Association football (Vietnamese: Bóng đá) is the most popular sport in Vietnam.[1] Its V-League competition has taken place annually since 1980 (except in 1988 and 1999).
When Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam (between 1954 and 1976), two national teams existed. The North Vietnamese played almost exclusively against other Communist countries between 1956 and 1966, while the South Vietnamese team took part in the first two AFC Asian Cup finals, finishing fourth both times.
History
Football came into Vietnam with the French in 1896. It was first introduced in Cochinchina (Nam Kỳ), and then spread to the central and northern parts of the colony.
Until 1954
Cochinchina
Football was introduced to Saigon by French civil servants, merchants and soldiers. Some locals also adopted the game at this time. A club called Cercle Sportif Saigonnais (Saigon Sports Circle) was founded. Games were played at the city park, called Jardin de la Ville (today Tao Đàn Park).
In 1905, a British warship named after King Alfred visited Saigon and its football team had a friendly match against a local team composed of Vietnamese and French players. This is considered the first international football match in Vietnam.
E. Breton, a member of France's L'Union des Sociétés Français des Sports Athlétiques brought football rules into Vietnam in 1906. As a chairman of Cercle Sportif Saigonnais, he reorganized the club similar to football clubs in France. Other clubs, such as Infanterie, Saigon Sport, Athletic Club, Stade Militaire and Tabert Club, were founded around that time. Local cups were soon held afterwards. Cercle Sportif Saigonnais was the most successful team, winning in 1907, 1909, 1910, 1911, 1912, 1916.
Some Vietnamese locals learned the game's rules and established their own teams. The first two Vietnamese teams founded in 1907 were Gia Định Sport, run by Ba Vẻ, and Phú Khai and Ngôi Sao Xanh (Blue Star), run by Nguyễn Đình Trị. These two teams merged to form "Ngôi sao Gia Định" (Gia Định Star). Prior to 1920, it had defeated all other teams, including Cercle Sportif Saigonnais (in 1917), and became the champion.
Other teams of the time include: Victoria Sportive, Commerce Sport, Jean Compte, Sport Cholonaise, Khánh Hội Sport, Tân Định Sport, Gò Vấp, Hiệp Hòa, Chợ Quán, Phú Nhuận, Đồng Nai, Enfants de Troupe; in other provinces: Thủ Dầu Một, Cần Thơ, Sóc Trăng, Sa Đéc, Gò Công, Châu Đốc, Mỹ Tho. New grounds were also developed, namely Citadelle, Renault (in front of current Thống Nhất Stadium), Fourière, Mayer, and Marine.
Football fans and some leaders then managed to form the (Vietnamese) Department of Football. Nguyễn Đình Trị was elected as head of board of directors and the Department itself developed its own field. At that time, there was already a French Department of Football. The French and Vietnamese departments had no cooperation, but some matches were played between sides representing each department, for instance in the Cochin China Championship. In a match between Cercle Sportif Saigonnais and Ngôi sao Gia Định in 1925, Paul Thi, Ngôi sao's player was dismissed by a French referee. This led to his everlasting suspension and further conflicts between the two departments. The Championship was then delayed for many years until it was once again held in 1932, with six Vietnamese and three French teams taking part.
Between 1925 and 1935, Ngôi sao Gia Định were known for many famous players, e.g. Sách, Thơm, Nhiều, Quý, Tịnh, Xường, Trung, Thi, Vi, Mùi. About 29 cups were held, with Ngôi sao winning 8 of them.
The first women's football team appeared in Cần Thơ in 1932, called Cái Vồn. Several years later, another team called "Rạch Giá" was founded. In 1933, Cái Vồn had a match with men's Paul Bert team at Mayer Stadium. The match ended in a two-all draw and became historic in Vietnamese football history.
Tonkinchina and the Central Zone
Football came to the North of Vietnam (or Tonkinchina) in about 1906–1907. Local press reported on matches played by Legion Đáp Cầu and Olympique Hải Phòng in 1909. Olympique won the first match 2–1, whereas the second match was won 8-1 by Legion. In February 1912, Hanoi Football club (Stade Hanoien) was founded. The team was composed of Vietnamese and French players.
