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((for|the earlier ruler of Urbino|Federico II da Montefeltro))
((Short description|Most successful condottieri of the Italian Renaissance, and lord of Urbino))
((Infobox noble
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Garter|KG]]
|image = Federico da Montefeltro.jpg
|name = Federico da Montefeltro 
|caption = [[Diptych of Federico da Montefeltro and Battista Sforza|Portrait of Federico da Montefeltro]] by [[Piero della Francesca]]. Federico lost his nasal bridge and his right eye in a tournament.
|image_size = 
| succession = [[Duke of Urbino]]
| reign = 22 July 1444 – 
10 September 1482
| predecessor = [[Oddantonio da Montefeltro|Oddantonio]]
| successor = [[Guidobaldo da Montefeltro|Guidobaldo I]]
|birth_date = ((birth date|df=y|1422|6|7))
|birth_place = [[Castello di Petroia]], [[Gubbio]], [[Papal States]]
|death_date = ((birth date|df=y|1482|9|10|1422|6|7))
|death_place = [[Ferrara]], [[Duchy of Ferrara]]
|spouse = ((plainlist|
* ((marriage|[[Gentile Brancaleoni]]|1437|1457))
* ((marriage|[[Battista Sforza]]|1460|1472|end=died))
))
|father = [[Guidantonio da Montefeltro]], or possibly Bernardino Ubaldini della Carda
|mother =
|noble family = [[House of Montefeltro]]
|title = 
|issue = Costanza di Montefeltro (December 1460 – February 1461)<br/>[[Giovanna da Montefeltro, Duchess of Sora|Giovanna di Montefeltro]] (1462–1514)<br/>Isabetta di Montefeltro (((Circa|1464)) – 1521)<br/>Costanza di Montefeltro (1466–1518)<br/>Violanta di Montefeltro<br/>[[Agnese di Montefeltro]] (1470–1522)<br/>[[Guidobaldo da Montefeltro]] (1472–1508)))

'''Federico da Montefeltro''', also known as '''Federico III da Montefeltro'''  [[Order of the Garter|KG]] (<!--AS PER WIKIPEDIA STYLE POLICY BIRTH & DEATH PLACES MUST BE IN LINE IN THE ARTICLE-->7 June 1422 – 10 September 1482), was one of the most successful mercenary captains (''[[condottiero|condottieri]]'') of the [[Italian Renaissance]], and [[Duke of Urbino|lord of Urbino]] from 1444 (as Duke from 1474) until his death. A renowned intellectual [[Renaissance Humanist|humanist]] and civil leader in Urbino on top of his impeccable reputation for martial skill and honour, he commissioned the construction of a great library, perhaps the largest of Italy after the Vatican, with his own team of scribes in his [[scriptorium]], and assembled around him a large humanistic court in the [[Ducal Palace, Urbino|Ducal Palace]], [[Urbino]], designed by [[Luciano Laurana]] and [[Francesco di Giorgio Martini]].

==Biography==
[[File:Portrait of Federico da Montefeltro with His Son Guidobaldo.jpg|thumb|left|190px|''[[Federico da Montefeltro and His Son Guidobaldo]]'' (((Circa|1475))), by [[Justus van Gent]] or (and) [[Pedro Berruguete]]]]
Federico was born in [[Castello di Petroia]] in [[Gubbio]]. [[Guidantonio da Montefeltro]], lord of [[Urbino]], Gubbio and [[Casteldurante]], and Duke of [[Spoleto]] acknowledged Federico as his illegitimate son. Two years later he was legitimized by [[Pope Martin V]], with the consent of Guidantonio's wife, [[Colonna family|Caterina Colonna]], who was Martin's niece. However, there were persistent rumours that Federico was not Guidantonio's son, but his grandson. Guidantonio had an illegitimate daughter named Aura, who, in 1420, married Bernardino Ubaldini della Carda, a captain in Guidantonio's employ. It was rumoured that, being without a son and heir at the time, Guidantonio took his daughter's firstborn son soon after birth and passed the child off as his own. This rumour was recorded by various commentators during Federigo's lifetime, including Pope [[Pius II]].<ref>Stevenson, pp.25-27</ref> 

In the aftermath of the Peace of Ferrara (see [[Wars in Lombardy]]) in 1433, he lived in Venice and [[Mantua]] as a hostage. In 1437 he was knighted by Emperor [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], and in the same year, he married Gentile Brancaleoni in Gubbio.

