck so ''manfully'' that her father reckons saucily on her writing the second part of the R[igh]ts of Woman" [emphasis in original].<ref>Qtd. in Todd, ''Mary Wollstonecraft'', 258; see also, Tomalin, 219; Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 22.</ref> Imlay soon tired of Wollstonecraft and domestic life and left her for long periods of time. Her letters to him are full of needy expostulations, explained by most critics as the expressions of a deeply depressed woman but by some as a result of her circumstances—alone with an infant in the middle of the French Revolution.<ref>Tomalin, 220–21; Todd, ''Mary Wollstonecraft'', 258; Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 22.</ref>

Wollstonecraft returned to London in April 1795, seeking Imlay, but he rejected her; the next month she attempted to commit suicide, but he saved her life (it is unclear how).<ref>Todd, ''Mary Wollstonecraft'', 286–87.</ref> In a last attempt to win him back, she embarked upon a hazardous trip to [[Scandinavia]] from June to September 1795, with only her one-year-old daughter and a maid, in order to conduct some business for him. Wollstonecraft's journey was daunting not only because she was travelling to what some considered a nearly uncivilized region during [[French Revolutionary Wars|a time of war]], but also because she was travelling without a male escort. When she returned to England and realized that her relationship with Imlay was over, she attempted suicide a second time. She went out on a rainy night, walked around to soak her clothes, and then jumped into the [[River Thames]], but a stranger rescued her.<ref>Todd, ''Mary Wollstonecraft'', 355–56; Tomalin, 232–36; Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 22–24; Seymour, 15–16.</ref>

[[File:WollstonecraftLessons.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Page reads "LESSONS. The first book of a series which I intended to have written for my unfortunate girl.* LESSON I. CAT. Dog. Cow. Horse. Sheep. Pig. Bird. Fly. Man. Boy. Girl. Child. *This title which is indorsed on the back of the manuscript, I conclude to have been written in a period of desperation, in the month of October, 1795."|Before one of her suicide attempts, Wollstonecraft wrote at the top of the first page of ''Lessons'': "The first book of a series which I intended to have written for my unfortunate girl."<ref>William Godwin, the editor, speculates that Wollstonecraft wrote this note in October 1795.</ref>]]

Using her diaries and letters from her journey to Scandinavia, Wollstonecraft wrote a rumination on her travels and her relationship—''[[Letters Written in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark]]'' (1796)—in which, among other things, she celebrated motherhood.<ref>Tomalin, 225–31; Todd, ''Mary Wollstonecraft'', 311ff; Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 22–23.</ref> Her maternal connection to her daughter prompted her to reflect on a woman's place in the world:

<blockquote>
You know that as a female I am particularly attached to her—I feel more than a mother's fondness and anxiety, when I reflect on the dependent and oppressed state of her sex. I dread lest she should be forced to sacrifice her heart to her principles, or principles to her heart. With trembling hand I shall cultivate sensibility, and cherish delicacy of sentiment, lest, whilst I lend fresh blushes to the rose, I sharpen the thorns that will wound the breast I would fain guard—I dread to unfold her mind, lest it should render her unfit for the world she is to inhabit—Hapless woman! what a fate is thine!<ref>Qtd. in Todd, ''Mary Wollstonecraft'', 326–27.</ref>
</blockquote>

Wollstonecraft lavished love and attention on her daughter. She began two books, drawn from her own experience, related to Fanny's care: a parenting manual entitled ''Letters on the Management of Infants'' and a reading primer entitled ''Lessons''.<ref>Tomalin, 249; Todd, ''Mary Wollstonecraft'', 259–60; Seymour, 26.</ref> In one section of ''Lessons'', she describes [[weaning]]:

<blockquote>
When you were hungry, you began to cry, because you could not speak. You were seven months without teeth, always sucking. But after you got one, you began to gnaw a crust of bread. It was not long before another came pop. At ten months you had four pretty white teeth, and you used to bite me. Poor mamma! Still I did not cry, because I am not a child, but you hurt me very much. So I said to papa, it is time the little girl should eat. She is not naughty, yet she hurts me. I have given her a crust of bread, and I must look for some other milk.<ref>Qtd. in Todd, ''Mary Wollstonecraft'', 260.</ref>
</blockquote>

