Politics of Niger
Constitution (suspended)
Government
National Assembly (dissolved)
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
Elections
Foreign relations
Nations with which Niger has diplomatic relations.

Niger pursues a moderate foreign policy and maintains friendly relations with both East and West.[1] It is a member state of the United Nations. Niger maintains a special relationship with France and enjoys close relations with its West African neighbours.

Multilateral relations

US Ambassador to the United Nations Kelly Craft and US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo meet with Niger Ambassador to the United Nations Abdou Abarry

It is a charter member of the Organization of African Unity and the West African Monetary Union and also belongs to the Niger Basin Authority and the Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Economic Community of West African States, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Niger belongs to the United Nations and its main specialized agencies and in 1980-81 served on the UN Security Council. The first president of Niger, Hamani Diori, maintained close relations with the west and became internationally prominent in his diplomatic work, seeking to broker resolutions to conflicts in Africa and beyond. He was particularly prominent in his involvement as a negotiator during the Nigerian Civil War.[2]

Niger maintains a permanent purpose to the United Nations Headquarters in New York City, at 417 East 50th Street. In 2009, its Ambassador to the United Nations was Ibrahim A. Abani.[3]

Bilateral relations

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania 18 June 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 June 1980[4]
 Algeria 12 March 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 March 1965 when the government of Niger has agreed to the nomination of M. Ali Abdellaoui as Algeria's Ambassador in Niamey with residence in Abidjan[5]
 Angola 28 August 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 August 1980 when Ambassador of Niger to Angola Mr. Joseph Diatta presented his letters of credentials to President M. Jose Eduardo Dos Santos.[6]
 Argentina 23 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1975[7]
 Armenia 26 November 2016
  • Diplomatic relations between Armenia and Niger were established on 26 November 2016.[8]
 Australia 7 May 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 2009[9]
 Austria 30 January 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 January 1965 when has been appointed Ambassador of Niger to Austria (resident in Bonn) Mr. Abdou Sidikou.[10]
 Azerbaijan 10 October 1995 On October 10, 1995, the Protocol on the establishment of diplomatic relations between Azerbaijan and Niger was signed.[11]
 Bahrain 11 November 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 November 1974[12]
 Bangladesh 17 February 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1983[13]
 Barbados 25 June 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1979[14]
 Belarus 29 March 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 March 2012[15]
 Belgium 22 September 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 1961 when first Ambassador of Belgium to Niger , M.Gérard Walravens presented his credentials to President Diori Hamani.[16]
 Benin

Despite the occasional recurrence of a border conflict over Lété Island in the Niger River, Benin and Niger, both former French subjects of French West Africa, relations are close. Niger relies on the port at Cotonou, and to a lesser degree Lomé (Togo), and Port Harcourt (Nigeria), as its main route to overseas trade. Niger operates a Nigerien Ports Authority station, as well as customs and tax offices in a section of Cotonou's port, so that imports and exports can be directly transported between Gaya and the port. French Uranium mines in Arlit, which produce Niger's largest exports by value, travel through this port to France or the world market.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 October 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 1995.[17]
 Botswana 21 December 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 December 2006[18]
 Brazil 24 October 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1975[19]
 Canada 27 April 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1962[20]
  • Canada is accredited to Niger from its embassy in Bamako, Mali.[21]
  • Niger is accredited to Canada from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[22]
 Central African Republic 9 May 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 1981 when first Ambassador of Niger to Central African Republic with residence in Yaounde Mr. Moustapha Tahi , presented his credentials to President David Dacko.[23]
 Chad
 China 20 July 1974[24] See China–Niger relations

China established diplomatic relations with Niger on July 20, 1974. On June 19, 1992, the transitional government of Niger declared the reestablishment of the "diplomatic relations" with Taiwan. The Chinese Government thus announced its suspension of diplomatic relations with Niger on July 30 of the same year. On August 19, 1996, China and Niger re-established diplomatic relations.[25]