At sixteen, he began a career as [[condottiero]] under [[Niccolò Piccinino]]. In 1441 he distinguished himself in the conquest of the castle of St. Leo, which Federico was to hold for the rest of his life. After Piccinino's resignation, he went to Pesaro to defend it against his great enemy in the [[Marche]], [[Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta]], lord of [[Rimini]].

On 22 July 1444, his half-brother [[Oddantonio da Montefeltro]], recently created [[Duke of Urbino]] by [[Pope Eugene IV]], was assassinated in a conspiracy: Federico, whose participation in the plot has never been firmly established, subsequently seized the city of [[Urbino]]. However, the financial situation of the small dukedom being in disarray, he continued to wage war as a condottiero. His first ''condotta'' was for [[Francesco I Sforza]], with 300 knights: Federico was also one of the few condottieri of the time to have a reputation for inspiring loyalty among his followers.<ref>Rendina, p. 200.</ref> In the pay of the [[Sforza]]—for Federico never fought for free—he transferred [[Pesaro]] to their control, and, for 13,000 [[Italian coin florin|florin]]s, received [[Fossombrone]] as his share, infuriating Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta. Despite Federico's efforts, the Sforza sovereignty in the Marche was dismantled in the following years. When Sforza left for Lombardy, Sigismondo instigated a riot in Fossombrone, but Federico reconquered it three days later.

[[File:Federico Montefeltro and Cristofo Landino 15th century.jpg|thumb|Federico Montefeltro with humanist writer [[Cristoforo Landino]], in an example of [[Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting]], 15th century]]
After six years in the service of [[republic of Florence|Florence]], Federico was hired in 1450 by Sforza, now Duke of Milan. However, he could not perform his duties as he lost his right eye during a tournament. Malatesta profited from his injury to obtain the position under Sforza, whereupon Federico in October 1451 accepted instead a proposal by [[Alfonso V of Aragon]], [[King of Naples]], to fight for him against Florence. After the loss of the eye, Federico – no stranger to conspiracies and one of the leaders that inspired [[Niccolò Machiavelli]] to write ''[[Il Principe]]'' – had [[surgeon]]s remove the bridge of his nose (which had been injured in the incident) and eyelid. This improved his [[field of vision]] to a considerable extent, rendered him less vulnerable to assassination attempts – and, as can be seen by his successful career thereafter, restored his merits as a field commander.

In 1453 the Neapolitan army was struck by malaria, and Federico himself risked losing his healthy eye. The [[Peace of Lodi]] of the following year seemed to deprive him of occasions to exhibit his ability as a military commander. In 1458 the death of both Alfonso and of his beloved illegitimate son, Buonconte, did not help to raise Federico's mood. His fortunes recovered when [[Pius II]], a man of culture like him, became Pope and made him [[Gonfalonier of the Church|Gonfaloniere of the Holy Roman Church]]. After some notable exploits in the Kingdom of Naples, he fought in the Marche against Malatesta, soundly defeating him at the [[Cesano (river)|Cesano]] river near [[Senigallia]] (1462). The following year he captured [[Fano]] and Senigallia, taking Sigismondo Pandolfo prisoner. The Pope made him vicar of the conquered territories.

