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((More citations needed|date = August 2022))
((Infobox civil conflict
| title            = Fatti di Rovereta
| subtitle         = 
| partof           = 
| image            = Fatti di Rovereta 2.jpg
| caption          = An armed militant belonging to the San Marino provisional government in Rovereta
| date             = 19 September – 11 October 1957
| place            = ((flag|San Marino))
| coordinates      = 
| causes           = 
| goals            = 
| methods          = 
| status           = 
| result           = [[San Marino]] provisional government victory
| side1            = ((flag|San Marino))
* [[Sammarinese Communist Party]]
* [[Sammarinese Socialist Party]]
| side2            = ((flagicon|San Marino)) [[San Marino|San Marino provisional government]]
* [[Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party]]
* [[Sammarinese Independent Democratic Socialist Party]]
((flag|Italy))<br/> '''Supported by:'''
((flag|United States))
| side3            = 
| side4            = 
| leadfigures1     = ((flagicon|San Marino)) Domenico Morganti
| leadfigures2     = ((flagicon|San Marino)) Federico Bigi
| leadfigures3     = 
| leadfigures4     = 
| howmany1         = ((flagicon|San Marino)) 250
| howmany2         = ((flagicon|San Marino)) 200<br/>((flagicon|Italy)) 150
| howmany3         = 
| howmany4         = 
| casualties1      =
| casualties2      = 
| casualties3      = None
| casualties4      = 
| fatalities       =
| injuries         =
| arrests          =
| damage           =
| buildings        =
| detentions       =
| charged          =
| fined            =
| effect           =
| effect_label     =
| casualties_label = 
| notes            = 
| sidebox          = 
))
The '''''fatti di Rovereta''''' (the Rovereta affair) was a [[constitutional crisis]] in [[San Marino]] in 1957 in which the [[Grand and General Council]] was deliberately rendered [[quorum|inquorate]] to prevent the scheduled election of [[Captains-Regent]]. A [[provisional government]] was established in the village of [[Rovereta]], in opposition to the outgoing Captains-Regent whose term had expired.

==Background==
Following the end of the [[Sammarinese Fascist Party|fascist government]] and [[World War II]], the [[1945 Sammarinese general election|1945 general elections]] produced a [[Sammarinese Communist Party|Communist]]-[[Sammarinese Socialist Party|Socialist]] [[coalition government]], the first ever democratically-elected communist government, making it the only communist-ruled republic west of the [[Iron Curtain]].<ref name=":0">((Cite news |last=Hamblin |first=Dora |date=4 November 1957 |title=A Civil War in a Nutshell |pages=80–88 |work=[[LIFE Magazine]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=slYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79))</ref> Both the middle and working classes supported the socialists and communists out of fear that San Marino would return to being ruled by an oligarchy of local patrician families. However, due to it being majority communist, America boycotted the economy of San Marino.((When|date=January 2024)) The American government also put pressure on the Italian government to not respect any agreements made with the country.((Example needed|date=April 2023)) This made San Marino extremely poor but it still continued to vote communist.((Better source needed|reason=No citations for most claims in article (economic boycott, respecting agreements, etc.)|date=April 2023)) The government instituted several reforms and, of the industries of San Marino, only nationalized three drugstores.<ref name=":0" />

In the [[1955 Sammarinese general election|1955 general elections]], the ruling coalition won 35 of the 60 seats in the Grand and General Council. Five moderate Socialist members of the council wanted to break the alliance with the Communists who were close to the [[Soviet Union]] and did not condemn Soviet actions during the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]. They left in April 1957 to form a new party, the [[Sammarinese Independent Democratic Socialist Party]] (PSDIS). This left a perfect 30–30 split in the council that paralyzed the government. Given the deadlock, the [[Captains-Regent]] avoided convening the council until the mandatory 19 September regency election to choose their replacements.<ref name=":0" />

