New York City has a shorter settlement history compared to historically more common locations for Filipinos to immigrate to, such as the West Coast.[3]
Early demographics
While larger populations of Filipinos immigrated to New York City after 1965,[4] many Filipinos began arriving in New York in the early 1900s. Many came to study as pensionados (or sponsored students) in universities like Columbia University and New York University.[5] Like other immigrants at the time, these Filipinos entered through Ellis Island; Manuel Quezon and Carlos Romulo are among the small group of Filipinos who arrived in this way.[5] In 1911, some Filipinos worked at the Dreamland Amusement Park in Coney Island, where they simulated what "savage" life was like in the Philippines. Most other Filipinos in New York at this time were seamen who docked at the Brooklyn Navy Yards.[5] A Filipino restaurant called Manila Restaurant opened in the late 1920s and was located at 47 Sand Street in Brooklyn.[6]
In 1927, one of the first Filipino civic organizations in New York City, the Filipino Women's Club, was founded.[7] In 1960, there were only 2,744 Filipino Americans in New York City.[8] In 1970, there were 14,279 Filipinos in New York State, 52.4% of whom were college graduates.[9] Filipinos in the New York City metropolitan area also did not enjoy the early advantage of their counterparts on the West Coast of the United States in terms of perceived geographic proximity to the Philippines by marine and air routes. Also in the 1990s, Philippine Airlines, which had provided service to Newark Liberty International Airport, discontinued this service due to financial difficulties. However, the determined Filipino American communities of the New York City metropolitan region ultimately overcame these obstacles in conjunction with the sheer number of opportunities provided by the region for Filipinos to work and thrive as a highly achieving, ambitious, and rapidly growing presence, first within the New York City region's Asian American milieu and eventually amidst its mainstream population. Filipino Americans started working in the traditional nursing and healthcare fields in the region's numerous hospitals and clinics,[10] before branching out to other professional fields.[11]
In the East Village and the Lower East Side, Manhattan, there was significant Filipino migration in the late 1980s due to mass recruitment of Filipino medical professionals to area hospitals, notably New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, Beth Israel Medical Center, and the former Saint Vincent's Catholic Medical Center. Migration was spurred by the hospitals' offer of subsidized housing to employees, in the midst of ongoing rent strikes in the neighborhood. The burgeoning Little Manila centered on 1st Avenue and 14th Street, around which there were, at the peak, a number of grocery and video-rental stores and Filipino restaurants within a few blocks of one another. Filipino American community relations were strengthened by local Roman Catholic churches in the East Village and Gramercy Park areas. As rents increased, and properties were taken over by New York University, the number of Filipinos and Filipino businesses in the East Village's Little Manila waned. Elvie's Turo-Turo, the longest standing Filipino business in the area, closed in late 2009 after almost 20 years of operation. New Filipino businesses continue to sprout up.[12]
Modern demographics
All except the pink/lavender-illustrated counties compose the New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island NY–NJ–PA Metropolitan Statistical Area, the most populous in the US: New York–Jersey City–White Plains, NY–NJ Metropolitan Division Dutchess County–Putnam County, NY Metropolitan Division Nassau County–Suffolk County, NY Metropolitan Division Newark, NJ–PA Metropolitan Division Remainder of the New York-Newark, NY–NJ–CT–PA Combined Statistical Area
In the 1970s and '80s, Filipinos in the New Jersey and New York metropolitan region had a higher socioeconomic status than Filipinos elsewhere, as more than half of Filipino immigrants to the metropolitan area were healthcare professionals or other highly trained professionals, in contrast to established working-class Filipino American populations elsewhere.[13] In 1990, there were 43,229 Filipinos in New York City, with the number increasing to around 50,000 in 2000.[4] The borough of Queens is home to the largest concentration of Filipinos within New York City,[4] with about 38,000 Filipinos per the 2010 Census.[14] In 2011, New York City was home to an estimated 82,313 Filipinos, representing a 7.7% increase from the estimated 77,191 in 2008, with 56%, or about 46,000, living in Queens.[15] The Filipino median household income in New York City was $81,929 in 2013, and 68% held a bachelor's degree or higher.[15]
In 2008, the New York metropolitan area was home to 215,000 Filipinos.[16] By the 2010 Census, within the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA MSA, there were 217,349 Filipino Americans,[17] with an additional 15,631 in the greater New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA CSA.[17] As of 2011, over 150,000 Filipino-born immigrants resided in the New York City metropolitan region.[18]
In 2013, 4,098 Filipinos legally immigrated to the New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island, NY-NJ-PA core based statistical area;[19] in 2012, this number was 4,879;[20] 4,177 in 2011;[21] 4,047 in 2010,[22] 4,400 in 2009,[23] and 5,985 in 2005.[24] These numerical values do not include the remainder of the New York-Newark-Bridgeport, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area. Philippine Airlines has resumed service to the New York City region since March 2015, with direct, one-seat service to Manila, this time utilizing JFK International Airport as its gateway.[25] In April 2018, Philippine Airlines launched non-stop flight service between JFK international Airport and Manila,[26] and has operated this important flight connection between Manila and New York continuously since then, even through the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic.
