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((Use dmy dates|date=November 2023))
((Citations missing|date=April 2023))((short description|Opera in three acts by Umberto Giordano))
((Infobox opera
| name              = Fedora
| composer          = [[Umberto Giordano]]
| image             = Fedora, opera by Umberto Giordano, poster, 1899.jpg   
| caption           = Poster for the 1899 performances<br /> at the Teatro Verdi, [[Padua]]
| image_upright     =
| librettist        = [[Arturo Colautti]]
| language          = Italian
| based_on          = ((based on|''[[Fédora]]''|[[Victorien Sardou]]))
| premiere_date     = ((Start date|1898|11|17|df=y))
| premiere_location = ((Nowrap|[[Teatro Lirico (Milan)|Teatro Lirico]], Milan))
))
'''''Fedora''''' is an [[opera]] in three acts by [[Umberto Giordano]] to an Italian [[libretto]] by [[Arturo Colautti]], based on the 1882 play ''[[Fédora]]'' by [[Victorien Sardou]].  Along with ''[[Andrea Chénier]]'' and ''[[Siberia (opera)|Siberia]]'', it is one of the most notable works of Giordano.

It was first performed at the [[Teatro Lirico (Milan)|Teatro Lirico]] in [[Milan]] on 17 November 1898 conducted by the composer; [[Gemma Bellincioni]] created the role of Fedora with [[Enrico Caruso]] as her lover, Loris Ipanov.

==Composition history==
In 1889, Umberto Giordano saw Sardou's play ''Fédora'' at the Teatro Bellini di Napoli, with [[Sarah Bernhardt]] (for whom the play was written) in the title role. The play was popular, and the hat "fedora" was [[Fedora#History|named after it]]. He immediately asked Sardou for permission to base an opera on the play, and Sardou initially refused because, at the time, Giordano was a relatively unknown composer. Following the premiere of his 1894 ''Regina Diaz'', Giordano's publisher, [[Edoardo Sonzogno]], asked Sardou again.  However, Sardou demanded what Sozogno considered an exorbitant fee. It was only on the third attempt, and after Giordano's success with ''[[Andrea Chénier]]'' in 1896, that an agreement was reached to go ahead with the opera.

==Performance history==
Its first performance took place in Milan at the Teatro Lirico Internazionale. Gemma Bellincioni sang the role of Fedora, and Enrico Caruso was Loris Ipanov. The opera had great success on its opening night, and was soon brought to the [[Vienna Staatsoper]] by [[Mahler]], and then to Paris where it was reportedly admired by [[Massenet]] and [[Camille Saint-Saëns|Saint-Saëns]].<ref>This paragraph is based on the account in Gelli, P., 2005, page?</ref>

''Fedora'' received its US premiere on 5 December 1906 at the New York [[Metropolitan Opera]], with Caruso as Count Loris, [[Lina Cavalieri]] as Fedora, and [[Arturo Vigna]] conducting. The opera received eight performances during the Met's 1906/1907 and 1907/1908 seasons, and was revived in the 1920s when it received 25 more performances between 1923 and 1926. By the mid-20th century, however, operatic tastes had changed, and outside of Italy the opera was performed less often.<ref>Tommasini, A., 1996; Volpe, M., 2006; Ponick, T. 1998; Girardi, M., 2000</ref> In Italy it maintained its popularity during the 50s, 60s and 70s, serving as a vehicle for celebrated sopranos and tenors such as [[Maria Caniglia]], [[Maria Callas]], [[Renata Tebaldi]], [[Magda Olivero]], [[Antonietta Stella]], [[Marcella Pobbe]], [[Giuseppe di Stefano]], and [[Mario del Monaco]].((citation needed|date=March 2023))

The 1990s saw a resurgence of interest in ''Fedora'', with new productions at the Vienna Staatsoper, [[La Scala]], New York's Metropolitan Opera, [[Chicago Lyric Opera]], the [[Royal Opera House]], Covent Garden, the [[Washington National Opera]] and the [[Teatro Colón]] in Buenos Aires. Notable singers in post-1990 productions include [[Mirella Freni]], [[Renata Scotto]], [[Agnes Baltsa]], [[Katia Ricciarelli]], and [[Maria Guleghina]] as Fedora; and [[Plácido Domingo]], [[José Carreras]], and [[José Cura]] as Loris. Among ''Fedora's'' more recent performances are those at the Vienna Staatsoper in 2003, La Scala in 2004, London's [[Holland Park Opera]] in 2006, and at the [[Metropolitan Opera]] in 2022/2023.