In 1797, Wollstonecraft fell in love with and married the philosopher [[William Godwin]] (she had become pregnant with his child). Godwin grew to love Fanny during his affair with Wollstonecraft; he brought her back a mug from [[Josiah Wedgwood|Josiah Wedgwood's]] pottery factory with an "F" on it that delighted both mother and daughter.<ref>Todd, ''Mary Wollstonecraft'', 439–42; Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 30; Locke, 130; Seymour, 18.</ref> Wollstonecraft died in September of the same year, from complications giving birth to [[Mary Shelley|Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]], who survived.<ref>Tomalin, 271ff; Todd, ''Mary Wollstonecraft'', 448ff; Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 30.</ref> Three-year-old Fanny, who had been scarred from [[smallpox]],<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 22, 47.</ref> was unofficially adopted by her stepfather and given the name of Godwin.  Her copy of Wollstonecraft's only completed children's book, ''[[Original Stories from Real Life]]'' (1788), has the initials "F. G." written in large print in it.<ref>Tomalin, 286.</ref> According to the dominant interpretation of Godwin's diary, it was not until Fanny turned twelve that she was informed in an important conversation with Godwin that he was not her natural father.<ref>St Clair, 180; Tomalin, 286–87; Seymour, 82–83.</ref> In the only biography of Fanny, [[Janet Todd]] disputes this reading, arguing instead that the conversation was about Fanny's future. She finds it unlikely that Fanny would have been unaware of her origins in the open and liberal Godwin household.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 54–55.</ref>

After Wollstonecraft's death, Godwin and [[Joseph Johnson (publisher)|Joseph Johnson]], Wollstonecraft's publisher and close friend, contacted Fanny's father, but he was uninterested in raising his child. (Neither Wollstonecraft nor her daughter ever saw Gilbert Imlay after 1796.)<ref>St Clair, 296; Tomalin, 287; Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 31–32.</ref> Wollstonecraft's two sisters, Eliza Bishop and Everina Wollstonecraft, Fanny's only two living female relatives, were anxious to care for her; Godwin, disliking them, turned down their offer.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 35–36; Seymour, 38, 40–41; see also Locke, 218.</ref> Several times throughout Fanny's childhood Wollstonecraft's sisters asked Godwin to allow them to raise their niece and each time he refused.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 52ff.</ref> Godwin himself did not seem particularly ready for parenthood and he now had two small children to raise and no steady source of income. However, he was determined to care for them.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 36.</ref> During these early years of Fanny's life, Joseph Johnson served as an "unofficial trustee" for her as he had occasionally for her mother. He even willed her [[£sd|£]]200, but Godwin owed Johnson so much money upon his death in 1809 that Johnson's heirs demanded Godwin pay the money back as part of his arrears.<ref>St Clair, 305; Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 67.</ref>

===Childhood===
Although Godwin was fond of his children, he was, in many ways, ill-equipped to care for them. As Todd explains, he was constantly annoyed by their noise, demanding silence while he worked.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 46–47.</ref> However, when he took a trip to [[Dublin]] to visit Wollstonecraft's sisters, he missed the girls immensely and wrote to them frequently.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 48–49; Seymour, 41–42.</ref>
[[File:WilliamGodwin.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Half-length profile portrait of a man. His dark clothing blends into the background and his white face is in stark contrast.|[[William Godwin]], Fanny Imlay's stepfather ([[James Northcote (painter)|James Northcote]], oil on canvas, 1802, the [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]])]]

On 21 December 1801, when Fanny was seven, Godwin married [[Mary Jane Clairmont]], a neighbour with two children of her own: three-year-old [[Claire Clairmont|Claire]] and six-year-old Charles. She had never been married and was looking, like Godwin, for financial stability.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 56–58; Holmes, ''Shelley: The Pursuit'', 170; St Clair, 241.</ref> Although Clairmont was well-educated and well-travelled, most of Godwin's friends despised her, finding her vulgar and dishonest. They were astonished that Godwin could replace Mary Wollstonecraft with her.<ref>St. Clair, 242; St Clair notes that "it is easy to forget in reading of these crises [in the lives of the Godwins and the Shelleys] how unrepresentative the references in surviving documents may be. It is easy for the biographer to give undue weight to the opinions of the people who happen to have written things down." (246)</ref> Fanny and her half-sister Mary disliked their stepmother and complained that she preferred her own children to them.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 56–57.</ref> On 28 March 1803, baby William was born to the couple.<ref>St Clair, 242.</ref>