Krystal's Cafe and Johnny Air Cargo shops on Roosevelt Avenue, Woodside, Queens, New York City.
Woodside, Queens, known as Filipinotown, is commonly known for its concentration of Filipinos.[27]
Filipino cafés and restaurants dominate the area, as well as several freight delivery and remittance centers scattered throughout the neighborhood.[27] Other Filipino-owned businesses including professional services (medical, dental, optical), driving schools, beauty salons, immigration services, and Filipino video rental establishments are present in the community.[27]
The Phil-Am grocery store in Woodside.
Woodside has many types of transportation used on a daily basis. The IRT Flushing Line (7 train), known colloquially as the Orient Express,[31] the 69th Street station serves as the gateway to Queens' largest Little Manila, along with other public transportation such as the Long Island Railroad and buses. The coverage of Little Manila is along Roosevelt Avenue, between 58th and 74th Streets.[27] Elsewhere in Queens, Filipinos are also concentrated in Jackson Heights and Elmhurst.[32] There are also smaller Filipino communities in Jamaica, Queens and parts of Brooklyn. The Benigno Aquino Triangle is located on Hillside Avenue in Hollis, Queens to commemorate the slain Filipino political leader and to recognize the large Filipino American population in the area.[33]
In February 2008, the Bayanihan Filipino Community Center opened its doors in Woodside, a project spearheaded by the Philippine Forum.[34] The Philippine Forum also hosts the annual Bayanihan Cultural Festival at the Hart Playground in September to commemorate Filipino American History Month.[35]
On June 12, 2022, a sign-unveiling ceremony and celebration were held at the intersection of 70th Street and Roosevelt Avenue to commemorate the Filipino community’s growing presence and contributions in Queens. Concomitantly, there is also a Roosevelt Avenue in Quezon City, Philippines. The corner in Queens was co-named "Little Manila Avenue”.[36]
The Philippine Consulate of New York has a multipurpose role – aside from its governmental duties and functions, it also caters to many events of the Filipino American community and even has a school called Paaralan sa Konsulado (School at the consulate), which teaches newer-generation Filipino Americans about their culture and language.[37] The consulate is known as the Philippine Center. The Philippine Center's large edifice is situated on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan and is open to the public on business days and closed on Philippine and American holidays. The building itself is considered as the largest foreign consulate on the strip of the avenue.[38] The Archdiocese of New York designated a chapel named after the first Filipino Saint Lorenzo Ruiz de Manila for the Filipino Apostolate. Officially designated as the "Church of Filipinos," the Chapel of San Lorenzo Ruiz in Lower Manhattan is only the third in the world and the first in the United States dedicated as such.[39]
Eastern Long Island
Long Island, with its vibrant and burgeoning Asian American populations including Chinese Americans, Indian Americans, Korean Americans, and Vietnamese Americans, now adds the relatively recent growth of Filipino Americans as well, following the overall eastward expansion from Queens into Nassau and particularly Suffolk counties.[40][41]
Northern and CentralNew Jersey are home to significant overseas Filipino populations, numbering more than 100,000 statewide, according to the 2010 U.S. Census. While Filipinos can be found across the state, the commercial districts catering to the Filipino community are found mostly in the state's urban areas. State and local governments in the Garden State have a significant number of employees of Filipino background, and they play a vital role in the state's affairs, issues, commerce, and health care. Filipino enclaves exist in Jersey City, Bergenfield, Paterson, Passaic, Union City, Elizabeth, and most recently, Edison.[42] The Meadowlands Exposition Center in Secaucus hosts the annual Philippine Fiesta, a cultural festival that draws Filipinos and non-Filipinos alike from across the New York metropolitan area. The event takes place on the weekend of the second week of August.[42] As of 2021, Jollibee, the restaurant conglomerate headquartered in Ortigas Center, Pasig, in Metro Manila, had five branch locations in Northern and Central Jersey, including three in Jersey City alone.[43]