== Roles ==
[[File:GemmaBellincioni.jpg|thumb|[[Gemma Bellincioni]], who created the title role ]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Role
!Voice type
!Premiere Cast, 17 November 1898<br>(Conductor: [[Umberto Giordano]])
|-
|Princess Fedora Romazov
|[[soprano]]
|[[Gemma Bellincioni]]
|-
|Count Loris Ipanov
|[[tenor]]
|[[Enrico Caruso]]
|-
|Countess Olga Sukarev
|soprano
|
|-
|De Siriex, ''a diplomat''
|[[baritone]]
|Delfino Menotti
|-
|Désiré, ''a servant''
|tenor
|
|-
|Dimitri, ''a servant''
|[[contralto]]
|
|-
|Gretch, ''a police inspector''
|[[bass (vocal range)|bass]]
|
|-
|Loreck,'' a surgeon''
|baritone
|
|-
|Cirillo, ''a coachman''
|baritone
|
|-
|Baron Rouvel
|tenor
|
|-
|Boroff, ''a doctor''
|baritone
|
|-
|Sergio, ''a servant''
|bass
|
|-
|Nicola, ''a servant''
|contralto/bass
|
|-
|Michele, ''a porter''
|spoken role
|
|-
|Peasant Boy
|contralto
|
|-
|Boleslao Lazinski, ''a pianist''
|(silent role)
|
|-
|}

==Synopsis==

===Act 1===
''St. Petersburg, 1881. A winter's night in the palace of Count Vladimir Andrejevich''

Princess Fedora, who is to marry Count Vladimir Andrejevich the following day, arrives and sings of her love for him ("Quanti fior ... Ed ecco il suo ritratto"), unaware that the dissolute Vladimir has betrayed her with another woman. The sound of sleigh-bells is heard and Vladimir is brought in, mortally wounded. Doctors and a priest are summoned, and the servants are questioned (Dimitri: "Signore, alle otto e mezzo"; Cirillo: "Egli mi disse"). Fedora swears on the jeweled Byzantine cross she is wearing (aria: "Dite coragio ... Su questa santa Croce") that Andrejevich's death will be avenged. It is proposed that Count Loris Ipanov, a suspected [[Nihilist movement|Nihilist]] sympathizer, was probably the assassin. De Siriex (a diplomat) and Gretch (a police inspector) plan an investigation.

===Act 2===
''Paris''

Fedora has followed Ipanov to Paris to avenge Vladimir's death. There is a reception at Fedora's house, where the Countess Olga Sukarev introduces the virtuoso Polish pianist Boleslao Lazinski. De Siriex sings about Russian women ("La donna russa è femmina due volte"); Olga counters with an aria comparing Parisian gentlemen with the wine of the widow [[Veuve Clicquot]] ("Eccone un altro più somigliante ancor"). Ipanov arrives and declares his love for Fedora ("Amor ti vieta"). While Lazinski plays for the party-goers, Fedora tells Ipanov that she is returning to Russia the following day. He is desperate because he has been exiled from Russia and cannot follow her; he confesses that he killed Vladimir. Fedora asks him to return after the reception is over to tell her the whole story. When she is alone, Fedora writes a letter to the chief of the Imperial Police in Russia accusing Ipanov of Vladimir's murder. Ipanov returns and explains that he killed Vladimir because Vladimir and Ipanov's wife Wanda were lovers. Ipanov had discovered them together. Vladimir shot at Ipanov and wounded him. Ipanov returned fire, killing Vladimir. Fedora realizes that she has fallen in love with Ipanov and that he killed not for political ends, but to defend himself and his honor. They embrace and she convinces him to spend the night with her.

