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((Short description|Flag of the island of Sardinia))
((multiple issues|
((Cleanup bare URLs|date=August 2022))
((More citations needed|date=June 2016))
))
((Infobox flag
| Name = Sardinia
| Nickname = The four Moors
| Article = 
| Image = ((Switcher
| [[File:Flag of Sardinia, Italy.svg|border|250px]] | The Sardinian flag.
| [[File:Bandera nacionalista sarda.svg|border|250px]] | The pre-1999 version of the Sardinian flag showing the Moors' heads blindfolded and facing to the left.<ref>((cite web | url=https://cagliari.italiani.it/scopricitta/i-quattro-mori-la-storia-della-bandiera-sarda/ | title=I Quattro Mori: La storia della bandiera sarda | date=4 June 2020 ))</ref><ref>((cite web | url=https://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/1999/03/04/SK100.html | title=I 4 mori perdono la benda la Regione modifica la bandiera sarda - la Nuova Sardegna ))</ref><ref>((cite web | url=http://www3.consregsardegna.it/XVlegislatura/mozioni/115 | title=15 Legislatura - Mozioni | date=11 August 2023 ))</ref><ref>((cite web | url=http://www.comuni24ore.it/2019/05/04/nel-1999-i-quattro-mori-diventano-bandiera-ufficiale-della-regione-sardegna/ | title=Nel 1999 i Quattro Mori diventano bandiera ufficiale della Regione Sardegna | date=4 May 2019 ))</ref><ref>https://www.consregsardegna.it/xilegislatura/resoconti/376/</ref>
))
| Use = 110000
| Symbol = ((FIAV|normal))
| Proportion = 3:5 or 2:3
| Adoption = Used since 1281; current version adopted on 15 April 1999
| Image2 = 
| Imagetext2 = 
| Design = Four moors head in St. George's cross
| Designer = 
| Type = 
))

The  '''flag of Sardinia''' (((lang-sc|bandera de sa Sardigna)), ((lang|sc|bandera sarda)), ((lang|sc|Sa pandhela de sa Sarđhinna))), called the '''flag of the Four Moors''' or simply the '''Four Moors''' (((lang-it|I quattro mori)); ((lang-sc|Sos bator moros)) and ''Is cuatru morus''), represents and symbolizes the island of [[Sardinia]] ([[Italy]]) and [[Sardinian people|its people]]. It was also the historical flag and coat of arms of the [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragonese]], then [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]], and later [[House of Savoy|Savoyard]] [[Kingdom of Sardinia]]. It was first officially adopted by the [[Regions of Italy#Autonomous regions with special statute|autonomous region]] in 1950 with a revision in 1999, describing it as a "white field with a red cross and a bandaged [[Maure|Moor's head]] facing away from the hoist (the edge close to the mast) in each quarter" (Regional Law 15 April 1999, n. 10, Art. 1).<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1999010|title=Legge Regionale 15 aprile 1999, n. 10 - Regione Autonoma della Sardegna|website=www.regione.sardegna.it))</ref>

The flag is composed of the [[St George's Cross]] and four heads of [[Moors]], which in the past may not have been forehead bandaged but blindfolded and turned towards the hoist. But already well-preserved pictures from the 16th century clearly show a forehead bandage (see gallery below). The most accepted hypothesis is that the heads represented the heads of Moorish princes defeated by the [[Crown of Aragon|Aragonese]], as for the first time they appeared in the 13th-century seals of the Crown of Aragon – although with a beard and no bandage, contrary to the Moors of the Sardinian flag, which appeared for the first time in a manuscript of the second half of the 14th century.