Although Godwin admired Wollstonecraft's writings, he did not agree with her that women should receive the same education as men. Therefore, he occasionally read to Fanny and Mary from [[Sarah Trimmer|Sarah Trimmer's]] ''[[Fabulous Histories]]'' (1786) and [[Anna Laetitia Barbauld|Anna Laetitia Barbauld's]] ''[[Lessons for Children]]'' (1778–79), but, according to Todd, he did not take great pains with their educations and disregarded the books Wollstonecraft had written for Fanny.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 45–46, 63.</ref> William St Clair, in his biography of the Godwins and the Shelleys, argues that Godwin and Wollstonecraft spoke extensively about the education they wanted for their children and that Godwin's writings in ''[[The Enquirer (Godwin)|The Enquirer]]'' reflect these discussions. He contends that after Wollstonecraft's death Godwin wrote to a former pupil to whom she had been close, now [[Margaret King|Lady Mountcashell]], asking her advice on how to raise and educate his daughters.<ref>St Clair, 280–81.</ref> In her biography of Mary Shelley, Miranda Seymour agrees with St Clair, arguing that "everything we know about his daughter's [Mary's and presumably Fanny's] early years suggests that she was being taught in a way of which her mother would have approved", pointing out that she had a governess, a tutor, a French-speaking stepmother, and a father who wrote children's books whose drafts he read to his own first.<ref>Seymour, 53.</ref> It was the new Mrs Godwin who was primarily responsible for the education given to the girls, but she taught her own daughter more, including French.<ref name="Ref-1">Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 63.</ref> Fanny received no formal education after her stepfather's marriage.<ref name="Ref-1"/> Yet, the adult Imlay is described by [[Charles Kegan Paul]], one of Godwin's earliest biographers, as "well educated, sprightly, clever, a good letter-writer, and an excellent domestic manager".<ref name="William Godwin">Paul, C. Kegan. [http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_Archives/godwin/friends/ch9v2.html ''William Godwin'']. Retrieved 1 June 2007; see also St Clair, 399.</ref> Fanny excelled in drawing and was taught music.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 63–64.</ref> Despite Godwin's [[atheism]], all of the children were taken to an [[Anglican]] church.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 64.</ref>

[[File:Polygon.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Black-and-white engraving showing London buildings in the background and carriages and people in the foreground.|The Polygon (''at left'') in [[Somers Town, London]], between [[Camden Town]] and [[St Pancras, London|St Pancras]], where Fanny spent her childhood years]]

The Godwins were constantly in debt, so Godwin returned to writing to support the family. He and his wife started a ''Juvenile Library'' for which he wrote children's books. In 1807, when Fanny was 13, they moved from the Polygon, where Godwin had lived with Wollstonecraft, to 41 Skinner Street, near [[Clerkenwell]], in the city's bookselling district. This took the family away from the fresh country air and into the dirty, smelly, inner streets of London.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 61; St Clair, 284–86, 290–96.</ref> Although initially successful, the business gradually failed. The Godwins also continued to borrow more money than they could afford from generous friends such as publisher [[Joseph Johnson (publisher)|Joseph Johnson]] and Godwin devotee [[Francis Place]].<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 61–62, 66–68.</ref>

As Fanny grew up, her father increasingly relied on her to placate tradespeople who demanded bills be paid and to solicit money from men such as Place. According to Todd and Seymour, Fanny believed in Godwin's theory that great thinkers and artists should be supported by patrons and she believed Godwin to be both a great novelist and a great philosopher. Throughout her life, she wrote letters asking Place and others for money to support Godwin's "genius" and she helped run the household so that he could work.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 76–79; Seymour, 168–69.</ref>

===Teenage years===
Godwin, never one to mince words, wrote about the differences he perceived between his two daughters:
<blockquote>
My own daughter [Mary] is considerably superior in capacity to the one her mother had before. Fanny, the eldest, is of a quiet, modest, unshowy disposition, somewhat given to indolence, which is her greatest fault, but sober, observing, peculiarly clear and distinct in the faculty of memory, and disposed to exercise her own thoughts and follow her own judgment. Mary, my daughter, is the reverse of her in many particulars. She is singularly bold, somewhat imperious, and active of mind. Her desire for knowledge is great, and her perseverance in everything she undertakes is almost invincible. My own daughter is, I believe, very pretty; Fanny is by no means handsome, but in general prepossessing.<ref>Qtd. in Locke, 219.</ref>
</blockquote>

