Flagellin
Identifiers
SymbolFlagellin
PfamPF00700
InterProIPR001492
SCOP21ucu / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary

Flagellins are a family of proteins present in flagellated bacteria[1] which arrange themselves in a hollow cylinder to form the filament in a bacterial flagellum. Flagellin has a mass on average of about 40,000 daltons.[2][3] Flagellins are the principal component of bacterial flagella that have a crucial role in bacterial motility.

Helicobacter pylori electron micrograph, showing multiple flagella on the cell surface

The gene that encodes for flagellin has a different name in different bacterial species such as flaA (Helicobacter pylori for example), fliC, fljB.[4][1]

Structure

The structure of flagellin is responsible for the helical shape of the flagellar filament, which is important for its proper function.[4] It is transported through the center of the filament to the tip where it polymerases spontaneously into a part of the filament. In E. coli it is unfolded by the flagellar secretion chaperone FliS (P26608) during transport.[5] The filament is made up of eleven smaller "protofilaments", nine of which contains flagellin in the L-type shape and the other two in the R-type shape.[6]

The helical N- and C-termini of flagellin form the inner core of the flagellin protein, and is responsible for flagellin's ability to polymerize into a filament. The middle residues make up the outer surface of the flagellar filament. While the termini of the protein are quite similar among all bacterial flagellins, the middle portion is wildly variable and can be absent in some species. The flagellin domains are numbered from the helical core (D0/D1) to the outside (D2, ...); when viewed from the amino-acid sequence, D0/D1 appears on the two termini. Flagellin-like structural proteins are found in other portions of the flagellum, such as the hook (flgE; P75937), the rod at the base, and the cap at the top.[7]

The middle part of  E. coli (and related) flagellin, D3, displays a beta-folium fold and appears to maintain flagellar stability.[8]

Immune response

In mammals

Mammals often have acquired immune responses (T-cell and antibody responses)[9] to flagellated bacterium, which occur frequently to flagellar antigens. Flagellin has also been shown to directly interact with TLR5 on T cells[10] and TLR11.[11] Some bacteria are able to switch between multiple flagellin genes in order to evade this response.

Flagellins contain a Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) epitope, a region recognized by the immune receptor TLR5. There are variations in the strength of flagellin binding and its ability to activate TLR5. Flagellins can be classified into three groups based on these characteristics: si-lent flagellins, evaders and stimulators. Silent flagellins bind to TLR5 but do not induce signaling. Evaders are incapable of binding and, consequently, do not trigger TLR5 activation. Stimulators exhibit variable binding capabilities to TLR5 yet possess the ability to activate TLR5.[12]

The propensity of the immune response to flagellin may be explained by two facts:

In plants

In addition, a 22-amino acid sequence (flg22) of the conserved N-terminal part of flagellin is known to activate plant defence mechanisms.[14] Flagellin perception in Arabidopsis thaliana functions via the receptor-like-kinase FLS2 (FLAGELLIN SENSING 2).[15] Upon flg22 detection, FLS2 quickly binds to BAK1 (BRI1-associated kinase 1) to initiate signalling by reciprocal transphosphorylation of their kinase domains.[16] Both flagellin and UV-C act similarly to increase homologous recombination, as demonstrated by Molinier et al 2006. Beyond this somatic effect, they found this to extend to subsequent generations of the plant.[17] Mitogen-activated-protein-kinases (MAPK) acts as downstream signalling compounds, leading ultimately to PAMP-triggered immunity in which more than 900 genes are up-/down-regulated upon flg22 treatment.[citation needed]

Pre-stimulation with a synthetic flg22-peptide led to enhanced resistance against bacterial invaders.[18]