[[File:Battista sforza.jpg|thumb|left|[[Battista Sforza]], the second wife of Federico. Portrait by [[Piero della Francesca]]|212x212px]]
In 1464 the new Pope [[Pope Paul II|Paul II]] called him to push back the [[Anguillara family|Anguillara]], from whom he regained much of the northern Lazio for Papal control. The following year he captured [[Cesena]] and [[Bertinoro]] in [[Romagna]]. In 1466 Francesco Sforza died, and Federico assisted his young son [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza|Galeazzo Sforza]] in the government of Milan, and also commanded the campaign against [[Bartolomeo Colleoni]]. In 1467 he took part in the [[Battle of Molinella]]. In 1469, on the death of Sigismondo Pandolfo, Paul sent him to occupy [[Rimini]]: however, fearing that an excessive Papal power in the area could also menace his home base of Urbino, once having entered Rimini Federico kept it for himself. After defeating the Papal forces in a great battle on 30 August 1469, he ceded it to Sigismondo's son, [[Roberto Malatesta]].

The matter was solved by the election of [[Pope Sixtus IV]], who married his favourite nephew [[Giovanni Della Rovere]] to Federico's daughter Giovanna and gave him the title of Duke of Urbino in 1474; Malatesta married his other daughter Elisabetta. Now Federico fought against his former patrons the Florentines, caught in the Pope's attempt to carve out a state for his nephew [[Girolamo Riario]]. In 1478, Federico was involved in the [[Pazzi conspiracy]]; in the aftermath of the failed plot, he carried out attacks on the territory of [[Lorenzo de' Medici]].<ref>Marcello Simonetta, ''The Montefeltro conspiracy: a Renaissance mystery decoded'', New York : Doubleday, c2008.</ref>

However, after the death of his beloved second wife [[Battista Sforza]] (daughter of Elisabetta Malatesta and [[Alessandro Sforza]]), who died from pneumonia after giving birth to their seventh child at 25 years old, he spent much of his time in the magnificent palace in Urbino. The Duke had lost the mate he described as "the delight of my public and private hours"; a contemporary, speaking of their relationship, had called them two souls in one body. In 1482 he was called to command the army of [[Ercole d'Este I|Ercole I of Ferrara]] in [[War of Ferrara|his war]] against [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], but was struck by fever and died in Ferrara in September.

Federico's son, [[Guidobaldo I da Montefeltro|Guidobaldo]], was married to [[Elisabetta Gonzaga]], the brilliant and educated daughter of [[Federico I Gonzaga]], lord of [[Mantua]]. With Guidobaldo's death in 1508, the duchy of Urbino passed through Giovanna to the papal family of [[Della Rovere]]—nephews of Guidobaldo.

==Achievements==
((more citations needed|section|date=May 2019))

=== Arts patronage ===
Federico, nicknamed "the Light of Italy", is a landmark figure in the history of the [[Italian Renaissance]] for his contributions to enlightened culture. He imposed justice and stability on his tiny state through the principles of his [[humanism|humanist]] education; he engaged the best copyists and editors in his private [[scriptorium]] to produce the most comprehensive library [[Vatican Library|outside of the Vatican]]; he supported the development of fine artists, including the early training of the young painter [[Raphael Sanzio|Raphael]]. He was a [[patron]] of the writer [[Cristoforo Landino]].

[[File:Studiolo1.jpg|thumb|left|Detail of the [[Studiolo from the Ducal Palace in Gubbio|Studiolo di Gubbio of Federico da Montefeltro]]]]
Federico commissioned for himself a ''[[studiolo]]'' (a small study or cabinet for contemplation) in both his palace at [[Urbino]] and that at [[Gubbio]]; both are celebrated for their ''[[trompe-l'œil]]'' decoration executed in [[marquetry]].  The former is still [[in situ]], the latter was eventually purchased by and brought in its entirety to The [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]. ((Clear))

===Role in society===
Federico took care of soldiers who might be killed or wounded, providing, for example, [[dowry|dowries]] for their daughters. He often strolled the streets of Urbino unarmed and unattended, inquiring in shops and businesses as to the well-being of the residents of Urbino. All "citizens", defined exclusively — as in ancient Greece — as the male residents of Urbino, were equal under the law regardless of rank. 