Bergen County, Hudson County, Middlesex County,[44] and Passaic County have developed in Northern and Central New Jersey as popular destinations for Filipino Americans. Within Bergen County, Bergenfield, along with Paramus, Hackensack,[45]New Milford, Dumont,[46]Fair Lawn, and Teaneck,[47] have developed growing Filipino populations. Taken as a whole, these municipalities are home to a significant proportion of Bergen County's Philippine population.[48][49][50][51] A census-estimated 20,859 Filipino Americans resided in Bergen County as of 2013,[52] embodying an increase from the 19,155 counted in 2010.[53] The Philippine-American Community of Bergen County (PACBC) organization is based in Paramus,[54] while other Filipino organizations are based in Fair Lawn[46][55][56] and Bergenfield.[57] Bergen County's vibrant and culturally active Filipino community repatriated significant financial assistance to victims of Typhoon Haiyan, which ravaged the Philippines in November 2013.[46] In Hudson County, Jersey City is home to the largest Filipino population in New Jersey, with over 16,000 Filipinos as of 2010.[29][58]Holy Name Medical Center in Teaneck, Bergen County, launched its Filipino Medical Program in December 2015.[59]
Jersey City: Five Corners, Newark Avenue, and Manila Avenue
Jersey City is home to a high-profile Little Manila. Seven percent (7%) of Jersey City's population is Filipino.[60]
The Five Corners district has a thriving Filipino community that forms one of the largest Asian-American subgroups in the city. Newark Avenue's strip of Filipino culture and commerce is significantly large and growing. A variety of Filipino restaurants, shippers and freighters, doctors' offices, bakeries, stores, and even an office of The Filipino Channel have made Newark Avenue their home in recent decades. The first Filipino-owned grocery store on the East Coast, Phil-Am Food, originated in Jersey City in 1973; while the establishment's name has since been changed to FilStop, the moniker Phil-Am has nonetheless expanded to other businesses in Middlesex County, including in Woodbridge and East Brunswick. An array of Filipino-owned businesses can also be found in Jersey City's West Side section, which is home to many locals of Filipino descent. In 2006, Red Ribbon Bakeshop opened its first branch on the East Coast, with Jersey City being the site of the new pastry shop.[61]Manila Avenue in Downtown Jersey City was named for the Philippine capital city because of the many Filipinos who had built their homes on the street during the 1970s. A memorial dedicated to the Filipino-American veterans of the Vietnam War was built in a small square on Manila Avenue. Additionally, a park and statue dedicated to Jose P. Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, exist in downtown Jersey City. Furthermore, Jersey City is the host of the annual Philippine-American Friendship Day Parade, an event that occurs yearly on the last Sunday of June. The City Hall of Jersey City raises the Philippine flag in correlation with this event and as a tribute to the contributions of the local Filipino community. The city's annual Santakrusan procession has taken place since 1977 along Manila Avenue.[62]
In 2011, Rolando Lavarro, Jr. became the first Filipino American in Jersey City to win an elective position as a city council member, and in 2013, Lavarro became the first Filipino-American council president of Jersey City. Several other Filipinos have been appointed to various Jersey City municipal posts and commissions.[63]
Bergenfield
Bergenfield is informally known as the Little Manila of Bergen County with a significant concentration of Filipino residents and businesses. Between 2000 and 2010, the Filipino-American population of Bergenfield grew from 11.7 percent, or 3,081 residents, to 17.1 percent, or 4,569,[64] and increased further to 5,062 (18.4%) by 2016.[65] In 2014, Filipino-born attorney Arvin Amatorio was elected a borough councilman.[64] On the other side of Bergen County, the Filipino population of Fair Lawn was estimated to have more than doubled between 2010 and 2017.[66]
Also in Bergen County, Jonathan Wong was elected city councilman in Mahwah in November 2014.[63] The annual Filipino American Festival is held in Bergenfield.[67]
Edison
Edison and the surrounding areas of Middlesex County, New Jersey, have emerged as a growing hub for Filipinos since 1990.[42] A significant number of Filipinos in Middlesex County work in the burgeoning healthcare and other life-science disciplines at Central Jersey's numerous medical and pharmaceutical institutions.