References

  1. ^ a b "Bacterial flagellin family". www.uniprot.org.
  2. ^ "MeSH Browser". meshb.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  3. ^ Nedeljković M, Sastre DE, Sundberg EJ (July 2021). "Bacterial Flagellar Filament: A Supramolecular Multifunctional Nanostructure". Int J Mol Sci. 22 (14): 7521. doi:10.3390/ijms22147521. PMC 8306008. PMID 34299141.
  4. ^ a b Steiner TS (February 2007). "How flagellin and toll-like receptor 5 contribute to enteric infection". Infection and Immunity. 75 (2): 545–52. doi:10.1128/IAI.01506-06. PMC 1828527. PMID 17118981.
  5. ^ Vonderviszt F, Keiichi N (2013). Structure, Function and Assembly of Flagellar Axial Proteins. Austin, TX: Madame Curie Bioscience Database.
  6. ^ Maki-Yonekura S, Yonekura K, Namba K (April 2010). "Conformational change of flagellin for polymorphic supercoiling of the flagellar filament". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology. 17 (4): 417–22. doi:10.1038/nsmb.1774. PMID 20228803. S2CID 31915502.
  7. ^ Imada K (April 2018). "Bacterial flagellar axial structure and its construction". Biophysical Reviews. 10 (2): 559–570. doi:10.1007/s12551-017-0378-z. PMC 5899737. PMID 29235079.
  8. ^ Samatey FA, Imada K, Nagashima S, Vonderviszt F, Kumasaka T, Yamamoto M, Namba K (March 2001). "Structure of the bacterial flagellar protofilament and implications for a switch for supercoiling". Nature. 410 (6826): 331–7. Bibcode:2001Natur.410..331S. doi:10.1038/35066504. PMID 11268201. S2CID 4416455.
  9. ^ Genta RM (January 1997). "The immunobiology of Helicobacter pylori gastritis". Seminars in Gastrointestinal Disease. 8 (1): 2–11. PMID 9000497.
  10. ^ Sharma N, Akhade AS, Qadri A (April 2013). "Sphingosine-1-phosphate suppresses TLR-induced CXCL8 secretion from human T cells". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 93 (4): 521–8. doi:10.1189/jlb.0712328. PMID 23345392. S2CID 21897008.
  11. ^ Hatai H, Lepelley A, Zeng W, Hayden MS, Ghosh S (2016). "Toll-Like Receptor 11 (TLR11) Interacts with Flagellin and Profilin through Disparate Mechanisms". PLOS ONE. 11 (2): e0148987. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1148987H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0148987. PMC 4747465. PMID 26859749.
  12. ^ DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq7001
  13. ^ Kathrani A, Holder A, Catchpole B, Alvarez L, Simpson K, Werling D, Allenspach K (2012). "TLR5 risk-associated haplotype for canine inflammatory bowel disease confers hyper-responsiveness to flagellin". PLOS ONE. 7 (1): e30117. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...730117K. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030117. PMC 3261174. PMID 22279566.
  14. ^ García AV, Hirt H (2014-01-01). "Salmonella enterica induces and subverts the plant immune system". Frontiers in Microbiology. 5: 141. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00141. PMC 3983520. PMID 24772109.
  15. ^ Gómez-Gómez L, Boller T (June 2000). "FLS2: an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis". Molecular Cell. 5 (6): 1003–11. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80265-8. PMID 10911994.
  16. ^ Chinchilla D, Zipfel C, Robatzek S, Kemmerling B, Nürnberger T, Jones JD, Felix G, Boller T (July 2007). "A flagellin-induced complex of the receptor FLS2 and BAK1 initiates plant defence". Nature. 448 (7152): 497–500. Bibcode:2007Natur.448..497C. doi:10.1038/nature05999. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-3840-F. PMID 17625569. S2CID 2818791.
  17. ^ Urban, L.; Chabane Sari, D.; Orsal, B.; Lopes, M.; Miranda, R.; Aarrouf, J. (2018). "UV-C light and pulsed light as alternatives to chemical and biological elicitors for stimulating plant natural defenses against fungal diseases". Scientia Horticulturae. Elsevier. 235: 452–459. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.02.057. ISSN 0304-4238. S2CID 90436989.
  18. ^ Zipfel, Cyril; Robatzek, Silke; Navarro, Lionel; Oakeley, Edward J.; Jones, Jonathan D. G.; Felix, Georg; Boller, Thomas (April 2004). "Bacterial disease resistance in Arabidopsis through flagellin perception". Nature. 428 (6984): 764–767. Bibcode:2004Natur.428..764Z. doi:10.1038/nature02485. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 15085136. S2CID 4332562.

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