  • China has an embassy in Niamey.
  • Niger has an embassy in Beijing.
 Colombia 5 October 1988 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 October 1988[26]
 Cuba 25 April 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1976[27]
 Cyprus 17 September 2002 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 September 2002 when Cypriot Ambassador Argyros Antoniou presented his credentials to Niger President Tandja Mamadou.[28]
 Czech Republic 27 August 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 August 1969[29]
 Denmark 25 May 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 1965 when has been accredited Ambassador of Niger to Denmark (resident in Bonn) Mr. Abdou Sidikou.[30]
 Djibouti 20 April 2009 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 April 2009[31]
 Dominican Republic 28 September 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 2018[32]
 Egypt 7 July 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1963.[33]
 Estonia 12 October 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 October 2005[34]
 Ethiopia 6 October 1965 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1965 when first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Niger (resident in Lagos) Mr. Davit Abdou presented his credentials[35]
 Fiji 9 September 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 September 2014[36]
 Finland 28 November 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1975[37]
 France 4 August 1960

(relations severed 4 August 2023)

See France–Niger relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 August 1960[38]

Niger has maintained close ties with France, its former colonial power. Following Niger's independence in 1960, France maintained several hundred advisers at all levels of Niger's government and military. In the 1960s, the Military of Niger was drawn entirely from Nigerien former members of the French Colonial Forces: officered by Frenchmen who agreed to take joint French-Nigerien citizenship. In 1960 there were only ten African officers in the Nigerien army, all of low rank. President Diori signed legislation to end the employment of expatriate military officers in 1965, some continued to serve until the 1974 coup, when all French military presence was evacuated.[39] As well, the French had maintained until 1974 around 1,000 troops of the 4th Régiment Interarmes d'Outre-Mer [40] (Troupes de Marine) with bases at Niamey, Zinder, Bilma and Agadez. In 1979 a smaller French force was again based permanently in Niger.[41]

Franco-Nigerien relations continue to be close, with France as Niger's top export partner (in value), and the French government being almost entirely dependent upon Niger for the Uranium which fuels its extensive Nuclear Power system, mined in the northern town of Arlit.[42]

  • France has an embassy in Niamey.
  • Niger has an embassy in Paris.
 Gabon 22 April 1968 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 April 1968 when Gabon's first Ambassador to Niger , M. Moktar Abdoulaye Mbingt , presented his credentials to President Diori.[43]
 Georgia 30 May 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 2012[44]
 Germany 11 January 1963 See Germany–Niger relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1963[45]

  • Germany has an embassy in Niamey.[46]
  • Niger has an embassy in Berlin.[47]
 Ghana 24 August 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 August 1961 when has been appointed first Ambassador of Niger to Ghana M. Tanimoune Ary.[48]
 Guatemala 13 November 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 November 2007[49]
 Guyana 25 June 1979

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1979[50]

 Haiti 17 December 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 1981[51]
 Hungary 3 February 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1973[52]
 Iceland 26 January 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 January 1970[53]
 India 18 July 1977 See India–Niger relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1977 when the first Ambassador of the Republic of Niger, Illa Salifou, presented the letter of credence to Acting President B.D. Jatti.[54]

 Indonesia 21 September 2011 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2011.[58]
 Iran 11 June 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 June 1975[59]
 Italy 23 September 1961

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 September 1961 when first Ambassador of Italy to Niger M. Renzo Luigi Romanelli , presented his credentials to President of Niger Diori Hamani.[60]

In December 2017, Prime Minister Paolo Gentiloni announced that 470 Italian soldiers would be deployed to Niger in an effort to mitigate the European migrant crisis.[61]

 Jamaica 25 June 1979 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1979[62]
 Jordan 11 December 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 December 2006 when ambassador of Niger to Jordan Mr. Assoumane Guiaouri, has presented his credentials to King Abdullah.[63]
 Kazakhstan 21 September 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2017[64]
 Kenya 12 May 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1981 when Ambassador of Niger to Kenya presented his credentials to President Daniel Arap Moi.[65]
 Kosovo 25 January 2013