==History==
[[File:Gelre Folio 62r.jpg|thumb|First testimony of the flag of Sardinia. Manuscript of Gelre, the second half of the fourteenth century, Folio 62r]]
[[File:Regni di Carlo V.jpg|thumb|Charles V and his Kingdoms' coats of arms]]
[[File:Stemma del Regno di Sardegna metà del XVI secolo.JPG|thumb|16th-century flag, from ''Procession and Funeral of Charles V'']]
[[File:Apoteosis Heraldica 1681 Museo de Historia de la Ciudad,Barcelona, i 4 mori sardi sono nettamente distinti iconograficamente dai 4 mori d'Aragona.JPG|thumb|Apoteosis Heraldica 1681 [[Museum of the History of Barcelona]]. Sardinia's depiction of the Four Moors is different from those of Aragon: the former has only the bandage on his forehead, and the latter is crowned and bearded.]]

The oldest certified heraldic symbol of the cross of Saint George with four Moors in each quarter, known as the [[Cross of Alcoraz]], dates back to 1281 and was used by the Royal Chancellery of [[Peter III of Aragon]] as the king's coat of arms upon seals. In the 13th century, the Moors' heads had no head bandages and were bearded; the coat of arms of Sardinia never appeared in such a way.

After the kingdom of Sardinia was founded in 1326, it became part of the Crown of Aragon; ((Clarify span|date=September 2020|text=these seals will come to closing documents of [[James II of Aragon|King James II]] (1326), [[Alfonso IV of Aragon|Alfonso Benigno]] (1327–1336) and [[Peter IV of Aragon|Peter]] I (1336–1387). Some specimens are preserved in the Historical Archive of the city of [[Cagliari]]. The late 14th century [[Gelre Armorial]] attributes the Four Moors to the Kingdom of Sardinia in the states of the [[Crown of Aragon]]. It is found in another Armorial perhaps from the Lorraine area (preserved in the National Library of France) and of uncertain date but certainly in the 15th century. In 1509, in another Portuguese Armorial Book (Livro do Armeiro-mor), Sardinia is represented only with the cross of St. George.))

The Four Moors begin to be used consistently as a symbol of the Kingdom of Sardinia during the time of the [[Catholic Monarchs]], and especially from the time of the [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]]. In Sardinia, the first safe attestation of the coat of arms is on the cover of the Acts of the military arm of the Sardinian Parliament, the ''Capitols de Cort del Stament Militar de Serdenya'' printed in Cagliari in 1591. Throughout the period of the Iberian monarchies, the original design of the bandages on his forehead was respected.

The design with blindfolded Moors facing the left first appeared in 1800, after Sardinia passed to the [[House of Savoy]]. It was either due to a mistake of a copyist or, similarly to the [[flag of Corsica]] during the earlier period of French rule, a deliberate protest against the mainland rulers. It became the official flag of the region under a decree of 5 July 1952. In 1999, a special regional law changed the flag from the version adopted under Savoy rule to the original one.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://ricerca.gelocal.it/lanuovasardegna/archivio/lanuovasardegna/1999/04/14/SK104.html|title=Sì ai quattro mori sbendati Il governo approva la nuova bandiera sarda - La Nuova Sardegna|website=Archivio - La Nuova Sardegna))</ref>

==Legendary origin==
[[File:QUATTRO MORI.jpg|thumb|20th-century coat of arms adopted by the [[Brigata Sassari]], the Sardinian soldier brigade during [[World War I]]]]

There are separate Spanish and Sardinian traditions to explain the origin of the flag and there is no consensus among scholars as to which is correct. According to the Spanish tradition, it was a creation of [[Peter I of Aragon and Navarre|King Peter I of Aragon]], celebrating his victory at the [[Battle of Alcoraz]] in 1096. It was said that [[St. George]] miraculously appeared on the field of battle and there were four severed heads of [[Saracen]] kings at the end; thus the red cross and white background of the [[St George's Cross]] and the heads of four Moors.<ref name="Zurita1668">((cite book|author=Jerónimo Zurita|title=Anales de la Corona de Aragon|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SnH23x2alDUC|access-date=28 March 2013|year=1668|publisher=Dormer|at=p.32 paragraph XCVI))</ref> The Sardinian-[[Pisa]]n tradition attributes the arms to a banner given by [[Pope Benedict VIII]] to the Pisans in aid of the [[Sardinians]] in a conflict with the Saracens of Musetto who were trying to conquer the Italian peninsula and Sardinia. This flag, however, has inverted colors and no heads on it.<ref>Ranieri Sardo, Cronaca di Pisa, (Manuscript Magliabecchi XXV-491, 1440-1450) a cura di Ottavio Banti, Istituto Italiano per il medioevo, 1963</ref>

