Subfamily of beetles
Flower chafers are a group of scarab beetles comprising the subfamily Cetoniinae . Many species are diurnal and visit flowers for pollen and nectar , or to browse on the petals. Some species also feed on fruit . The group is also called fruit and flower chafers , flower beetles and flower scarabs . There are around 4,000 species, many of them still undescribed.
Ten tribes are presently recognized: Cetoniini , Cremastocheilini , Diplognathini, Goliathini, Gymnetini , Phaedimini, Schizorhinini, Stenotarsiini, Taenioderini, and Xiphoscelidini. The former tribes Trichiini and Valgini were elevated in rank to subfamily.[1] [2] rainforest regions of Africa .
Description
Adult flower chafers are usually brightly coloured beetles, often metallic, and somewhat flattened in shape. The insertions of the antennae are visible from above, while the mandibles and labrum are hidden by the clypeus . The elytra lack a narrow membranous margin and are truncate to expose the pygidium . The abdominal spiracles are diverging so that several lie on the abdominal sternites with at least one exposed. The fore coxae are conical and produced ventrally, while the mid coxae are transverse or only slightly oblique. The mesothoracic epimera is visible from above. The tarsi are each equipped with a pair of simple (not forked) tarsal claws of subequal size.[3] [4]
A feature possessed by adults of many flower chafers, especially Cetoniini, is lateral emargination of the elytra.[5]
Larvae are stout-bodied and very hairy with short legs. The head is partly covered by the prothorax . Each antenna has the apical segment as wide as the penultimate segment. The galea and lacinia are used to form a mala. The anal cleft is transverse. The mandible has a ventral stridulating area. The labrum is symmetrical with a deeply pigmented notch on each side of the midline.[3]
Biology
Adult cetoniines are herbivorous , being found on flowers (from which they consume nectar and pollen), tree sap and rotting fruit. Larvae generally live and feed in decaying plant matter (including decaying wood) or soil. In captivity, cetoniine larvae will feed on soft fruit.[3] [4]
Many species in the tribe Cremastocheilini are known to be predaceous, feeding on hymenopteran larvae or soft-bodied nymphs of Auchenorrhyncha . Spilophorus spp. have been noted feeding on the nesting material and excrement of South African passerine birds,[6] Spilophorus maculatus has been recorded feeding on Oxyrhachis [7] Hoplostomus fuligineus is known to feed on the brood of honey bees in South Africa and the pupae of the wasp Belonogaster petiolata Campsiura javanica feeds on the larvae of Ropalidia montana in southern India.[8] Cremastocheilus stathamae feeds on ants of the genus Myrmecocystus [9]
In terms of movement, adults are considered some of the best flyers among beetles. They can hover above and land on flowers or fruit. When threatened by predators, they escape by either performing a rush take off or by falling toward the ground and then flying before impact. Many cetoniines fly with their elytra closed, as their hindwings can unfold and slide out under the elytra during flight (thanks to the emargination of the elytra).[5]
Larvae of some taxa can crawl on their backs using their tergal folds, which are covered in strong bristles. Others crawl on their legs.[3] [5]