===Act 3===
''The [[Bernese Oberland]] in Switzerland''

Ipanov and Fedora are now lovers (his brief aria: "Te sola io guardo") and living in her villa. With them is her friend, Olga, who sings an aria about bicycling ("Se amor ti allena", sometimes omitted). De Siriex arrives. He teases Olga about her previous lover Lazinski ("Fatevi cor, Contessa!") and invites her on a bicycle ride. He tells Fedora that as a result of the letter she wrote to the police chief, Ipanov's brother Valeriano was arrested for his role in the plot to murder Vladimir and imprisoned in a fortress on the [[Neva river]]. One night the river flooded and Valeriano drowned. When Ipanov's mother heard the news, she collapsed and died. Fedora is anguished – she has caused two deaths ("Dio di giustizia"). Ipanov receives a letter from a friend in Russia informing him of his mother's and brother's deaths and that the cause was a woman living in Paris who had written a letter denouncing him to the police. Fedora confesses to writing the letter and begs Ipanov's forgiveness. When he initially refuses and curses her, Fedora swallows poison which she keeps hidden in the cross she always wears. Ipanov begs the doctor to save her but it is too late. Fedora dies in Ipanov's arms.

==Recordings==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Width="150"|Cast <br>(Fedora Romazov,<br> Loris Ipanov, <br>Olga Sukarev, <br>De Siriex)
!Conductor,<br>Opera House and Orchestra
!Label<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLGIFEDO.HTM|title=CLGIFEDO.HTM|website=www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk))</ref>
|-
| 1931  || [[Gilda Dalla Rizza]],<br>Antonio Melandri,<br> [[Mirella Luba]],  <br> Emilio Ghirardini|| [[Lorenzo Molajoli]],<br> [[Teatro alla Scala]] Orchestra and Chorus|| Audio CD: [[Gala GL]] <br> Cat: 100758
|-
|1950
|[[Maria Caniglia]], [[Giacinto Prandelli]], Carmen Piccini, [[Scipio Colombo]], [[Aldo Bertocci]]
|[[Mario Rossi (conductor)|Mario Rossi]],
Orchestra Lirica e Coro di Milano della RAI
|Warner Fonit, [[Fonit Cetra]]:
5050466-2909-2-2

|-
| 1961  || [[Renata Tebaldi]],<br>[[Giuseppe Di Stefano]],<br> Mario Sereni,  <br> Sofia Mizzetti|| [[Arturo Basile]],<br> Chorus & Orch of the Teatro San Carlo, Naples|| Audio CD: [[Allegro Corporation]] <br> Cat: OPD-1272
|-
| 1969  || [[Magda Olivero]],<br>[[Mario del Monaco]], [[Kiri Te Kanawa]],<br> Lucia Cappellino,  <br> [[Tito Gobbi]]|| [[Lamberto Gardelli]],<br> [[Opéra de Monte-Carlo]] Orchestra and Chorus|| Audio CD: [[Decca Records]] <br> Cat: 433 033-2
|-
| 1985  || [[Éva Marton]],<br>[[José Carreras]],<br> Veronika Kincses,  <br> János Martin|| [[Giuseppe Patanè]],<br> Hungarian Radio Orchestra and Chorus|| Audio CD: [[CBS Masterworks Records]] <br> Cat: M2K 42181
|-
| 1993  || [[Mirella Freni]],<br>[[Plácido Domingo]],<br> Adelina Scarabelli,  <br> [[Alessandro Corbelli]]|| [[Gianandrea Gavazzeni]],<br> [[Teatro alla Scala]] Orchestra and Chorus|| DVD:  TDK DVD <br> Cat: 824121001971
|-
| 1996  || [[Mirella Freni]],<br>[[Plácido Domingo]],<br> [[Ainhoa Arteta]],  <br>[[Dwayne Croft]], <br>[[Jean-Yves Thibaudet]]|| [[Roberto Abbado]],<br> [[Metropolitan Opera]] Orchestra and Chorus|| DVD: [[Deutsche Grammophon]] <br> Cat: 00440 073 2329
|-
| 2018  || [[Daniela Dessi]],<br>[[Fabio Armiliato]],<br> Daria Kovakenko,  <br>Alfonzo Antoniozzi|| Valerio Galli,<br> [[Teatro Carlo Felice]] Orchestra and Chorus|| BD: [[Dynamic (record label)|Dynamic]] <br> Cat: 7772   
|-
| 2023  || [[Sonya Yoncheva]],<br>[[Piotr Beczała]],<br>[[Rosa Feola]],  <br>[[Lucas Meachem]]|| [[Marco Armiliato]],<br> Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus|| Streaming [[HD video]]:<br> [[Met Opera on Demand]]<ref>Met Opera performance of 14 January 2023, [http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/fullcit.w?xCID=357806 CID:357806]: Met Opera on Demand, HD video, [https://www.metopera.org/season/on-demand/opera/?upc=810004203020 UPC: 810004203020].</ref>   
|-
|}

