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Madagascar has diplomatic relations with many countries, both individual bilateral relations and by virtue of its membership of African and other regional blocs. International aid has been received from the IMF and the World Bank, and a national environmental plan supported by the World Bank and USAID began in 1990.

Regional relations

Madagascar historically has remained outside the mainstream of African affairs, although it is a member of the Indian Ocean Commission, the Organization of African Unity (now renamed the AU), the Port Management Association of Eastern and Southern Africa (PMAESA), and the Non-Aligned Movement. Madagascar was admitted to the Southern African Development Community in 2004.

Diplomatic relations

List of Countries which Madagascar maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  France 25 June 1960[1]
2  India 25 June 1960[2]
3  United States 25 June 1960[3]
4  Germany 26 June 1960[4]
5  United Kingdom 27 June 1960[5]
6  Israel 1 July 1960[6]
7  Japan 5 July 1960[7]
8  Panama 20 September 1960[8]
9  Portugal September 1960[9]
10  Norway 27 October 1960[10]
11  Netherlands 16 March 1961[11]
12   Switzerland 13 June 1961[12]
13  Sweden 1961[13]
14  South Korea 25 June 1962[14]
15  Pakistan 16 August 1962[15]
16  Greece 1962[16]
17  Turkey 30 January 1963[17]
18  Algeria 15 June 1964[18]
19  Belgium 15 July 1964[19]
20  Denmark 1964[20]
21  Canada 7 January 1965[21]
22  Spain 25 March 1966[22]
23  Sierra Leone 5 November 1966[23]
—  Holy See 24 December 1966[24]
24  Luxembourg 13 January 1967[25]
25  Austria 1967[26]
26  Ghana 1967[27]
27  Mauritius 27 August 1968[28]
28  Romania 10 September 1968[29]
29  Tunisia 12 March 1969[30]
30  Egypt 23 February 1970[31]
31  Serbia 4 June 1971[32]
32  Nigeria 24 June 1971[33]
33  Lesotho 7 December 1971[34]
34  Chile 23 December 1971[35]
35  Russia 29 September 1972[36]
36  China 6 November 1972[37]
37  North Korea 16 November 1972[38]
38  Vietnam 19 December 1972[39]
39  Guinea 26 December 1972[40]
40  Tanzania 28 June 1973[41]
41  Zambia 13 September 1973[42]
42  Poland 28 November 1973[43]
43  Kuwait 6 December 1973[44]
44  Libya 9 February 1974[45]
45  Cuba 11 April 1974[46]
46  Democratic Republic of the Congo 26 July 1974[47]
47  Australia 22 August 1974[48]
48  Indonesia 13 December 1974[49]
49  Mozambique 9 August 1975[50]
50  Hungary 1 December 1975[51]
51  Mexico 26 December 1975[52]
52  Iraq March 1976[53]
53  Albania 28 April 1976[54]
54  Angola April 1976[53]
55  Czech Republic 5 May 1976[55]
56  Bulgaria 15 June 1976[56]
57  Comoros 12 November 1976[57]
58  Finland 1 June 1977[58]
59  Yemen 31 December 1977[58]
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (suspended) 29 January 1978[59]
60  Mongolia 11 May 1979[58]
61  Laos 27 February 1980[58]
62  Zimbabwe 19 October 1981[60]
63  Iran 13 July 1983[61]
64  Nicaragua 26 October 1984[58]
65  Seychelles 12 April 1989[62]
66  Singapore 31 January 1990[63]
67  Thailand 30 November 1990[58]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1990[64]
68  Kyrgyzstan 26 March 1992[65]
69  Kazakhstan 10 April 1992[66]
70  Estonia 13 April 1992[67]
71  Brunei 20 October 1992[58]
72  Azerbaijan 26 May 1993[68]
73  Belarus 28 May 1993[69]
74  Moldova 28 May 1993[70]
75  Ukraine 10 June 1993[71]
76  Tajikistan 12 June 1993[72]
77  Armenia 25 June 1993[73]
78  South Africa 27 January 1994[74]
79  Morocco 15 April 1994[75]
80  Malaysia 6 April 1995[58]
81  Colombia 15 June 1995[58]
82  Turkmenistan 1 December 1995[76]
83  Slovakia 16 February 1996[77]
84  Brazil 7 October 1996[58]
85  Cambodia 25 March 1997[58]
86  Djibouti 13 August 1999[78]
87  Argentina 20 July 2001[58]
88  Sri Lanka 27 July 2001[79]
89  Senegal 12 August 2002[80][81]
90  North Macedonia 18 October 2002[58]
91  Burkina Faso 14 October 2002[81]
92  Mali 1 August 2003[81]
93  Cape Verde 9 October 2003[81]
94  Gambia 20 July 2004[82][81]
95  Namibia 13 July 2005[83]
96  Botswana August 2005[84]
97  Iceland 22 September 2006[58]
98  Croatia 27 September 2006[85]
99  Slovenia 5 October 2006[58]
100  Georgia 24 May 2007[58]
101  Saudi Arabia 22 October 2008[86]
102  Venezuela 17 November 2008[58]
103  Republic of the Congo 17 September 2014[87]
104  Togo 25 March 2015[88]
105  Sudan 15 April 2015[89]
106  Eswatini 21 October 2015[90][91]
107  Mauritania 11 November 2015[92]
108  Niger 13 January 2016[93]
109  Oman 29 June 2016[58]
110  United Arab Emirates 22 September 2016[58]
111  Lebanon 5 May 2017[94]
112  Eritrea 12 April 2017[95]
113  Lithuania 19 September 2017[96]
114  Rwanda 17 January 2018[97]
115  Andorra 25 September 2018[58]
116  Latvia 26 September 2018[58]
117    Nepal 26 September 2018[58]
118  Bangladesh 4 March 2020[98]
119  Monaco 11 December 2020[99]
120  Malta 22 September 2021[58]
121  Qatar 24 September 2021[58]
122  Dominican Republic 23 September 2022[58]
123  Bahrain 23 September 2022[58]
124  San Marino 1 February 2023[58]
125  Benin Unknown
126  Burundi Unknown
127  Cameroon Unknown
128  Chad Unknown
129  Cyprus Unknown
130  Ecuador Unknown
131  Equatorial Guinea Unknown
132  Ethiopia Unknown
133  Gabon Unknown
134  Ireland Unknown
135  Italy Unknown
136  Ivory Coast Unknown
137  Kenya Unknown
138  Liberia Unknown
139  Malawi Unknown
140  Philippines Unknown[100]
141  Uganda Unknown