Systematics and taxonomy
The following list contains the genera, subtribes, and tribes of subfamily Cetoniinae, according to Catalogue of Life and Scarabaeidae of the World (2023).[1]
Subfamily Cetoniinae Leach, 1815 Mecynorhina ugandensis Protaetia cuprea ignicollisIschnoscelis hoepfneri Gymnetis stellata Tribe Cetoniini Leach, 1815 Subtribe Cetoniina Leach, 1815
Aethiessa Burmeister, 1842 Anatona Burmeister, 1842 Anelaphinis Kolbe, 1892 Aphelinis Antoine, 1987 Atrichelaphinis Kraatz, 1898 Atrichiana Distant, 1911 Badizoblax Thomson, 1877 Centrantyx Fairmaire, 1884 Cetonia Fabricius, 1775 Chewia Legrand, 2004 Chiloloba Burmeister, 1842 Cosmesthes Kraatz, 1880 Cosmiophaena Kraatz, 1898 Dischista Burmeister, 1842 Dolichostethus Kolbe, 1892 Elaphinis Burmeister, 1842 Enoplotarsus Lucas, 1859 Erlangeria Preiss, 1902 Gametis Burmeister, 1842 Gametoides Antoine, 2005 Glycosia Schoch, 1896 Glycyphana Burmeister, 1842 Gymnophana Arrow, 1910 Hemiprotaetia Mikšić, 1963 Heterocnemis Albers, 1852 Heterotephraea Antoine, 2002 Lorkovitschia Mikšić, 1968 Marmylida Thomson, 1880 Mireia Ruter, 1953 Niphobleta Kraatz, 1880 Pachnoda Burmeister, 1842 Pachnodoides Alexis & Delpont, 2002 Pachytephraea De Palma & Malec, 2020 Paleopragma Thomson, 1880 Paranelaphinis Antoine, 1988 Paraprotaetia Moser, 1907 Pararhabdotis Kraatz, 1899 Parastraella Antoine, 2005 Paraxeloma Holm, 1988 Parelaphinis Marais & Holm, 1989 Phaneresthes Kraatz, 1894 Phonotaenia Kraatz, 1880 Phoxomeloides Schoch, 1898 Podopholis Moser, 1915 Podopogonus Moser, 1917 Pogonopus Arrow, 1910 Polystalactica Kraatz, 1882 Protaetia Burmeister, 1842 Protaetiomorpha Mikšić, 1968 Pseudotephraea Kraatz, 1882 Reineria Mikšić, 1968 Rhabdotis Burmeister, 1842 Rhabdotops Krikken, 1981 Rhyxiphloea Burmeister, 1842 Ruteraetia Krikken, 1980 Simorrhina Kraatz, 1886 Somalibia Lansberge, 1882 Stalagmosoma Burmeister, 1842 Systellorrhina Kraatz, 1895 Tephraea Burmeister, 1842 Thyreogonia Reitter, 1898 Trichocephala Moser, 1916 Tropinota Mulsant, 1842 Walsternoplus Allsopp, Jákl & Rey, 2023 Xeloma Kraatz, 1881 Subtribe Euphoriina Horn, 1880 Chlorixanthe Bates, 1889 Euphoria Burmeister, 1842 Subtribe Leucocelina Kraatz, 1882
Acrothyrea Kraatz, 1882 Alleucosma Schenkling, 1921 Amaurina Kolbe, 1895 Analleucosma Antoine, 1989 Cyrtothyrea Kolbe, 1895 Discopeltis Burmeister, 1842 Grammopyga Kolbe, 1895 Heteralleucosma Antoine, 1989 Homothyrea Kolbe, 1895 Leucocelis Burmeister, 1842 Lonchothyrea Kolbe, 1895 Mausoleopsis Lansberge, 1882 Mecaspidiellus Antoine, 1997 Molynoptera Kraatz, 1897 Molynopteroides Antoine, 1989 Oxythyrea Mulsant, 1842 Paleira Reiche, 1871 Paralleucosma Antoine, 1989 Phoxomela Schaum, 1844 Pseudalleucosma Antoine, 1989 Pseudooxythyrea Baraud, 1985 Tribe Cremastocheilini Burmeister & Schaum, 1841 Subtribe Aspilina Krikken, 1984 Aspilochilus Rojkoff, 2013 Aspilus Westwood, 1874 Protochilus Krikken, 1976 Subtribe Coenochilina Burmeister, 1842 Arielina Rossi, 1958 Astoxenus Péringuey, 1907 Basilewskynia Schein, 1957 Coenochilus Schaum, 1841 Subtribe Cremastocheilina Burmeister & Schaum, 1841