The annual Philippine Independence Day Parade in New York City, the world’s largest outside Manila, is traditionally held on the first Sunday of June on Madison Avenue in Manhattan.[4] This celebration is a combination of a parade and a street fair. Madison Avenue is replete on this day with Filipino culture, colors, and people and is attended by many significant political figures, entertainers, civic groups, etc. The Philippine Independence Day Parade is increasingly being attended by both American politicians and Filipino celelebrities as well as diplomatic officials who are keenly aware of the significant and increasing political and economic power exerted by the Filipino diaspora in the New York metropolitan area.[68][69]
A smaller annual Philippine Independence Day parade is held in early June in Passaic, New Jersey.[70]
Philippine-American Friendship Day Parade
The annual Philippine-American Friendship Day Parade is held in Jersey City every fourth Sunday of June.[71][72]
The growth in the New York City metropolitan region's Filipino populace has been accompanied by growth in the number of Filipino cafés serving Filipino coffee, especially of the leche flan, cassava, and ube varieties; and Filipino restaurants,[28] with the accessibility of Filipino-Chinese specialties such as siopao joining traditional Philippine cuisine, including inihaw na liempo and kare kare, snacks such as pandesal, and desserts including ensaïmada, purple ube cakes, halo-halo, and mango cake rolls.[27][28]Turo Turo-style buffet dining has become readily available.[29] Beginning in the mid-2010s, Filipino cuisine began to take on a more prominent place in the New York metro as well as Washington metro areas.[76] As of 2022, Kabayan Grill had opened six branches on Long Island, including four in Queens, and its largest Turo Turo-style dining branch in Suffolk County, where a growing Filipino community has been thriving on the county's peninsular geography resembling some parts of the Philippines.[77]
Languages
Filipinos in New York and New Jersey, as in the United States as a whole, are highly fluent in English. However, in the largest Little Manilas in the area, including Woodside, Jersey City, and Bergenfield, Tagalog signage is commonplace. Spanish is also often learned due to Filipinos' cultural proximity to the local Latino community in New York, as well as being commonly taught as a second language in public schools through the NYC Department of Education's bilingual programs.
Ernesto Ebuen – Six-time Philippine National Table Tennis champion; and in 2016, the top-ranked ping-pong player in the U.S.; co-founder of table tennis studio startup PingPod[98]
^ abcdefMarquez, Liaa (January 19, 2011). "Little Manila rises in New York City's Queens borough". GMA News. Retrieved November 26, 2014. Previously an Irish neighborhood, Woodside has grown to be one of the most diverse areas in the city. Amid Mexican-, Indian-, and Korean-owned stores lies a hefty sampling of the Philippines. The area now serves as home to the rising population of Filipinos in the city.
^Mitchell Kuga (December 3, 2018). "Ligaya Mishan Is a Different Kind of Food Critic". VICE. Retrieved July 31, 2019. Even beyond her New York Times column that focuses on immigrant foods, Mishan has emerged as an activist voice for Asian-Americans.
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