Before the Kingdom of Sardinia was founded, the rulers of the island were known as [[archon]]s (((wikt-lang|grc|ἄρχοντες)) in Greek) or judges (((wikt-lang|la|iudices)) in Latin, ''((wikt-lang|sc|judikes))'' in Sardinian, ((wikt-lang|it|giudici)) in Italian). The island was organized into one ((lang|la|iudicatus)) from the 9th century on (see [[List of monarchs of Sardinia]]). After the [[Muslim conquest of Sicily]] in the 9th century, the Byzantines, who previously ruled Sardinia, couldn't manage to defend their far west province. Probably, a local noble family acceded to power, still identifying themselves as a vassal of the Byzantines, but independent "de facto", as communications with Constantinople were very difficult. At the beginning of the 11th century, an attempt to conquer the island was made by Spanish Muslims. We have very little record of that war, only by Pisa and Genoa chronicles. Christians won, but after that, the previous Sardinian kingdom was totally undermined and divided into four more little judicial: Cagliari, Arborea, Gallura, and Torres or Logudoro; each one developed its own coat of arms. When, with the appointment of the King of Aragon as King of Sardinia, the island again became one united kingdom, only the Judicatus of Arborea survived and fought for a century against the Kingdom of Sardinia for supremacy.

According to some, the flag derives from Alcoraz's victory of 1096, is linked to the Crown of Aragon, and represents the [[Spanish Reconquista]] against the Moors who occupied most of the Iberian Peninsula. It is composed of the cross of St. George, also a symbol of the Crusaders fighting at the same time in the Holy Land, and the four severed heads, representing four major victories in Spain by the Aragonese: the reconquest of Zaragoza, Valencia, Murcia, and the Balearic Islands. According to others (Mario Valdes y Cocom),<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/ssecretum1.html|title=SIGILLUM SECRETUM &#124; FRONTLINE &#124; PBS|website=www.pbs.org))</ref> the Moors represent the Egyptian [[Saint Maurice]], martyred under [[Diocletian]], and are shown in this manner, with the heads bandaged, in countless coats of arms in the Franco-German area. Even [[Saint Victor of Marseilles]], who was from the same Theban Legion commanded by Maurice and escaped the decimation, is represented by a blackamoor with a bandage on his forehead, as in the High Altar of [[St. Nicholas' Church of Tallinn]],<ref>Estonia, oil on wood, St. George, St. Nicholas and St. Victor of Marseilles, 1481 by Rode, Hermen (c.1468-1504)</ref> now in the Art Museum of Estonia, Tallinn. The common tradition which links the stories of the two saints suggests that the symbol was designed between the [[St. Maurice's Abbey|St. Maurice Abbey]] [[Valais|Canton of Valais]] (Switzerland) and the [[Abbey of Saint Victor, Marseille|Abbey of St. Victor in Marseilles]]; each was built in the place of martyrdom of the respective saint. Between 1112 and 1166 the [[County of Provence]] was under the direct control of the kings of Aragon, and until 1245 ruled by descendants of the same dynasty. The abbey of St. Victor of Marseilles had extensive property and political influence in Sardinia, especially in the [[Giudicato of Cagliari|Judicatus (kingdom) of Cagliari]], from the 11th to the 13th century. There are [[hagiography|hagiographies]] of many "Saint Victors" related to the [[Theban Legion]], such as [[Viktor of Xanten]] or [[Victor of Solothurn]] and to the persecutions of [[Diocletian]] and [[Maximinus II]] as [[Victor Maurus]] of [[Milan]], [[Vincent, Orontius, and Victor|Victor]] of [[Puigcerdà]], [[Spain]], probably inspired by the same martyr.