Centrochilus Krikken, 1976 Clinterocera Motschulsky, 1857 Cremastocheilus Knoch, 1801 Cyclidiellus Krikken, 1976 Cyclidinus Westwood, 1874 Cyclidius MacLeay, 1838 Genuchinus Westwood, 1874 Lissomelas Bates, 1889 Paracyclidius Howden, 1971 Platysodes Westwood, 1874 Psilocnemis Burmeister, 1842 Subtribe Cymophorina Krikken, 1984 Cymophorus Kirby, 1827 Myrmecochilus Wasmann, 1900 Rhagopteryx Burmeister, 1842 Subtribe Genuchina Krikken, 1984 Genuchus Kirby, 1825 Meurguesia Ruter, 1969 Problerhinus Deyrolle, 1864 Subtribe Goliathopsidina Krikken, 1984 Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 Subtribe Heterogeniina Krikken, 1984 Heterogenius Moser, 1911 Pseudastoxenus Bourgoin, 1921 Subtribe Lissogeniina Krikken, 1984 Chthonobius Burmeister, 1847 Lissogenius Schaum, 1844 Subtribe Macromina Burmeister & Schaum, 1842 Brachymacroma Kraatz, 1896 Campsiura Hope, 1831 Macromina Westwood, 1874 Pseudopilinurgus Moser, 1918 Subtribe Nyassinina Krikken, 1984 Nyassinus Westwood, 1879 Subtribe Oplostomina Krikken, 1984 Anatonochilus Péringuey, 1907 Oplostomus MacLeay, 1838 Placodidus Péringuey, 1900 Scaptobius Schaum, 1841 Subtribe Pilinurgina Krikken, 1984 Callynomes Mohnike, 1873 Centrognathus Guérin-Méneville, 1840 Parapilinurgus Arrow, 1910 Periphanesthes Kraatz, 1880 Pilinurgus Burmeister, 1842 Priska Jákl, 2018 Subtribe Spilophorina Krikken, 1984 Spilophorus Westwood, 1848 Subtribe Telochilina Krikken, 1984 Telochilus Krikken, 1975 Subtribe Trichoplina Krikken, 1984 Lecanoderus Kolbe, 1907 Trichoplus Burmeister, 1842 Subtribe Trogodina Krikken, 1984 Pseudoscaptobius Krikken, 1976 Trogodes Boheman, 1857 Tribe Diplognathini Burmeister, 1842
Anoplocheilus MacLeay, 1838 Anthracophora Burmeister, 1842 Anthracophorides Moser, 1918 Apocnosoides Antoine, 2001 Charadronota Burmeister, 1842 Conradtia Kolbe, 1892 Diphrontis Gerstaecker, 1882 Diplognatha Gory & Percheron, 1833 Eriulis Burmeister, 1842 Hadrodiplognatha Kraatz, 1898 Heteropseudinca Valck Lucassen, 1933 Lamellothyrea Krikken, 1980 Metallopseudinca Valck Lucassen, 1933 Niphetophora Kraatz, 1883 Nselenius (Holm & Perissinotto, 2004) Odontorrhina Burmeister, 1842 Parapoecilophila Hauser, 1904 Phonopleurus Moser, 1919 Pilinopyga Kraatz, 1888 Porphyronota Burmeister, 1842 Pseudinca Kraatz, 1880 Stethopseudinca Valck Lucassen, 1933 Tetragonorrhina Kraatz, 1896 Trichostetha Burmeister, 1842 Triplognatha Krikken, 1987 Trymodera Gerstaecker, 1867 Uloptera Burmeister, 1842 Tribe Goliathini Latreille, 1829 Subtribe Dicronocephalina Krikken, 1984 Dicronocephalus Hope, 1831 Subtribe Goliathina Latreille, 1829 Fornasinius Bertoloni, 1852 Goliathus Lamarck, 1801 Hegemus Thomson, 1881 Hypselogenia Burmeister, 1840 Subtribe Ichnestomina Burmeister, 1842 Gariep Péringuey, 1907 Ichnestoma Gory & Percheron, 1833 Karooida Perissinotto, 2020 Mzansica Perissinotto, 2020 Subtribe Rhomborhinina Westwood, 1842
Anagnathocera Arrow, 1922 Anisorrhina Westwood, 1842 Asthenorhella Westwood, 1874 Asthenorhina Westwood, 1843 Bietia Fairmaire, 1898 Bothrorrhina Burmeister, 1842 Caelorrhina Hope, 1841 Cheirolasia Westwood, 1842 Chloresthia Fairmaire, 1905 Chlorocala Kirby, 1828 Chondrorrhina Kraatz, 1880 Compsocephalus White, 1845 Cosmiomorpha Saunders, 1852 Cyphonocephalus Westwood, 1842 Desfontainesia Alexis & Delpont, 1999 Dicellachilus Waterhouse, 1905 Dicheros Gory & Percheron, 1833 Dicronorhina Hope, 1837 Diphyllomorpha Hope, 1843 Dymusia Burmeister, 1842 Euchloropus Arrow, 1907 Eudicella White, 1839 Eutelesmus Waterhouse, 1880 Gnathocera Kirby, 1825 Gnorimimelus Kraatz, 1880 Hemiheterorrhina Mikšić, 