==Crisis==
A day before the election, one Communist councillor became an independent and joined the opposition, giving them the majority.<ref name=":0" /> However it was the practice of the Socialist and Communist parties to enforce [[party discipline]] by making their councillors sign [[letter of resignation|letters of resignation]] after each election, with the date left blank. The party chiefs submitted to the regency all 35 letters, including the six who left their parties, with the date of 19 September. With the majority of seats vacant in the council, there was no [[quorum]], so the regency dissolved the council until new general elections could be held on 3 November. But because the council did not elect a new regency, the status of the sitting regency would be uncertain once their terms expired on 1 October, causing a [[constitutional crisis]].<ref name=":0" /> The regency ordered the [[Corps of Gendarmerie of San Marino|Gendarmerie]] to seal off the [[Palazzo Pubblico (San Marino)|Palazzo Pubblico]], preventing any councillors from entering. The opposition was in an uproar as the six defectors claimed their resignations were invalid and what transpired was a [[coup]]. Federico Bigi, leader of the Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party, led his men into a church and declared the communist government illegal, forming an executive council. The communists claimed they would arrest the ex-council members and so they went underground.<ref name=":0" />

On 28 September, the Italian carabinieri and soldiers set up roadblocks on highways leading into San Marino and refused passage to anyone besides journalists and foreign tourists. This was to ensure that communists from [[Emilia-Romagna|Romagna]] and the [[Marche]]s could not join the militia, as the opposition government was immediately recognized by Italy.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">((Cite book |last=Veenendaal |first=Wouter |title=Politics and Democracy in Microstates |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2014 |isbn=9781317646587 |pages=74))</ref> Eventually, no one was allowed in or out including food shipments and medicines. ((Better source needed|reason=No citations for most claims in article (economic boycott, respecting agreements, etc.)|date=April 2023)) 

On the night of 30 September, near midnight, the opposition council and a few supporters occupied an abandoned factory in the town of [[Rovereta]], [[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]] on the Italian border. At the stroke of midnight when the regency should have expired, the councillors declared the [[provisional government]] of San Marino.<ref name=":0" /> It was immediately recognized by France, the United States, and Italy.<ref name=":2" />

Soon after, both the communist and provisional governments began to organize militias as the police force declared neutrality. Italy also sent in a force of 150 [[carabinieri]] to support the provisional government.<ref name=":2" /> Initially the communists only had 150 men armed with German machine guns left over from WWII to 1891 muskets. The provisional government had a smaller 100-man force but was armed with more modern weapons.<ref name=":0" /> The communists sent a letter to the United Nations asking for them to send a peacekeeping force but they were denied.<ref name=":0" /> By 2 October, both forces had grown by about 100 men and a communist militant shot at an anti-communist militant but missed. No other shots were fired as neither side wanted to shed blood.<ref name=":0" />

==Resolution==
Italy recognized the provisional government and Italian [[Carabinieri]] protected the three sides of the factory that sat in their territory. The regency organized a militia of supporters and weapons flowed in from Italy to both sides. On 11 October, the regency caved in and recognized the provisional government, ending the crisis. The new government elected a new regency. One of its acts was to provide for [[women's suffrage]]. General elections were held in [[1959 Sammarinese general election|1959]], confirming the victory of the PSDIS-[[Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party|Christian Democrat]] coalition.

==References==
((reflist))

== Bibliography ==
*Maria Antonietta Bonelli a cura di Valentina Rossi, ''1957 Rovereta'', Minerva Edizioni in collaborazione con la Fondazione San Marino, [[Bologna]], 2011, ((ISBN|8873813496))
*Claudio Visani, ''Gli intrighi di una Repubblica. San Marino e Romagna, 80 anni di storia raccontati dai protagonisti.'' Prefazione di [[Sergio Zavoli]]. [[Bologna]], Pendragon Edizioni, 2012 ((ISBN|8865981776))

==External links==
((Commons category|Rovereta affair))
*((in lang|it)) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150214042430/http://www.1957.sm/ 1957: The Rovereta Affair]
*((in lang|it)) [http://footage.framepool.com/it/shot/420465046-attilio-giannini-fatti-di-rovereta-ettore-sozzi-capitano-reggente Footage about Fatti di Rovereta] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305100855/http://footage.framepool.com/it/shot/420465046-attilio-giannini-fatti-di-rovereta-ettore-sozzi-capitano-reggente |date=2016-03-05 ))
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=slYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79 LIFE Magazine Nov. 4, 1957]
((San Marino topics|state=expanded))
((Authority control))

[[Category:History of San Marino]]
[[Category:1957 in San Marino]]
[[Category:1957 in politics]]
[[Category:Constitutional crises]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1957]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Economy of San Marino (edit)
Fatti di Rovereta (edit)
Geography of San Marino (edit)
History of San Marino (edit)
Index of San Marino-related articles (edit)
Outline of San Marino (edit)
Politics of San Marino (edit)
San Marino (edit)
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