Niger officially recognised the Republic of Kosovo on 15 August 2011.[66] Kosovo and Niger established diplomatic relations on 25 January 2013.[67]

 Kuwait 22 November 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 November 1966[68]
 Laos 8 December 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 December 2006[69]
 Latvia 17 April 2012 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 2012[70]
 Lebanon 11 March 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 1962, when first Lebanese Ambassador to Niger presented his creentials to President Hamani Diori[71]
 Lesotho 17 August 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 August 2017 when Ambassador of Niger to Lesotho with residence in Pretoria Mme. Rakiatou Mayaki presented his credentials to King Letsie III.[72]
 Libya See Libya–Niger relations
 Liechtenstein 17 December 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 December 2008 when has been accredited first Ambassador of Niger to Liechtenstein (resident in Geneva) Mr. Adani Illo.[73]
 Lithuania 30 May 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 2014[74]
 Luxembourg 18 December 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 December 1962[75]
 Madagascar 13 January 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 January 2016 when Ambassador of Niger to Madagascar with residence in Pretoria Mme Rakiatou Mayaki presented his letters of credentials to President Hery Rajaonarimampianina.[76]
 Malawi 8 March 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 March 2016 when first High Commissioner of Sierra leone to Malawi (resident in Addis Ababa) Osman Keh Kamara presented his credentials to President Peter Mutharika.[77]
 Mali

Niger has close relations with its neighbour Mali, with large scale trade links and sizable population movement between the two nations. Both were subject states in French West Africa. Niger and Mali have fought related Tuareg insurgencies in their respective northern territories in the 1990s and mid-2000s.

The road border entering Niger from Benin at Gaya. Niger relies on its neighbors, especially Benin and Nigeria for seaports which provide access to world markets.
 Malta 11 December 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 December 2008[78]
 Mauritius 26 March 2018 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 2018[79]
 Mexico 6 November 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 November 1975[80]
  • Mexico is accredited to Niger from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.[81]
  • Niger is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[22]
 Monaco 9 October 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 2019[82]
 Mongolia 25 March 2015 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 2015[83]
 Montenegro 12 September 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 September 2014[84]
 Morocco 1 October 1963 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1963[85]
 Namibia 26 March 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 2014 when has been accredited non-resident Ambassador of Niger to Namibia Mrs. Rakiatou Mayaki.[86]
   Nepal 20 September 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 2017[87]
 Netherlands 20 December 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1961[88]
 Nicaragua 8 August 2019 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 August 2019[89]
 Nigeria 8 June 1961

(relations severed 4 August 2023)

See Niger–Nigeria relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 June 1961 when M. Elhad Camatte Hammodon Maiga, ambassador of Niger to Nigeria presented his letters of credentials to the Governor General Azikiwe[90]

Nigeria maintains close relations with the Republic of Niger, in part because both nations share a large Hausa minority on each side of their 1,500 km (930 mi) border. Hausa language and cultural ties are strong, but there is little interest in a pan-Hausa state.[91] The two nations formed the Nigeria-Niger Joint Commission for Cooperation (NNJC), established in March, 1971 with its Permanent Secretariat in Niamey, Niger.[92]

  • Niger has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in Niamey.

with the 2023 Nigerien Coup'etat, Niger severed ties with Nigeria.[93]

 North Macedonia 15 November 2000 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 November 2000[94]
 Norway 24 January 1964 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 January 1964[95]
 Oman 3 September 1980 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 September 1980[96]
 Pakistan 15 October 1965

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 October 1965[97]

Pakistan supports Niger's territorial and sovereign integrity and rejects Libya's advances as aggression.