1974 Herculaisia Seilliere, 1910 Heterorhina Westwood, 1842 Ingrisma Fairmaire, 1893 Ischnoscelis Burmeister, 1842 Jumnos Saunders, 1839 Lansbergia Ritsema, 1888 Lophorrhina Westwood, 1842 Lophorrhinides Perissinotto, Clennell & Beinhundner, 2019 Mawenzhena Alexis & Delpont, 2001 Mecynorhina Hope, 1837 Moseriana Ruter, 1965 Mystroceros Burmeister, 1842 Narycius Dupont, 1835 Neomystroceros Alexis & Delpont, 1998 Neophaedimus Lucas, 1870 Neoscelis Schoch, 1897 Pedinorrhina Kraatz, 1880 Petrovitzia Mikšić, 1965 Platynocephalus Westwood, 1854 Priscorrhina Krikken, 1984 Pseudodiceros Mikšić, 1974 Pseudotorynorrhina Mikšić, 1967 Ptychodesthes Kraatz, 1883 Raceloma Thomson, 1877 Rhamphorrhina Klug, 1855 Rhinarion Ruter, 1965 Rhomborhina Hope, 1837 Scythropesthes Kraatz, 1880 Smicorhina Westwood, 1847 Spelaiorrhina Lansberge, 1886 Stephanorrhina Burmeister, 1842 Taurhina Burmeister, 1842 Tmesorrhina Westwood, 1841 Torynorrhina Arrow, 1907 Trichoneptunides Legrand, 2001 Trigonophorinus Pouillaude, 1913 Trigonophorus Hope, 1831 Tribe Gymnetini Kirby, 1827 Subtribe Blaesiina Schoch, 1895 Blaesia Burmeister, 1842 Halffterinetis Morón & Nogueira, 2007
Allorrhina Burmeister, 1842 Amazula Kraatz, 1882 Amithao Thomson, 1878 Argyripa Thomson, 1878 Astroscara Schürhoff, 1937 Badelina Thomson, 1880 Balsameda Thomson, 1880 Chiriquibia Bates, 1889 Clinteria Burmeister, 1842 Clinteroides Schoch, 1898 Cotinis Burmeister, 1842 - (Green June Beetles)Desicasta Thomson, 1878 Guatemalica Neervoort Van De Poll, 1886 Gymnephoria Ratcliffe, 2019 Gymnetina Casey, 1915 Gymnetis MacLeay, 1819 Hadrosticta Kraatz, 1892 Heterocotinis Martinez, 1948 Hologymnetis Martinez, 1949 Hoplopyga Thomson, 1880 Hoplopygothrix Schürhoff, 1933 Howdenypa Arnaud, 1993 Jansonia Schürhoff, 1937 Macrocranius Schürhoff, 1935 Madiana Ratcliffe & Romé, 2019 Marmarina Kirby, 1827 Neocorvicoana Ratcliffe & Mico, 2001 Pseudoclinteria Kraatz, 1882 Stethodesma Bainbridge, 1840 Tiarocera Burmeister, 1842 Tribe Phaedimini Schoch, 1894
Hemiphaedimus Mikšić, 1972 Phaedimus Waterhouse, 1841 Philistina MacLeay, 1838 Theodosia Thomson, 1880 Tribe Schizorhinini Burmeister, 1842 Subtribe Lomapterina Burmeister, 1842 Agestrata Eschscholtz, 1829 Ischiopsopha Gestro, 1874 Lomaptera Gory & Percheron, 1833 Macronota Hoffmannsegg, 1817 Megaphonia Schürhoff, 1933 Morokia Janson, 1905 Mycterophallus Neervoort Van De Poll, 1886 Subtribe Schizorhinina Burmeister, 1842
Anacamptorrhina Blanchard, 1842 Aphanesthes Kraatz, 1880 Aurum Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2019 Axillonia Krikken, 2018 Bisallardiana Antoine, 2003 Chalcopharis Heller, 1902 Chlorobapta Kraatz, 1880 Chondropyga Kraatz, 1880 Clithria Burmeister, 1842 Diaphonia Newman, 1840 Dichrosoma Kraatz, 1885 Digenethle Thomson, 1877 Dilochrosis Thomson, 1878 Eupoecila Burmeister, 1842 Grandaustralis Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2013 Hemichnoodes Kraatz, 1880 Hemipharis Burmeister, 1842 Kerowagia Delpont, 1996 Lenosoma MacLeay, 1863 Lyraphora Kraatz, 1880 Macrotina Strand, 1934 Metallesthes Kraatz, 1880 Microdilochrosis Jákl, 2009 Microlomaptera Kraatz, 1885 Micropoecila Kraatz, 1880 Navigator Moeseneder & Hutchinson, 2016 Neoclithria Neervoort Van De Poll, 1886 Neorrhina Thomson, 1878 Octocollis Moeseneder & Hutchinson, 2012 Panglaphyra Kraatz, 1880 Peotoxus Krikken, 