The four Moors became the symbol of the Kingdom of Sardinia at its foundation, with the Corsican flag dating back to the same era, and became in time the flag of the island and its people. In any case, the meaning of the symbols, either two holy warriors or Moor's heads cut off, makes it an emblem of warring Christianity, ''[[crusade]]r'' in the broad sense of the term, originated in a historical period of bitter conflict between Islam and Christianity, in which Sardinia was fully involved.

==Modern use==
[[File:Sardegna-Stemma.svg|thumb|Coat of arms of the Autonomous Region of Sardinia, with eye-blinded bandage.]]
The symbol was adopted as the regional coat of arms already in 1950, with a decree of the President of the Republic.
The flag, instead, became official only in 1999, by means of Regional Law n. 10.

==Chronological gallery==

'''Crown of Aragon'''

The four moors already represent the Kingdom of Sardinia but no trace is found on the island.

<gallery>
Gelre Folio 62r.jpg|Gelre Armorial, Folio 62r

1450 CIRCA ARMORIALE DI AREA LORENESE.jpg|Armorial from Lorraine region (France), 1450
</gallery>

'''Imperial ideology of Charles V, Habsburg House, A little kingdom within an enormous empire'''

The four moors appear more frequently in prints, paintings, and artifacts both in Sardinia and in all publications heraldic vintage.

<gallery>
I 4 mori..... senza mori nel portoghese Livro do armeiro-mor, Lisbona, 1509.jpg|1509, Portuguese armorial "Livro do armeiro-mor", Lisbon

1515 DURER MAXIMILIAN TRIUNPHAL ARCH.jpg|1515 from the emperor Maximilian I Triumphal Arch by Albrecht Durer

Regni di Carlo V.jpg|Emperor Charles V and his Kingdoms' coats of arms

Aquila imperiale bicefala di Carlo V.jpg|Imperial eagle of Charles V

1555 - Innsbruck, il Pavone degli Asburgo, con gli stemmi di ogni possedimento della famiglia. In particolare lo stemma della Sardegna, della Corsica e dell'Algarve (tre mori).jpg|1555 - Innsbruck, the peacock of the Habsburg dynasty

1555 SOLIS 6.jpg|1555 Virgil Solis

Bandiera del Regno di Sardegna nel corte funebre dell'Imperatore Carlo V.jpg|1559 H. Cock-J. Doetichum-L. Doetichum, “La magnifique et somptueuse pompe funebre faite aus obseques et funerailles du tres grande et tres victorieus empereur Charles cinquieme”, Plantin, Anvers, The funeral cortège of Charles V in a printed book.

Stemma del Regno di Sardegna metà del XVI secolo.JPG|detail

Robert Peril, The Genealogical Tree of the House of Hapsburg, 1540.jpg|The Genealogical Tree of the House of Habsburg, Robert Peril, 1540
</gallery>

'''Habsburg House (Spanish branch)'''

<gallery>
Capitols de cort 2.jpg|1590 F. Guarnerio, Capitols de cort del Stament Militar de Sardenya, Cagliari, first recorded use in Sardinia.

Stemma di Filippo II.jpg|16th century, Sassari (Sardinia), Palazzo Ducale, coat of arms of Philip II of Spain

Mainoldi Galerati 2.jpg|1573 I. Mainoldi Galerati, De titulis Philippi Austrii Regis Cattolici Liber, Bononia

QUATTRO MORI - LIVRE DES ARMOIRES.jpg|H. De Bara, Le Blason des Armoires, Lyon

AGOSTINO CARRACCI 1585 2.jpg|1585, portrait of Philipo II of Spain by Agostino Carracci

Logo unica col GIF (2).jpg|1607, coat of arms of the University of Cagliari

SK-A-112.jpg|Frans Franken II (1581-1642), Abdication of the emperor Charles V, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Frans Franken, Abdicazione di Carlo V, particolare.jpg|detail

4 mori 1640.jpg|1640 from a geographic map

CASTELVI 23.jpg|1700, Descripciones de todos los reyes de España, Josè Delitala y Castelvì, conde de Villasalto

Portada de los Anales de la Corona de Aragón.jpg|Portada de los Anales de la Corona de Aragón. The four moors became the coat of arms of Aragon as well, crowned and bearded.