Vietnam
Vietnam played their first game that was against British Hong Kong in Mong Kok on 20 April 1947, lost 2-3. Vietnam became a member of FIFA in 1952.
1954-1976 period
The Geneva Accord was signed on 21 July 1954, dividing the North and South of Vietnam as well as their football, Vietnam became different football national teams. South Vietnam became a member of the AFC in 1954.[2]
North Vietnam
In North Vietnam, Thể Công team of People's Army was established on 23 September 1954. The national football team gained notable achievements at some regional events, such as Ganefo (Indonesia, 1963) and Asian Ganefo (Cambodia, 1966). The national league was called the North Vietnam V-League.
South Vietnam
By the late 1950s, South Vietnam national football team had become one of the four strongest teams in Asia, as they advanced into the final round of 1960 AFC Asian Cup together with South Korea, Israel and the Republic of China. The team also won 10th Merdeka Cup in Malaysia, 1966.
Clubs AJS, Cảnh sát (Police), Tổng Tham Mưu (ARVN General Staff) and Quan Thuế (Customs) dominated the South's football until 1975. The national league was called the South Vietnam V-League.
Since 1976
Vietnam was reunited on 2 July 1976 and returned to international football at 1991, when they participated at the 1991 Southeast Asian Games. They drew 2–2 to the Philippines (which hosted the tournament), in the first ever match played by a united Vietnam. During the 1990s-2000s, Vietnam had limited international success, mostly due to a lack of investments. Vietnamese football have also suffered several corruption scandals.
Despite this, Vietnam made some notable performances, at the 2007 AFC Asian Cup when Vietnam shocked international football by gaining a ticket to the quarter-finals. Their 2–0 victory against the Gulf champions, the UAE, was especially remarkable. The following year, Vietnam won the 2008 AFF Championship, marking a successful period for Vietnamese football, the “first golden generation” and renaissance of Vietnamese football.
With most of these young players, Vietnam created a fever in 2019 AFC Asian Cup, in which the national team made it to the quarter-finals where they were defeated by eventual runners-up Japan with the score 0–1. Then in the 2019 Southeast Asian Games Vietnam won its first gold medal in men's football since 1959.
In the 2021 Southeast Asian Games, as hosts, both the men's and women's football team successfully defended their gold medal title in front of home fans.
Football is an important part of the national identity in Vietnam. Although having a long history, modern Vietnamese football was developed very late than the rest, which only established at 1990s after the end of Sino-Vietnamese War and international isolation. Since 1990s, football has become extremely important for the society in Vietnam, regardless the rich or the poor. Despite ups and downs, football still plays a role on the rise of Vietnamese national identity, and often ties with its successes. Vietnam has some of the most passionate supporters in the world, often attend in large number anytime Vietnam plays in a major tournament. This has been witnessed in 2019 AFC Asian Cup, which its fans cooked traditional Vietnamese foods and even smuggled foods to the hotel to support its players.[3]
Vietnamese take pride on football heavily and in Vietnam, football is a God sport for the Vietnamese population in majority. When the national team won big matches, the streets are often overwhelmed by large Vietnamese crowds, demonstrating nationalist chants, singing Vietnamese nationalist songs.[4]
According to the Bleacher Report, after the 2018 AFC U-23 Championship, they were totally astonished and shocked with the massive celebration of Vietnamese people.[5]
The emergence of women's football in Vietnam was marked by the establishment of the Cai-Von Women's Football Team (Equipe Feminine de Cai-Von) in 1932, the first women's football team in Vietnam and Asia.[6]Phan Khắc Sửu, an agricultural engineer, with the approval of the South Vietnam government and the Football General Bureau, came up with the idea of forming a women's team and gathered 30 young women to join the team, most of whom came from farming.[7] At that time, it was extremely difficult to mobilize women to participate in football due to the constraints of feudal morality.[6] The outstanding names of the Cai-Von team include Mười Kén, Út Thôi, Hai Tỉnh, Ba Triệu, Út Lẹo..., of which the most outstanding is the French striker Marguerite, who was later elected captain.[6]
In the early days, the Cai-Von Women's Football Team often played against men's teams due to the lack of female opponents. The team's debut match against a men's team in Mỹ Thuận village attracted thousands of spectators; the football field (a rice field) was packed to capacity.[8] After the match, the district chief of Trà Ôn came down to the field to present the team with 24 sets of jerseys and 2,000 Indochinese piasters to help the team develop further.[8][6] Since then, the team has been invited to play in almost all the provinces in the Mekong Delta and sometimes up to Saigon, where men's football teams challenge;[9] The number of supporters for the team has also increased over time.