The intellectual world of the girls was widened by their exposure to the literary and political circles in which Godwin moved. For example, during former American vice-president [[Aaron Burr|Aaron Burr's]] self-imposed exile from the United States after his acquittal on treason charges, he often spent time with the Godwins. He greatly admired the works of Wollstonecraft and had educated his daughter according to the precepts of ''[[A Vindication of the Rights of Woman]]''. He was anxious to meet the daughters of the woman he revered and referred to Fanny, Mary, and Claire as "goddesses". He spent most of his time talking with Fanny about political and educational topics.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 77ff.</ref> Burr was impressed by the [[Bell-Lancaster method|Lancastrian]] teaching method and took Fanny to see a model school in 1811.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 74–75.</ref>

====Percy, Mary, and Claire====
[[File:Portrait of Percy Bysshe Shelley by Curran, 1819.jpg|right|thumb|alt=Half-length oval portrait of a man wearing a black jacket and a white shirt, which is askew and open to his chest.|Radical [[Romanticism|Romantic]] poet [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] was probably loved by all three Godwin sisters ([[Amelia Curran (painter)|Amelia Curran]], 1819).<ref>Holmes, ''Shelley: The Pursuit'', 312.</ref>]]

It was not Burr, but the [[Romanticism|Romantic]] poet and writer [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] who had the greatest impact on Fanny and her sisters' lives. Impressed by Godwin's ''[[Political Justice]]'', Shelley wrote to him and the two started corresponding. In 1812, Shelley asked if Fanny, then 18 and the daughter of one of his heroes, Mary Wollstonecraft, could come live with him, his new wife, and her sister. Having never actually met Shelley and being sceptical of his motivations (Shelley had eloped to marry his wife, Harriet), Godwin refused.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 91–92; Holmes, ''Shelley: The Pursuit'', 147; Locke, 248; Seymour, 67ff; St Clair, 330.</ref> When Shelley finally came to visit the Godwins, all three girls were enamoured of him, particularly Imlay.<ref>Holmes, ''Shelley: The Pursuit'', 169–70; Locke, 248–49.</ref> Both Shelley and Fanny were interested in discussing [[Radicalism (historical)|radical]] politics; for example, Shelley liked to act as if class were irrelevant, but she argued that it was significant in daily affairs.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 97–99; see also Seymour, 68–69.</ref>

In 1814, Shelley spent a considerable amount of time at the Godwins' and he and Fanny may have fallen in love. Later, [[Claire Clairmont]] claimed that they had been.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 111–12, 118–19.</ref> Fanny was sent to [[Wales]] in May of that year; Todd speculates that Godwin was trying to separate her from Shelley while Seymour hints that Mrs Godwin was trying to improve her despondent mood.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 125–28; Seymour, 89.</ref> Meanwhile, the Godwin household became even more uncomfortable as Godwin sank further into debt and as relations between Mary and her stepmother became increasingly hostile.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 120–21.</ref> Mary Godwin consoled herself with Shelley and the two started a passionate love affair. When Shelley declared to Godwin that the two were in love, Godwin exploded in anger. However, he needed the money that Shelley, as an aristocrat, could and was willing to provide. Frustrated with the entire situation, Mary Godwin, Shelley, and Claire Clairmont ran off to Europe together on 28 June 1814.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 129–36; Holmes, ''Shelley: The Pursuit'', 231–34; Locke, 251–54; Seymour, 99.</ref> Godwin hurriedly summoned Fanny home from Wales to help him handle the situation. Her stepmother wrote that Fanny's "emotion was deep when she heard of the sad fate of the two girls; she cannot get over it".<ref>Qtd. in Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 138; see also Seymour, 99.</ref> In the middle of this disaster, one of Godwin's protégés killed himself, and young William Godwin ran away from home and was missing for two days. When news of the girls' escapade became public, Godwin was pilloried in the press. Life in the Godwin household became increasingly strained.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 139; Seymour, 99–100; St Clair, 362–63.</ref>

[[File:Shelley Easton.tif|left|thumb|upright|alt=Black-and-white oval portrait of a woman wearing a shawl and a thin circlet around her head.|[[Mary Shelley|Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin]], Fanny's half-sister and the (eventual) wife of [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] ([[Reginald Easton]], c.&nbsp;1857)]]