Apoteosis Heraldica 1681 Museo de Historia de la Ciudad,Barcelona, i 4 mori sardi sono nettamente distinti iconograficamente dai 4 mori d'Aragona.JPG|Apoteosis Heraldica 1681 Museo de Historia de la Ciudad,Barcelona; the iconography of the 4 Sardinian Moors are clearly from the 4 Moors of Aragon, crowned and bearded.
</gallery>

''' Out of the island, the artists run wild'''

<gallery>
Stemma del Regno di Sardegna a colori invertiti nel Libro de armas y blasones de diversos linajes y retratos.png|16th century, "Libro de armas y blasones de diversos linajes y retratos", with inverted colours.

1635 Palazzo del Buen Retiro, Madrid.jpg|1635, Zurbaran and Velasquez, Buen Retiro Palace, Madrid, again inverted colors

EL TRIUNFO DEL EMPERADOR MAXIMILIANO I.jpg|"El Triunfo del Emperador Maximiliano I", 17th century ? the four moors became three in a printed book from the Austrian area.
</gallery>

'''Savoy House'''

As the title of King of Sardinia was the only one who gave the ruling dynasty the coveted title, the coat of arms is enhanced and developed and overlaid with emblems of the other states ruled by the Savoy House

<gallery>
File:Pharmacopoea sardoa.jpg|1773, I. G. Palietti, Pharmacopoea sardoa, Tipografia Regia, Cagliari
File: Civil Flag and Civil Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816-1848).svg|Civil Flag and Civil Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816-1848)
File:Flag of the Kingdom of Sardinia.svg|Variant flag used as naval ensign in the late 18th or early 19th century<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Italy_states2.htm#Sardina-Piedmont Italian states to 1861 - History of the flag and chronology]</ref>
</gallery>'''Modern Region'''<gallery>
File: Flag of Sardinia (1995).svg|'' de facto'' flag of 1995
</gallery>

==See also==
((portal|Italy|Heraldry))
* [[Flag of Corsica]]
* [[Maure]]

==References==
((reflist))

==Sources==
*Giovanni Battista Fara,'' De Rebus Sardois'', Cagliari, 1580
*Geronimo Zurita,'' Anales de la Corona de Aragon'', Zaragoza, 1610
*Ferran De Sagarra, ''Sigillografia Catalana, inventari, descripciò i estudi dels segells de Catalunya'', Barcelona, 1915
*Martì De Riquer, ''Heràldica catalana des de l'Any 1150 al 1550'', Barcelona, 1983
*Salvatorangelo Palmerio Spanu, ''Origine dell'Arme di Sardegna'', ESHA
*Barbara Fois, ''Lo stemma dei quattro mori: breve storia dell'emblema dei sardi'', Sassari, Carlo Delfino Editore, 1990
*Franciscu Sedda,'' La vera storia della bandiera dei sardi'', Cagliari, Edizioni Condaghes, 2007
*Mauro Podda, ''Quattro mori a Bruxelles'', L'Unione Sarda, 12 aprile 2008, Cagliari

==External links==
((commons category-inline))

((Sardinia))
((Italian flags))

((DEFAULTSORT:Flag of Sardinia))
[[Category:Black people in art]]
[[Category:Flags of regions of Italy|Sardinia]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Sardinia]]
[[Category:Flags with crosses|Sardinia]]
[[Category:Sardinian culture]]
[[Category:Flags of indigenous peoples|Sardinia]]
[[Category:Flags introduced in 1999|Sardinia]]

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Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/h (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/i (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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