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((short description|Electromechanical, digital time keeping device))
((unreferenced|date=January 2009))
[[File:Copal japan 1970s Alarm flip number electric clock.jpg|thumb|1970s Copal flip alarm clock]]
A '''flip clock''' (also known as a "flap clock") is an electromechanical, digital time keeping device with the time indicated by numbers that are sequentially revealed by a [[split-flap display]]. The study, collection and repair of flip clocks is termed horopalettology (from horology - the study and measurement of time and palette - and the Italian "orologio a palette" - Italian for "flip clock").

==Method of operation==
[[File:Analog clock with digital display.png|right|thumb|Schematic of a split-flap display in a digital clock display]]
An [[electric motor]] (often [[synchronous motor|synchronous]], if directly connected to the AC line) turns two sets of wheels continuously via a reduction gear train: the faster at a rate of 1 revolution per hour, the slower at a rate of 1 revolution per 24 hours. The wheels move continuously, not in steps.

[[File:Split-flap display.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Mechanism of a split-flap alarm clock, removed from its case. The inset shows the metal tab holding back the top flap. The narrow numbered wheel and knobs on the left are the alarm mechanism. This is a [[synchronous electric clock]] which is kept to the correct time by the 50/60 Hz AC power grid.<br/>The small hook which retains the hour leaves until the top of the hour can be dimly seen, retracted, in the inset.]]
The faster wheel has connected to it a ring of 60 flat plastic leaves. On the leaves are printed numerals so that, when a person holds two adjacent leaves apart like an open book, the two open leaves spell out a numeral, and flipping a leaf down increases the number shown by 1 unit. The "book" is opened vertically, and its pages form a ring. This ring is put into position and rotated so that one page falls each minute, showing a new number for the minutes.

The slower wheel has connected to it a similar ring of leaves, only there are 48 leaves on this ring. These leaves have hour numbers printed on them. There are two of each hour, like this: 12<sub>am</sub>, 12<sub>am</sub>, 1<sub>am</sub>, 1<sub>am</sub>, 2<sub>am</sub>, 2<sub>am</sub>, ... 11<sub>pm</sub>, 11<sub>pm</sub> in a [[12-hour clock]], and 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2, ... 23, 23 in a [[24-hour clock]]. Having two sets of leaves for each hour also allows the clock to alternate between 12- and 24-hour display, every half hour, like this: 12<sub>am</sub>, 0<sub>h</sub>, 1<sub>am</sub>, 1<sub>h</sub>, 2<sub>am</sub>, 2<sub>h</sub>, ... 11<sub>pm</sub>, 23<sub>h</sub>. One leaf falls each half-hour, at approximately 25 and 55 minutes after the hour. A different design features 60 leaves with the numbers 1 to 12 repeated in fives, each leaf falling after 12 minutes. The disadvantage of this is that 24-hour clocks cannot use this design, nor there is a way to show "AM" or "PM" information in a 12-hour design.

Minute leaves 45 through 59 have a small tooth on their left edges, pointing toward the hour leaves. The purpose of this tooth is as follows: at 45 minutes after the hour, the tooth pushes a small hook that protrudes into the hour wheel area. This hook will catch any falling hour leaf (as mentioned above, it falls from its metal tab a few minutes before the hour) until it is released by the minute leaf's fall at the top of the hour.

== Daylight saving time ==
Many vintage digital clocks with split flap displays cannot be wound back, as the flip mechanism operates only in one direction. Instead they must be either wound forward 23 hours to achieve the effect of winding back 1 hour at the end of [[daylight saving time]] or the clock may be stopped (by disconnecting it from power) for 1 hour. However, on some newer clocks, forward and backward time setting is possible. [[GE]] clocks sometimes had this feature. ((Citation needed|reason=It is easier to believe that some clocks allowed moving the hours ahead independently of the minutes, thus making adjustment for daylight savings time simpler.|date=July 2019))

==Gallery==
((Commons category|Split-flap clocks))
<gallery>
File:Split-flap display 2016-01-17.gif|An animation of how a split-flap display works
File:Solari GIF.gif|Split-flap display mechanism animation
File:Clock-Lowicz-150604.jpg
File:Sony Digimatic 8FC-59W radio alarm clock 20060526.png|A 1969 radio alarm clock (Sony Digimatic 8FC-59W) with an early digital display
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Cifra 3]]
* [[Twemco]]
* [[Digital sundial]]

== External links==
* [http://www.flipclockfans.com FlipClockFans.com - Flip Clock Aficionado Forum]

[[Category:Clock designs]]

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