When Mary Godwin, Claire Clairmont, and Shelley returned from the Continent in September 1814, they took a house together in London, enraging Godwin still further. Fanny felt pulled between the two households: she felt loyal both to her sisters and to her father. Both despised her decision not to choose a side in the family drama. As Seymour explains, Fanny was in a difficult position: the Godwin household felt Shelley was a dangerous influence and the Shelley household ridiculed her fear of violating social conventions. Also, her aunts were considering her for a teaching position at this time, but were reluctant because of Godwin's shocking ''[[Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman]]'' (1798).  Seymour writes, the "few timid visits Fanny made to see Mary and [Claire] in London were acts of great courage; she got little thanks for them".<ref>Seymour, 115; see also Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 146; Seymour, 121; Locke, 270–71.</ref> Although instructed by Godwin not to speak to Shelley and her sisters, Fanny warned them of creditors who knew of Shelley's return (he also was in debt).<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 147–50; Holmes, ''Shelley: The Pursuit'', 265.</ref> Her attempts to persuade Clairmont to return to the Godwins' convinced Shelley that she was of Godwin's party and he began to distrust her.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 151–53; see also Gittings and Manton, 18–25; Locke, 256–68; St Clair, 372–73.</ref> Fanny was also still responsible for soliciting money from Shelley in order to repay her father's debts; despite Shelley's essential elopement with two of his daughters, Godwin agreed to accept £1,200 from Shelley.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 152–53; see also Holmes, ''Shelley: The Pursuit'', 311-13. Shelley's financial situation was complex. As an aristocrat, he could borrow money against his inheritance through what were referred to as "post-obits"; they came at a costly interest rate. Shelley borrowed much money this way for himself and Godwin after his father refused to grant him any more funds. Thus, he was consistently in debt, though his creditors assumed that he would one day be able to pay or that he could somehow raise the money to pay off his debts.</ref> When Mary Godwin gave birth to a daughter in February 1815, she immediately sent for Fanny, particularly as both she and the infant were ill. Godwin chastised Fanny for disobeying his orders not to see her half-sister and her misery increased. After the death of the child, Fanny paid more frequent visits to the couple.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 160–62; see also Seymour, 121, 128–29.</ref>

Soon after, Clairmont became a lover of the Romantic poet [[Lord Byron]], and Mary Godwin and Shelley had a second child on 24 January 1816, who was named William after Godwin.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 176; Seymour, 143.</ref> In February, Fanny went to visit the Shelleys, who had settled in [[Bishopsgate]].<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 181.</ref> Godwin's debts continued to mount, and while he demanded money from Shelley, Godwin still refused to see either him or his daughter.<ref name="Ref-2">Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 182.</ref> At this time, Charles Clairmont (Fanny's step-brother), frustrated with the tension in the Godwin household, left for France and refused to help the family any further.<ref name="Ref-2"/> At around the same time, Claire Clairmont, Mary Godwin, and Shelley left for the Continent, seeking Byron. Godwin was aghast. He relied on Shelley's money, and the stain on his family's reputation only increased when the public learned that the group had left to join the rakish Byron.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 185–86.</ref>

Amidst all of this family turmoil, Fanny still found time to ponder larger social issues. The [[utopian socialist]] [[Robert Owen]] came to visit Godwin in the summer of 1816 and he and Fanny discussed the plight of the working poor in Britain. She agreed with many of Owen's proposals, but not all of them. She decided, in the end, that his utopian scheme was too "romantic", because it depended heavily on the goodwill of the rich to sacrifice their wealth.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 190; Locke, 271.</ref> That same summer, George Blood—the brother of Fanny's namesake—came to meet her for the first time and told her stories of her mother. After this meeting she wrote to Mary Godwin and Shelley: "I have determined never to live to be a disgrace to ''such a mother''... I have found that if I will endeavour to overcome my faults I shall find being's ((sic)) to love and esteem me" [emphasis in original].<ref>Qtd. in Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 203; see also Locke, 271.</ref>

[[File:Claire Clairmont, by Amelia Curran.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Portrait of a woman showing her neck and head. She has brown hair in ringlet curls and we can see the ruffle from the top of her dress. The painting is done in a palette of oranges and browns.|[[Claire Clairmont]], Fanny's sister by adoption and a mistress of [[Lord Byron]] ([[Amelia Curran (painter)|Amelia Curran]], 1819)]]

