Fokker D.VIII

Role	Fighter Type of aircraft
Manufacturer	Fokker-Flugzeugwerke
Designer	Reinhold Platz
First flight	May 1918
Primary user	Luftstreitkräfte
Number built	approximately 381

The Fokker E.V was a German parasol-monoplane fighter aircraft designed by Reinhold Platz and built by Fokker-Flugzeugwerke. The E.V was the last Fokker design to become operational with the Luftstreitkräfte, entering service in the last months of World War I. After several fatal accidents due to wing failures, the aircraft was modified and redesignated Fokker D.VIII. Dubbed the Flying Razor by post-war pulp-fiction writers, the D.VIII had the distinction of scoring the last aerial victory of the war.

Design and development

In early 1918, Fokker produced several rotary-powered monoplane prototypes, submitting V.26 and V.28, small parasol-winged monoplanes with his usual steel-tube fuselages, for the second fighter trials at Adlershof in May/June 1918. V.28 was tested with the 108 kW (145 hp) Oberursel Ur.III and 119 kW (160 hp) Goebel Goe.III, though neither of these engines were ready for operational service. The V.26 used the standard Oberursel Ur.II engine, producing only 82 kW (110 hp). The engine was obsolete but the low drag of the V.26 and light weight meant that it was still quite fast. The Fokker designs were only barely beaten by the Siemens-Schuckert D.III with the complex bi-rotary Siemens-Halske Sh.III engine and the V.26 was ordered into production as the Fokker E.V. Four hundred were ordered immediately with either the Ur.III or Goe.III. Because neither engine was available in any quantity, all production examples mounted the Ur.II.

Operational history

The first production E.V aircraft were shipped to Jasta 6 in late July. The new monoplane was also delivered to Jasta 1, Jasta 19, Jasta 24 and Jasta 36. Leutnant Emil Rolff scored the first kill in an E.V on August 17, 1918, but two days later he was killed when his aircraft's wing collapsed in flight. After another E.V of Jasta 19 crashed, Idflieg grounded all E.V aircraft. Pending the investigation of these wing failures, production ceased at the Fokker Flugzeugwerke. According to Fokker, the wing failures were caused by the army technical bureau, which had forced him to modify the original design by over-strengthening the rear main spar. This faulty design allegedly caused the wing to twist and fail. Fokker claimed that this defect was resolved by reverting to his original design.

According to most other accounts, the source of the wing failures lay not in the design, but in shoddy and rushed construction. Fokker had subcontracted construction of the E.V wings to the Gebrüder Perzina Pianoforte Fabrik factory. Due to poor quality control, inferior timber had been used and the spar caps, forming the upper and lower members of each spar assembly, had been placed too far apart during the fabrication. Because the resulting spars were vertically too large to pass through the ribs, excess material was simply planed away from the exposed upper and lower surfaces of the cap pieces, leaving the assembled spars dangerously weak. Other problems included water damage to glued parts, and pins that splintered the spars, rather than securing them.^[1]

Tests showed that, when properly constructed, the original E.V wing had a considerable margin of safety. Satisfied that the basic design was safe, Idflieg authorized continued production, after personnel changes and improved quality control measures were introduced at the Perzina factory.

Deliveries resumed in October. At the direction of the Kogenluft (Kommandierenden General der Luftstreitkräfte), Idflieg redesignated the modified aircraft D.VIII. The earlier "E." and "Dr." prefixes for fighter monoplanes and triplanes, respectively, were abolished and all fighters would henceforth receive the "D." prefix instead. The D.VIII commenced operations on 24 October with Jasta 11. The aircraft proved to be agile and easy to fly. Allied pilots nicknamed it the Flying Razor, presumably because it resembled a cocked straight razor in flight.

Jasta 5 was issued a D.VIII. The famed ace Erich Lowenhardt performed a test flight of a Fokker EV whilst paying a visit to Jasta 6 in the summer of 1918, but no evidence of him flying this aircraft on any other occasion exists to date.

A total of 381 aircraft were produced, but only some 85 aircraft reached frontline service before the Armistice. Some reached Italy, Japan, the United States, and England as trophies, but most were scrapped in accordance with the terms of the Armistice.

Postwar

The Polish Air Force captured 17 aircraft, but only seven (six E.V and one D.VIII) were in airworthy condition. All were used against Soviet forces in the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–1920. Lieutenant Stefan Stec earned the first kill for the Polish Air Force, by shooting down a Ukrainian Nieuport 21 fighter on 29 April 1919. In 1921, the remaining Fokkers were withdrawn from front-line units and transferred to the Szkoła Obsługi Lotniczej (Air Personnel School) at Poznań-Ławica airfield.