==Noted aria==
"Amor ti vieta" ("Love forbids you") is the most famous aria from the opera and is often sung by tenors in recitals, especially as an encore piece. This short aria (approximately 1:51 minutes) is sung by Count Loris when he declares his love to Fedora in Act II.<ref>The Aria Database [http://www.aria-database.com/search.php?individualAria=1123 "Amor ti vieta"]</ref> An immediate favourite with the audience, it was encored by Enrico Caruso on the opera's opening night.<ref>Gelli, P., 2005</ref> Caruso can be heard singing the aria, accompanied on the piano by Giordano himself, on Volume 1 of ''Enrico Caruso – The Complete Opera Recordings'' (Naxos 8.110703). This recording was made in 1902.

==References==
;Notes
((reflist))
;Sources
* 'Amor ti vieta' documentation on [http://www.aria-database.com/cgi-bin/aria-search.pl?opera=Fedora&a The Aria Database]. (accessed 1 April 2007)
* Fairman, Richard, 'Review: Fedora, Opera Holland Park, London', ''[[The Financial Times]]'', 11 June 2006.
* Gelli, Piero (ed.), ''Dizionario dell'Opera'', 2006, Milan: Baldini Castoldi Dalai, ((ISBN|88-8490-780-2))
* Girardi, Michele, 'Fedora, una prima donna sull'orlo di una crisi di nervi' in ''Fedora'', 2000, Turin: Teatro Regio di Torino, pp.&nbsp;9–20.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070221171404/http://spfm.unipv.it/girardi/fedora.pdf PDF file]. (accessed 1 April 2007)
* Goebel, Wilfried, ''Fedora Discography 1931–1998'', on [https://web.archive.org/web/20070903002503/http://www.operone.de/opern/fedora.html Operone] (accessed 1 April 2007)
* Melitz, Leo, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20021216213309/http://www.intac.com/~rfrone/operas/Books/Melitz_Complete/index.htm The Opera Goer's Complete Guide]'' (Translated by Richard Salinger), 1921, New York: Garden City Publishing Company. (accessed 1 April 2007)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329065327/http://66.187.153.86/archives/frame.htm Metropolitan Opera Archives]. (accessed 1 April 2007)
* Ponick, T.L., 'Voices save ''Fedora'' from poor staging', ''The Washington Times'', 1 November 1998 (review of the October 1998 performance at [[Washington National Opera]]).
* Tommasini, Anthony, [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9902E6DC1E3FF934A35753C1A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print '70 Years Later, a Melodrama Is Back'], ''The New York Times'', 7 October 1996. (accessed 1 April 2007) 
* Volpe, Michael, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070305194129/http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/ohpseason/features/fedora.asp 'Fedora – just what the audience ordered'] (programme notes for the June 2006 performances by [[Holland Park Opera]], London: Royal Borough of Kensington). (accessed 1 April 2007)

==External links==
* ((IMSLP|work=Fedora (Giordano, Umberto)|cname=''Fedora''))
* [https://www.operalibretto.com/libretto-fedora-giordano/ libretto of ''Fedora''], from operalibretto.com

((Umberto Giordano))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Operas by Umberto Giordano]]
[[Category:Italian-language operas]]
[[Category:Verismo operas]]
[[Category:1898 operas]]
[[Category:Operas]]
[[Category:Operas based on works by Victorien Sardou]]
[[Category:Operas based on plays]]

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