Before Mary Godwin, Clairmont, and Shelley had left for the Continent, Fanny and Mary had had a major argument and no chance to come to a reconciliation. Fanny attempted in her letters to Mary to smooth over the relationship, but her sense of loneliness and isolation in London was palpable. She wrote to Mary of "the dreadful state of mind I generally labour under & which I in vain endeavour to get rid of".<ref>Qtd. in Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 206; see also 208–09; Seymour, 152.</ref> Many scholars attribute Fanny's increasing unhappiness to Mrs Godwin's hostility towards her. Kegan, and others, contend that Fanny was subject to the same "extreme depression to which her mother had been subject, and which marked other members of the Wollstonecraft family".<ref name="William Godwin"/> Wandering amongst the mountains of [[Switzerland]], frustrated with her relationship with Shelley, and engrossed by the writing of ''[[Frankenstein]]'', her sister was unsympathetic.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 206–07.</ref>

The group returned from the Continent, with a pregnant Clairmont, and settled in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] (to protect her reputation, they attempted to hide the pregnancy). Fanny saw Shelley twice in September 1816; according to Todd's interpretation of Fanny's letters, Fanny had earlier tried to solicit an invitation to join the group in Europe and she repeated these appeals when she saw Shelley in London.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 207–08, 213–14.</ref> Todd believes that Fanny begged to be allowed to stay with them because life in Godwin's house was unbearable, with the constant financial worries and Mrs Godwin's insistent haranguing, and that Shelley refused, concerned with anyone learning about Clairmont's condition, most of all someone he believed might inform Godwin (Shelley was being sued by his wife and was worried about his own reputation). After Shelley left, Todd explains that Fanny wrote to Mary "to make clear again her longing to be rescued".<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 215; see also Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 215–24; Locke, 271–72.</ref>

==Death==

===Theories===
((quote box |width=300px|align = right  |bgcolor = #c6dbf7
|quote = It is only poets that are eternal benefactors of their fellow creatures—& the real ones never fail of giving us the highest degree of pleasure we are capable of&nbsp;... they are in my oppinion ((sic)) nature & art united—& as such never failing.
|source =—Fanny Godwin to [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]] and [[Mary Shelley]], 1816<ref>Qtd. in Seymour, 171.</ref>
))
On 9 October 1816, Fanny left Godwin's house in London and died by suicide by taking an overdose of [[laudanum]] at an inn in [[Swansea]], Wales; she was 22. The details surrounding her death and her motivations are disputed. Most of the letters regarding the incident were destroyed or are missing.<ref>Pollin, 265–66; Seymour, 169–70.</ref> In his 1965 article "Fanny Godwin's Suicide Re-examined", B. R. Pollin lays out the major theories that had been put forward regarding her suicide and which continue to be used today:
* Fanny had just learned of her illegitimate birth.
* Mrs Godwin became more cruel to Fanny after Mary Godwin and Claire Clairmont ran off with [[Percy Bysshe Shelley|Percy Shelley]].
* Fanny had been refused a position at her aunts' school in Ireland.
* Fanny was depressive, and her condition was aggravated by the state of the Godwin household.
* Fanny was in love with Percy Shelley and distraught that Mary and he had fallen in love.<ref name="Pollin, 258">Pollin, 258.</ref>
Pollin dismisses the first of these, as have most later biographers, arguing that Fanny had access to her mother's writings and Godwin's ''[[Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman]]'' which openly discuss the circumstances of her birth. Fanny herself even makes this distinction in letters to her half-sister Mary Godwin.<ref>Pollin, 259–61.</ref>

Pollin is also sceptical of the second explanation, pointing to Fanny's letter to Mary of 3 October 1816 in which she defended her step-mother: "Mrs. Godwin would never do either of you a deliberate injury. Mamma and I are not great friends, but always alive to her virtues, I am anxious to defend her from a charge so foreign to her character."<ref>Qtd. in Pollin, 261.</ref>

Pollin finds no evidence that Fanny had been refused a position at her aunts' school, only that such a scheme may have been "in contemplation", as Godwin later wrote, although Seymour grants this explanation some plausibility.<ref>Pollin, 262; Seymour, 168.</ref> St Clair claims that Fanny was on her way to join her maternal aunts in Ireland when she decided to commit suicide. He believes that it was to be a probationary visit, to see if she could be a teacher in their school.<ref>St Clair, 398–408.</ref> Godwin's modern biographer, Richard Holmes, dismisses this story.<ref name="Locke, 274">Locke, 274.</ref>