Following the success of the first team, another women's team was founded in Cần Thơ, called the Xóm Chài team. July 2, 1933 marked the first time a match was played between the Cai-Von and Xóm Chài women's football teams.[9] On July 30, 1933, the Cai-Von women's team tied 2-2 with the Paul Bert men's team (then the champion of the second division in Saigon[9]) at Mayer Stadium, which was considered a feat.[10] After that, the female players began to start families, and due to the lack of a successor, the team officially disbanded in 1938. At the same time as the Cai-Von women's team, there were also the Bà Trưng team in Rạch Giá - Long Xuyên and then the Huỳnh Ký and Thủ Dầu Một teams.[7]
After a long period of stagnation, women's football in Vietnam was revived in the 1980s, first in Ho Chi Minh City. Nguyen Quoc Hung, then the chairman of Lam Son Football Club, founded the women's football team of District 5.[11] He later became the head of the district's Department of Physical Education and Sports.[7] In the early 1990s, the women's football team of District 1 was founded by Tran Thanh Ngu, the head of the District 1 Department of Physical Education and Sports;[12] Tao Dan Stadium became the team's home ground.[13] After the dissolution of the District 5 women's football team, the key players of that team joined Tran Thanh Ngu's women's team in District 1.
At the same time in the North, Hoang Vinh Giang, the then Director of the Hanoi Department of Physical Education and Sports, also invested in women's football in the capital. In 1992, the first generation of women's football players in Hanoi were selected to form a team called Hoa Hoc Tro (named after the newspaper that sponsored the team[14]). In 1991, the Than Cua Ong team was formed in Quang Ninh under the leadership of former star Nguyen Dinh Hung B. In fact, the women's football movement in Quang Ninh was so strong that most coal mines in the province had women's teams that competed against each other and were all founded at the same time as the District 1 team (Ho Chi Minh City).[15] In May 1994, on the sidelines of the 40th anniversary bicycle race commemorating the victory of Dien Bien Phu, a demonstration tournament between the three women's football teams of Hoa Hoc Tro, Than Cua Ong and District 1 was organized and received enthusiastic support from fans in the Northwest.[11] This model was later applied to the "Back to the Roots" bicycle race in 1995.[11]
In 1997, the Vietnam women's national football team was founded and immediately won the championship in the pre-SEA Games tournament in Malaysia. At the 19th SEA Games, the Vietnam women's team under the leadership of head coach Tran Thanh Ngu won the bronze medal.[11] Since 2001, the women's team has won the SEA Games gold medal eight times, with the most recent being at the 32nd SEA Games.
The first Vietnamese Women's Football Championship was held in 1998[16] with 14 teams competing in the preliminary round to select 7 teams for the final round, which was held in Hanoi and Ha Tay.[17][18][19]
Competitions
FIFA World Cup
Vietnam had never qualified for any final round of FIFA World Cup tournaments.
AFC Asian Cup
Vietnam, as South Vietnam, finished in 4th place in both the 1956 and 1960 editions. However, there were only 4 teams in the final round of the tournament.
Since the return of Vietnam to international stage at 1991, Vietnam enjoyed a smaller level of success, but it has been noted for notable achievements during 2007 AFC Asian Cup as host, when Vietnam was the only host team to qualify to quarterfinals before losing to eventual winner Iraq. This was also in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup where Vietnam made the quarterfinals but lost to eventual runners up Japan.
Uniquely, Vietnam has two chances to acquire Asian gold, as the V-League winner is eligible for AFC Champions League group stage and runner-up for qualified AFC Cup group stage from 2022 V.League 1 while the Vietnamese Cup winner goes to the preliminary round of AFC Champions League.
Stadiums in Vietnam by capacity
Sân vận động Quốc gia Mỹ ĐìnhSân vận động Hàng Đẫy
Vietnam