His academic interests were the [[classics]], particularly history and philosophy.<ref>Burckhardt, I, 5 [[s:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy/Part 1#The Greater Dynasties|The Greater Dynasties]]</ref>

All his personal and professional achievements were financed through [[Mercenary|mercenary warfare]]. Commentators insist on his dedication to the well-being of his soldiers explaining why his men proved loyal to him and why Federico technically never lost a war. He was decorated with almost every military honour.<ref>Professor Kenneth Bartlett, University of Toronto, in The Teaching Company course The Italian Renaissance, Part 2, Lecture 16.</ref><ref>[[Kenneth Clark]], [[Civilisation (TV series)|Civilisation. A Personal View]]</ref> [[Edward IV of England]] made him a Knight of the [[Order of the Garter|Most Noble Order of the Garter]]; he wears the Garter bound round his left knee in the portrait by [[Pedro Berruguete]].

== See also ==
[[File:Studiolo Montefeltre.jpg|thumb|Studiolo of Federico III da Montefeltro]]
*[[Wars in Lombardy]]
*[[Dukes of Urbino]]
*[[Condottieri]]
*[[Antonio da Montefeltro]]
*[[Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta]]
*[[Holy Conversation (Piero della Francesca)]]
*[[Diptych of Federico da Montefeltro and Battista Sforza]]
[[File:Florentine painter - The Ideal City - Walters Art Museum - Google Art Project.jpg|right|thumb|This painting by Fra Carneval, representing an ideal Roman city, was commissioned for the palace of Montefeltro.<ref>((cite web
 |publisher= [[The Walters Art Museum]]
 |url= http://art.thewalters.org/detail/37626
 |title= The Ideal City
 |access-date= 2012-10-09
 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140307005930/http://art.thewalters.org/detail/37626
 |archive-date= 2014-03-07
 |url-status= dead
 ))</ref> The Walters Art Museum.]]

==Footnotes==
((Reflist))

==References==
*((cite book|first=Jacob|last=Burckhardt|author-link=Jacob Burckhardt|year=1860|title=The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy))
*((cite book|first=Gino|last=Franceschini|year=1970|title=I Montefeltro|location=Varese))
*((cite book|first=Claudio|last= Rendina|title=I capitani di ventura|publisher=Netwon Compton, Rome|year=1994))
*((cite book|first=Jane|last=Stevenson|author-link=Jane Stevenson|year=2021|title=The Light of Italy: The Life and Times of Frederico da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino|publisher=Head of Zeus|location=London))
*((cite book|first=Walter|last=Tommasoli|year=1978|title=La vita di Federico da Montefeltro|location= Urbino))
* ((cite journal |last=Young |first=Crawford |author-link=Crawford Young |title=Re-Awakening Mercury's Cithara: A closer Look at Federico's Cetra |journal=Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography |volume=45 |issue=1–2 |date=2020 |pages=25–51 |issn=1522-7464 ))

==External links==
((Commons|Federico da Montefeltro|Federico da Montefeltro))
*[http://www.le-marche.com/Marche/html/montefel.htm Capsule biography]
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/collection/p15324coll10/searchterm/Gubbio%20Studiolo%20and%20its%20conservation/field/title/mode/all/conn/and/order/nosort ''The Gubbio Studiolo and its conservation, volumes 1 & 2''], from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Federico da Montefeltro (see index)

((s-start))
((s-bef|before=[[Oddantonio da Montefeltro|Oddantonio]]))
((s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Urbino]]|years=1444–1482))
((s-aft|after=[[Guidobaldo I da Montefeltro|Guidobaldo I]]))
((end))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Montefeltro, Federico da))
[[Category:1422 births]]
[[Category:1482 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Gubbio]]
[[Category:Book and manuscript collectors]]
[[Category:Montefeltro family|Federico 3]]
[[Category:Dukes of Urbino]]
[[Category:15th-century condottieri|Montefeltro, Federico 3]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]

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