In his survey of the letters of the Godwins and the Shelleys, Pollin comes to the conclusion that Fanny was not depressive. She is frequently described as happy and looking toward the future and describes herself this way. The mentions of melancholia and sadness are specific and related to particular events and illness.<ref>Pollin, 263–64.</ref> Richard Holmes, in his biography of Percy Shelley, argues that "her agonizing and loveless suspension between the Godwin and Shelley households was clearly the root circumstance" of her suicide.<ref>Holmes, ''Shelley: The Pursuit'', 347.</ref> Godwin biographer and philosopher Don Locke argues that "most probably because she could absorb no more of the miseries of Skinner Street, her father's inability to pay his debts or write his books, her mother's unending irritability and spitefulness", all of which she blamed on herself, she committed suicide.<ref name="Locke, 274"/>

Pollin largely agrees with Todd, speculating that Fanny saw Percy Shelley in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] and he "somehow failed her", causing her to commit suicide.<ref>Pollin, 268.</ref> Seymour and others speculate that Shelley's only failure was to live up to his financial promises to Godwin and it was this that helped push Fanny over the edge; she was convinced, like her father, "that the worthy have an absolute right to be supported by those who have the worth to give".<ref>Seymour, 169.</ref> Todd, on the other hand, agrees with Pollin and speculates that Fanny went to see Mary Godwin and Shelley. Todd argues that Fanny had affection for Shelley and felt that his home was her only haven.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 223–25; see also Locke, 272 where he writes that she might have seen Percy Shelley at this time.</ref> Relying on scraps of poetry that Shelley may have written after Fanny's death, Todd concludes that Shelley saw her in Bath and rejected her pleas because he needed to protect Claire's reputation as well as his own at this time.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 225–26.</ref> Todd also notes that Fanny had worn her mother's [[History of corsets|stays]], which were embroidered with the initials "M.W.", and the nicest clothes she owned. She had adorned herself with a Swiss gold watch sent to her from [[Geneva]] by the Shelleys and a necklace, in order to make a good impression.<ref>Todd, 224–25; see also Seymour, 160.</ref> After Shelley rejected her, Todd concludes, Fanny decided to end her life.

===Suicide and aftermath===
((quote box |width=300px|align = right  |bgcolor = #c6dbf7
|quote = Duty kept her with us; but I am afraid her affections were with them.
|source =—[[William Godwin]] on Fanny Godwin<ref>Qtd. in Todd, xi.</ref>
))
On the night of 9 October, Fanny checked into the Mackworth Arms Inn in Swansea and instructed the chambermaid not to disturb her. The same night Mary Godwin, staying in Bath with Shelley, received a letter Fanny had mailed earlier from [[Bristol]]. Her father in London also received a letter. The alarming nature of the letters prompted both Godwin and Shelley to set out for Bristol at once (although they travelled separately). By the time they tracked her to Swansea on 11 October, they were too late. Fanny was found dead in her room on 10 October, having taken a fatal dose of laudanum, and it was only Shelley who stayed to deal with the situation. Fanny left behind an unaddressed note, describing herself as "unfortunate", perhaps referring to Mary Wollstonecraft's description of her as "my unfortunate girl" in the note she wrote on "Lessons" before she herself attempted suicide:<ref>Pollin, 260.</ref>
<blockquote>
I have long determined that the best thing I could do was to put an end to the existence of a being whose birth was unfortunate, and whose life has only been a series of pain to those persons who have hurt their health in endeavouring to promote her welfare. Perhaps to hear of my death will give you pain, but you will soon have the blessing of forgetting that such a creature ever existed as<ref>Qtd. in St Clair, 411.</ref>
</blockquote>
The note appears to have originally been signed, but the name was torn off or burned off so that her body could not be identified.<ref>St Clair, 411–12; Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 3–4; Seymour, 169–71; Holmes, ''Shelley: The Pursuit'', 347–48; Locke, 272–74.</ref> When the announcement was printed in the local newspaper, ''The Cambrian'', therefore, it did not refer to Fanny specifically.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 233; Gittings and Manton, 36.</ref>

At the [[Inquest (England and Wales)|inquest]], Fanny was declared "dead", rather than a suicide or an insanity victim, which saved her body from various indignities.<ref name="Ref-3">Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 236–37.</ref> Todd speculates that Shelley arranged for Fanny to be declared "dead" (an appellation more common for the well-to-do) and removed any identifying items, such as her name on the note. She also concludes that to protect the rest of the family, he refused to claim her body.<ref name="Ref-3"/> No one else claimed Fanny's body and it was most likely buried in the graveyard of St. John-Juxta-Swansea (now Saint Matthew's Churchyard).<ref>[https://ezramagazine.com/a-necessary-life-the-story-of-mary-wollstonecraft/ A Necessary Life ((!)) The story of Mary Wollstonecraft]. ''Ezra Magazine''.</ref> In fact, Godwin wrote to Percy Shelley:
<blockquote>
Do nothing to destroy the obscurity she so much desired, that now rests upon the event. It was, as I said, her last wish&nbsp;... Think what is the situation of my wife & myself, now deprived of all our children but the youngest [William]; & do not expose us to those idle questions, which to a mind in anguish is one of the severest trials.