Bilateral relations

Active diplomatic relationships are maintained with Europe, especially the UK, France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland, as well as with Russia, Japan, South Korea, India, Indonesia, Egypt and China. Madagascar also maintains good relations with the United States.

International agencies being present in the country allows to react quickly to emergencies such as a food crisis.[101]

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Kenya 13 September 1973
  • Kenya is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Maputo, Mozambique.
  • Madagascar is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
 Mauritius 27 August 1968 See Madagascar–Mauritius relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1968[102]

  • Madagascar has an embassy in Port Louis.
  • Mauritius has an embassy in Antananarivo.
 Morocco 15 April 1994 See Madagascar–Morocco relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 April 1994[103]

  • Madagascar is accredited to Morocco from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal.
  • Morocco has an embassy in Antananarivo.
 Mozambique 9 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1975[104]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Mozambique from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Mozambique is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Namibia 13 July 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 2005 when has been accredited ambassador of Madagascar to Namibia with residence in Pretoria Mr. Yvan Randriasandratriniony.[105]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Namibia is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Harare, Zimbabwe.
 Nigeria 24 June 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1971[106]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Nigeria from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Nigeria is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.
 Senegal 12 August 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 2002[107]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Dakar.
  • Senegal is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
 South Africa 27 January 1994 See Madagascar–South Africa relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1994.[108] South Africa and Madagascar share maritime borders with each other.

 Tanzania 28 June 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 June 1973[111]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Tanzania from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Tanzania is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 20 July 2001 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 2001[112]
  • Argentina is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Argentina.
 Brazil 7 October 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 October 1996[113]
  • Brazil is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.
  • Madagascar is accredited to Brazil from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
 Canada 7 January 1965 See Canada–Madagascar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1965[114]

  • Canada is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[115]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Ottawa.[116]
 Colombia 15 June 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 June 1995[117]
  • Colombia is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.[118]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
 Cuba 11 April 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 1974[119]
  • Cuba is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.
  • Madagascar is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Ottawa, Canada.
 Mexico 26 December 1975[120]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States and maintains an honorary consulate in Mexico City.[121]
  • Mexico is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa and maintains an honorary consulate in Antananarivo.[122]
 United States 26 June 1960[123] See Madagascar–United States relations

Relations between the United States and Madagascar date to the middle 19th century. The two countries concluded a commercial convention in 1867 and a treaty of peace, friendship, and commerce in 1881. Traditionally warm relations suffered considerably during the 1970s, when Madagascar expelled the U.S. ambassador, the USA closed a NASA tracking station, allied with the USSR, and nationalized two U.S. oil companies. In 1980, relations at the ambassadorial level were restored.