1983 Poecilopharis Kraatz, 1880 Pseudoclithria Neervoort Van De Poll, 1886 Rigoutorum Hutchinson & Moeseneder, 2022 Schizorhina Kirby, 1825 Schochidia Berg, 1898 Stenopisthes Moser, 1913 Storeyus Hasenpusch & Moeseneder, 2010 Tafaia Valck Lucassens, 1939 Tapinoschema Thomson, 1880 Territonia Krikken, 2018 Trichaulax Kraatz, 1880 Tribe Stenotarsiini Kraatz, 1880 Subtribe Anochiliina Krikken, 1984 Anochilia Burmeister, 1842 Epistalagma Fairmaire, 1880 Subtribe Chromoptiliina Krikken, 1984 Chromoptilia Westwood, 1842 Descarpentriesia Ruter, 1964 Subtribe Coptomiina Schenkling, 1921
Bricoptis Burmeister, 1842 Coptomia Burmeister, 1842 Coptomiopsis Pouillaude, 1919 Eccoptomia Kraatz, 1880 Euchilia Burmeister, 1842 Euryomia Burmeister, 1842 Heterocranus Bourgoin, 1919 Hiberasta Fairmaire, 1901 Hyphelithia Kraatz, 1880 Liostraca Burmeister, 1842 Micreuchilia Pouillaude, 1917 Micropeltus Blanchard, 1842 Pareuchilia Kraatz, 1880 Pygora Burmeister, 1842 Pyrrhopoda Kraatz, 1880 Vieuella Ruter, 1964 Subtribe Doryscelina Schenkling, 1921 Doryscelis Burmeister, 1842 Epixanthis Burmeister, 1842 Hemiaspidius Krikken, 1982 Pararhynchocephala Paulian, 1991 Parepixanthis Kraatz, 1893 Pseudepixanthis Kraatz, 1880 Rhynchocephala Fairmaire, 1883 Subtribe Euchroeina Paulian & Descarpentries, 1982 Euchroea Burmeister, 1842 Subtribe Heterophanina Schoch, 1894 Heterophana Burmeister, 1842 Oxypelta Pouillaude, 1920 Pogoniotarsus Kraatz, 1880 Pogonotarsus Burmeister, 1842 Zebinus Fairmaire, 1894 Subtribe Heterosomatina Krikken, 1984 Heterosoma Schaum, 1844 Plochilia Fairmaire, 1896 Subtribe Pantoliina Krikken, 1984
Bonoraella Ruter, 1978 Celidota Burmeister, 1842 Cyriodera Burmeister, 1842 Dirrhina Burmeister, 1842 Hemilia Kraatz, 1880 Lucassenia Olsoufieff, 1940 Melanchroea Kraatz, 1900 Moriaphila Kraatz, 1880 Pantolia Burmeister, 1842 Tetraodorhina Blanchard, 1842 Subtribe Parachiliina Krikken, 1984 Parachilia Burmeister, 1842 Subtribe Stenotarsiina Kraatz, 1880 Callipechis Burmeister, 1842 Ischnotarsia Kraatz, 1880 Rhadinotaenia Kraatz, 1900 Stenotarsia Burmeister, 1842 Vadonidella Ruter, 1973 Tribe Taenioderini Mikšić, 1976 Subtribe Chalcotheina Mikšić, 1976
Anocoela Moser, 1914 Chalcothea Burmeister, 1842 Chalcotheomima Mikšić, 1970 Clerota Burmeister, 1842 Glyptothea Bates, 1889 Glyptotheomima Mikšić, 1976 Hemichalcothea Mikšić, 1970 Microchalcothea Moser, 1910 Paraplectrone Mikšić, 1985 Penthima Kraatz, 1892 Plectrone Wallace, 1867 Pseudochalcothea Ritsema, 1882 Pseudochalcotheomima Mikšić, 1985 Subtribe Taenioderina Mikšić, 1976
Bacchusia Mikšić, 1976 Bombodes Westwood, 1848 Carneluttia Mikšić, 1976 Coilodera Hope, 1831 Costinota Schürhoff, 1933 Eumacronota Mikšić, 1976 Euremina Westwood, 1867 Euselates Thomson, 1880 Gnorimidia Lansberge, 1887 Ixorida Thomson, 1880 Macronotops Krikken, 1977 Meroloba Thomson, 1880 Pleuronota Kraatz, 1892 Stenonota Fairmaire, 1889 Taeniodera Burmeister, 1842 Xenoloba Bates, 1889 Tribe Xiphoscelidini Krikken, 1984
Aporecolpa Lansberge, 1886 Callophylla Moser, 1916 Heteroclita Burmeister, 1842 Ischnostomiella Krikken, 1978 Meridioclita Krikken, 1982 Myodermidius Bourgoin, 1920 Neoclita Perissinotto, 2017 Oroclita Krikken, 1982 Plochiliana Ruter, 1978 Protoclita Krikken, 1978 Rhinocoeta Burmeister, 1842 Scheinia Ruter, 1957 Xiphoscelis Burmeister, 1842 Xiphosceloides Holm, 1992 