We are at this moment in doubt whether during the first shock we shall not say she is gone to Ireland to her aunts, a thing that had been in contemplation&nbsp;... What I have most of all in horror is the public papers; & I thank you for your caution as it might act on this.<ref>Qtd. in Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 239; according to Seymour this letter was written to Mary Shelley, not Percy Shelley, 171.</ref>
</blockquote>
Because suicide was considered scandalous, disreputable, and sinful at the time, which might have damaged Godwin's business,<ref name="Pollin, 258"/> the family told various stories regarding Imlay's death in order to cover up the truth, including that she had gone on vacation, that she had died of a cold in Wales, that she had died of an "inflammatory fever", that she was living with her mother's sisters, or, if forced to admit suicide, that Fanny killed herself because Shelley loved Mary Godwin and not her.<ref>Todd, ''Death and the Maidens'', 242–43; Gittings and Manton, 36; Seymour, 171.</ref> Neither Percy nor Mary mention Fanny's death in their surviving letters from this time. Claire Clairmont claimed in a letter to Byron that Percy became ill because of her death, but as Holmes notes, there is no other evidence for this assertion.<ref>Holmes, ''Shelley: The Pursuit'', 347–48.</ref> Yet Locke writes that Shelley told Byron he felt "a far severer anguish" over Fanny's suicide than over Harriet's (his wife's) suicide just two months later.<ref>Locke, 274–75; see also Pollin, 267.</ref>

While there is no known image of Fanny, a few months after her death, Shelley penned the poem quoted at the beginning of this article. As Seymour writes, "[p]ublished by Mary without comment, it has always been supposed to allude to his last meeting with her half-sister."<ref>Seymour, 170.</ref>

==Family tree==
((Family tree of William Godwin))

==Notes==
((Reflist|20em))

==Bibliography==
((refbegin))
* [[Robert Gittings|Gittings, Robert]] and Jo Manton. ''Claire Clairmont and the Shelleys 1798–1879''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. ((ISBN|0-19-818351-8)).
* Holmes, Richard. ''Footsteps: Adventures of a Romantic Biographer.'' New York: Viking, 1985. ((ISBN|0-670-32353-5)).
* Holmes, Richard. ''Shelley: the Pursuit''. 1974. London: Harper Perennial, 2005. ((ISBN|0-00-720458-2)).
* Locke, Don. ''A Fantasy of Reason: The Life and Thought of William Godwin''. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1980. ((ISBN|0-7100-0387-0)).
* Pollin, B. R. "Fanny Godwin's Suicide Re-examined". ''Études Anglaises'' 18:3 (1965): 258–68.
* [[Miranda Seymour|Seymour, Miranda]]. ''Mary Shelley''. London: John Murray, 2000. ((ISBN|0-7195-5711-9)).
* St Clair, William. ''The Godwins and the Shelleys: The biography of a family''. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1989. ((ISBN|0-393-02783-X)).
* [[Janet Todd|Todd, Janet]]. ''Death & the Maidens: Fanny Wollstonecraft and the Shelley Circle''. Berkeley: Counterpoint, 2007. ((ISBN|978-1-58243-339-4)); (NB "Fanny Wollstonecraft" here = Fanny Imlay).
* Todd, Janet. ''Mary Wollstonecraft: A Revolutionary Life''. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2000. ((ISBN|0-231-12184-9)).
* [[Claire Tomalin|Tomalin, Claire]]. ''The Life and Death of Mary Wollstonecraft''. Rev. ed. New York: Penguin, 1992. ((ISBN|0-14-016761-7)).
* Verhoeven, Wil. ''Gilbert Imlay: Citizen of the World''.  London: Pickering & Chatto, 2008. ((ISBN|1-85196-859-8)).
((refend))
((Mary Wollstonecraft))
((Mary Shelley))

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[[Category:1794 births]]
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