Throughout the troubled period, commercial and cultural relations remained active. In 1990, Madagascar was designated as a priority aid recipient, and assistance increased from $15 million in 1989 to $40 million in 1993. Recent U.S. assistance has contributed to a population census and family planning programs; conservation of Madagascar's remarkable biodiversity, private sector development, agriculture, democracy and governance initiatives; and media training. Madagascar became the first country with a Millennium Challenge Account compact when it signed an agreement worth $110 million in April 2006. The Ravalomanana government is especially positive about ties with the United States.

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets. United States Department of State.[126][127]

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 China 6 November 1972 See China-Madagascar relations

China and Madagascar established diplomatic relations on November 6, 1972.[128]

 India 27 June 1960 See India–Madagascar relations

India has had maritime links with Madagascar for several centuries.[131] India opened a consulate general in Antananarivo in 1954. Upon Madagascar gaining independence in 1960, it was upgraded to an embassy.[131] There are about 20,000 persons of Indian origin in Madagascar, including approximately 2,500 Indian passport holders.[132]

 Indonesia 13 December 1974[135] See Indonesia–Madagascar relations
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Indonesia.
 Israel

The two countries have a number of bilateral agreements in force.[136]

  • Israel does not have an accreditation to Madagascar.
  • Madagascar is accredited to Israel from its embassy in Paris, France.
 Japan March 1962

The two countries established diplomatic relations on July 5, 1960.[137]

  • Japan has an embassy in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Saudi Arabia 22 October 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 October 2008[138]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.
 South Korea 25 June 1962,[139] broke off diplomatic relations on July 1972, Restored 19 May 1993
  • Madagascar is accredited to South Korea from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Antananarivo.
 Turkey 30 January 1963 See Madagascar–Turkey relations
  • Madagascar is accredited to Turkey from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[140]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Antananarivo.[140]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 76.5 million USD in 2019 (Malagasy exports/imports: 5.2/71.3 million USD).[140]
 Vietnam 19 December 1972

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 19 December 1972.[141]

  • Madagascar is accredited to Vietnam from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • Vietnam is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Maputo, Mozambique.

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Croatia 27 September 2006

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2006.[142]

  • Croatia is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Croatia.
 Cyprus
  • Cyprus is accredited to Madagascar from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.[143] and an honorary consulate in Antananarivo.[144]
  • Madagascar does not have an accreditation to Cyprus.
 Denmark 1964[145]
  • Denmark is represented in Madagascar, through its embassy in Pretoria.[146]
  • Denmark have a consulate in Antananarivo.[146]
 France 25 June 1960 See France–Madagascar relations

both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1960.

 Germany 26 June 1960 See Germany–Madagascar relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1960[149]

  • Germany has an embassy in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Berlin.
 Greece 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1962[150]
  • Greece is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya.[151]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[151]
 Holy See 24 December 1966[152]
  • Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Antananarivo.
  • Madagascar is accredited to the Holy See from its embassy in Paris, France.
 Iceland 22 September 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2006[153]
  • Iceland is accredited to Madagascar from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Reykjavík.
  • Madagascar is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
 Norway 27 October 1960 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 October 1960[154]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Norway from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Norway has an embassy in Antananarivo.
 Poland 28 November 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1973[155]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
  • Poland is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Nairobi, Kenya and maintains an honorary consulate in Antananarivo.
 Romania 10 September 1968

The two countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1968.[156]

  • Madagascar is accredited to Romania from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Romania is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Russia 29 September 1972 See Madagascar–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1972.[157]

During the 2009 Malagasy political crisis, Russia's Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov stated that Russia is "concerned by the increased frequency of attempts on the African continent to resort to non-constitutional methods of solving internal political problems." He went on to say that, in addition to increasing economic and social problems, the use of force is of concern and runs counter to democratic principles, whilst affirming Russia's support of the African Union's position.[158]

 Serbia 9 December 1969

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 1969.[161]

  • A number of bilateral agreements have been concluded and are in force between the two countries.[162]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Serbia is accredited to Madagascar from its Permanent Mission to the United Nations in New York City, United States.
 Spain 25 March 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1966[163]
  • Madagascar is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain is accredited to Madagascar from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa.
  Switzerland 13 June 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 June 1961[164]
  • Madagascar has an embassy in Geneva.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Antananarivo.

See also

References

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