Variants

V 26 : Initial prototype.
V 27 : V.26 with 195 hp (145 kW) Benz Bz.IIIb V8 engine. Participated in the second D-type competition.
V 28 : Prototype fitted with either a 108 kW (145 hp) Oberursel Ur.III, or a 118 kW (160 hp) Goebel Goe.III rotary engines.
V 29 : Larger version of the V.27 initially fitted with a 160 hp (119 kW) Mercedes D.III and later with a 185 hp (138 kW) BMW IIIa, both inline water-cooled engines. Participated in the third D-type competition.
V 30 : Single-seat glider modification of V.26.

Operators

Belgium

Belgian Air Force operated a single captured E.V from 1919 until the early 1920s.

German Empire

Luftstreitkräfte received 381 aircraft before 11 November 1918.
Kaiserliche Marine

Netherlands

Royal Netherlands Air Force

Poland

Polish Air Force captured 16 E.V and one D.VIII aircraft, but only 7 were operated. Last E.V was still on inventory in 1924.

Soviet Union

Soviet Air Force captured one aircraft during the Polish-Soviet War and operated it until the mid-1920s.

United States

United States Army Air Service - Postwar.

Surviving aircraft

The fuselage of an original D.VIII is preserved at the Caproni Museum in Trento, Italy.
A replica of a D.VIII is at the Alberta Aviation Museum in Edmonton, Alberta.
A replica of an E.V marked as 001 (Fok.E.V 185/18) can be found on display at the Polish Air Force Museum in Deblin, Poland.
The Vintage Aviator Ltd. of Masterton, New Zealand, operate two airworthy replicas.^[2]

Specifications (D.VIII)

Data from German Aircraft of the First World War ^[3]

General characteristics

Crew: 1
Length: 5.86 m (19 ft 3 in)
Wingspan: 8.34 m (27 ft 4 in)
Height: 2.6 m (8 ft 6 in)
Wing area: 10.7 m² (115 sq ft)
Empty weight: 405 kg (893 lb)
Gross weight: 605 kg (1,334 lb)
Powerplant: 1 × Oberursel UR.II 9-cyl. air-cooled rotary piston engine, 82 kW (110 hp)

Performance

Maximum speed: 204 km/h (127 mph, 110 kn)
Endurance: 1.5 hours
Service ceiling: 6,000 m (20,000 ft)
Rate of climb: 8 m/s (1,600 ft/min)
Time to altitude:
- 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in 2 minutes
- 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in 10 minutes 45 seconds
Wing loading: 56.0 kg/m² (11.5 lb/sq ft)

Armament

Guns: 2 × 7.92 mm (0.312 in) Spandau MG08 machine guns

References

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fokker D.VIII.

Gray, Peter & Thetford, Owen (1987) [1970]. German Aircraft of the First World War (2nd ed.). London: Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-809-7.
Grosz, Peter M. (December 1981 – March 1982). "Fokker's D VIII... the Reluctant Razor". Air Enthusiast. No. 17. pp. 61–73. ISSN 0143-5450.
Herris, Jack & Leckscheid, Jörn (2023). Fokker Aircraft of WWI: Volume 5 1918 Designs, Part 2 - D.VII & D.VIII: A Centennial Perspective on Great War Airplanes. Great War Aviation Centennial Series. Vol. 55B. n.p.: Aeronaut Books. ISBN 978-1-953201-61-4.
Sankowski, Wojciech (September 1994). "Les Fokker E-V Polonais" [Polish Fokker E-Vs]. Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire (in French) (19): 18–19. ISSN 1243-8650.
Weyl, A.R. Fokker: The Creative Years. 1988. ISBN 0-85177-817-8.

Fokker aircraft

Company designations
pre-1918

M.1 M.2 M.3 M.4 M.5 M.6 M.7 M.8 M.9 M.10 M.14 M.15 M.16 M.17 M.18 M.19 M.21 M.22
V.1 V.2 V.3 V.4 V.5 V.6 V.7 V.8 V.9 V.10 V.11 V.12 V.13 V.14 V.16 V.17 V.18 V.20 V.21 V.22 V.23 V.24 V.25 V.26 V.27 V.28 V.29 V.30 V.31 V.33 V.34 V.35 V.36 V.37 V.38 V.39 V.40 V.41 V.42 V.43 V.44 V.45 W.1 W.2 W.3 W.4

Austro-Hungarian
military designations

German military
designations

A.I A.II A.III
C.I
D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII D.VIII
Dr.I
E.I E.II E.III E.IV E.V
F.I
K.I

Company designations
post-1918

continuing
German military
style designations:

B.I B.II B.III B.IV B.V B.VI
C.II C.III C.IV C.V C.VI C.VII C.VIII C.IX C.X C.XI C.XIV C.XV
D.IX D.X D.XI D.XII D.XIII D.XIV D.XV D.XVI D.XVII D.XVIII D.XIX D.XX D.XXI D.22 D.23 D.24
DC.I DC.II
F.I F.II F.III F.IV F.V F.VI F.VII F.VIII F.IX F.X F.XI F.XII F.XIII F.XIV F.XV F.XVI F.XVII F.XVIII F.XIX F.XX F.XXI F.XXIII F.25 F26 F27 F28 F.29 F.37
FG.I FG.II FG.III FG.IV
G.I G.II G.III
S.I S.II S.III S.IV S.V S.VI S.VII S.VIII S.IX S.X S.11 S.12 S.13 S.14 S.15 S.16
T.II T.III T.IV T.V T.VI T.VII T.VIII T.IX T.10

based on
seating:

F.XXII
F.XXIV
F.XXXVI
F.40
50
F.56
60
70
100
130

Atlantic Aircraft
(Fokker America/Atlantic-Fokker)

United States
military designations

Observation:	AO-1 CO-4 XO-27
Transports:	T-2 C-2 C-5 C-7 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-20 C-31 RA
Bombers:	XHB-2 XLB-2 XB-8 FT-1 FT-2
Attack:	XA-7
Fighters:	PW-5 PW-6 PW-7
Ambulance:	A-2
Trainer:	TW-4

Idflieg D and DJ-class aircraft designations

D- class

AEG	D.I D.II D.III
Albatros	D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII D.VIII D.IX D.X D.XI D.XII
Aviatik	(D.I skipped) D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII
Daimler	D.I D.II
DFW	D.I D.II
Euler	D.I D.II
Fokker	D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII D.VIII
Friedrichshafen	D.I D.II D.III
Halberstadt	D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V
Junkers	D.I
Kondor	D.I
LFG/Roland	D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII D.VIII D.IX D.X D.XI D.XII D.XIII D.XIV D.XV D.XVI D.XVII
LVG	D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI
Märkische	D.I
Naglo	D.I D.II
Pfalz	D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII D.VIII D.IX D.X D.XI D.XII D.XIII D.XIV D.XV
Rumpler	D.I
Schütte-Lanz	D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI D.VII
Siemens-Schuckert	D.I D.II D.III D.IV D.V D.VI
Zeppelin-Lindau	D.I

DJ- class

AEG	DJ.I

v t e World War I aircraft of the Central Powers
Fighters	AEG D.I AEG Dr.I Albatros D.I Albatros D.II Albatros D.III Albatros D.V Aviatik D.I Aviatik C.VI Daimler L.6 Euler D.I Euler D.II Fokker D.I Fokker D.II Fokker D.III Fokker D.IV Fokker D.V Fokker D.VI Fokker D.VII Fokker D.VIII Fokker Dr.I Fokker E.I Fokker E.II Fokker E.III Fokker E.IV Fokker E.V Halberstadt D.II Hannover CL.II Hannover CL.III Hannover CL.IV Hannover CL.V Hansa-Brandenburg W.12 Hansa-Brandenburg W.29 Junkers D.I Kondor D.6 Kondor E.III Naglo D.II Pfalz D.III Pfalz D.XII Pfalz Dr.I Pfalz E.I Pfalz E.II Phönix D.I LFG Roland D.II LFG Roland D.VI Siemens-Schuckert D.I Siemens-Schuckert D.II Siemens-Schuckert D.III Siemens-Schuckert D.IV Zeppelin-Lindau D.I
Bombers and ground attack	AEG DJ.I AEG G.I AEG G.II AEG G.III AEG G.IV AEG G.V AEG J.I AEG J.II AEG R.I Friedrichshafen G.II Friedrichshafen G.III Gotha G.I Gotha G.II Gotha G.III Gotha G.IV Gotha G.V Gotha GL.VII Gotha G.IX Hannover CL.II Junkers CL.I Junkers J.I Rumpler G.I Rumpler G.II Rumpler G.III Siemens-Schuckert L.I Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.II Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.III Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.IV Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI
Reconnaissance	AEG B.I AEG B.II AEG B.III AEG C.I AEG C.II AEG C.III AEG C.IV AEG C.V AEG C.VI AEG C.VII AEG C.VIII AGO C.I AGO C.II AGO C.III AGO C.IV AGO C.VII AGO C.VIII Albatros B.I Albatros B.II Albatros C.I Albatros C.III Albatros C.V Albatros C.VII Albatros C.IX Albatros C.X Albatros C.XII Aviatik B.I Aviatik B.II Aviatik C.I Aviatik C.VI DFW C.V LFG Roland C.II LVG B.I LVG C.II Rumpler C.I Rumpler C.IV Rumpler Taube
Trainers	Euler D.I
Prototypes	Albatros C.II Fokker V.1 Fokker V.2 Junkers J 1 Junkers J 2 Zeppelin-Lindau Rs.I