 Philippines 16 October 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 October 1981[98]
 Poland 30 June 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1971[99]
 Portugal 10 July 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 July 1975[100]
 Qatar 14 September 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1982[101]
 Romania 20 June 1969 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 1969[102]
 Russia 17 February 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 February 1972[103]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 31 May 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 May 2007[104]
 Saudi Arabia 20 November 1966 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 November 1966[68]
 Serbia 17 March 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 March 1972[105]
 Seychelles 18 November 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 November 2014 when first ambassador of Niger to Seychelles Rakiatou Mayaki presented his credentials to President James Michel.[106]
 Singapore 1 June 1998 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1998[107]
 Slovakia 26 April 1995 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 April 1995[108]
 Slovenia 22 June 2006 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 2006[109]
 South Africa 9 May 1994 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 May 1994[110]
 South Korea 27 July 1961

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 July 1961[111]

 South Sudan 19 July 2023 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 2023 when first ambassador of Niger Mr. Aboubaker Hassane Dan Sokoto (resident in Ndjamena) presented his credentials to President of South Sudan Salva Kiir.[112]
 Spain May 1965[113] See Niger–Spain relations
  • Niger is accredited to Spain from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Spain has an embassy in Niamey.
  Switzerland 26 May 1961 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 May 1961[114]
 Tajikistan 26 August 2017 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 2017[115]
 Thailand 30 July 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 July 1982[116]
 Turkey 30 March 1967[117] See Niger–Turkey relations
 Turkmenistan 22 June 2021 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 2021[119]
 Uganda 8 April 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 April 1975 when accredited first Ambassador of Niger to Uganda (resident in Addis Ababa) Mr. Oumarou Garba Youssaufou[120]
 Ukraine 1 October 1999 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1999[121]
 United States 3 August 1960

(relations severed 4 August 2023)

See Niger–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 1960[122]

A conservative foreign policy has meant that under Niger's first president and—following military coup—the 1974–1991 military government, Niger maintained good relations with the United States, Israel, and NATO governments in general. During the Cold War, Niger maintained a non-confrontational attitude to the Soviet Union and its allies.[123]

 Uruguay 6 March 2013 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 2013[124]
 Venezuela 8 October 2005 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 2005[125]
 Vietnam 7 March 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 March 1975[126]
 Yemen 4 January 1985 Niger and Yemen Arab Republic established diplomatic relations on 4 January 1985[127]
 Zimbabwe 10 February 1986 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 February 1986[128]

Other

Niger's office in Accra, Ghana

Niger has only 24 permanent embassies abroad, although more have permanent representation in Niamey, either through national embassies or other representatives. The United Kingdom, for instance, operates its permanent office for relations to Niger from Accra, Ghana, while Niger's permanent representative resides at the Nigerien Embassy in Paris.

Many other small or distant nations have no formal diplomatic relations with Niamey except through their respective consulates at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. Australia, for instance, only signed the instruments of formal diplomatic relations with Niamey on 7 May 2009, through their respective consular officials at the UN.[3]

Border disputes

Libya has in the past claimed a strip along their border of about 19,400 km2 in northern Niger. There have been several decades of unresolved discussions regarding the delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad between Niger, Nigeria, Chad, and Cameroon. The lack of firm borders, as well as the receding of the lake in the 20th century led to border incidents between Cameroon and Chad in the past. An agreement has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria.

Niger has an ongoing conflict with Benin over Lété Island, an island in the River Niger approx. 16 kilometres long and 4 kilometres wide, located around 40 kilometers from the town of Gao, Niger. Together with other smaller islands in the River Niger, it was the main object of a territorial dispute between Niger and Benin, which had begun when the two entities were still under French rule. The island, and seasonally flooded land around it is valuable to semi-nomadic Puel cattle herders as a dry season pasturage. The two countries had almost gone to war over their border in 1963 but finally chose to settle by peaceful means. In the early 90s a joint delimitation commission was tasked with solving the issue but could not reach an agreement. In 2001 the two parties chose to have the International Court of Justice (ICJ) decide on the matter once and for all. In 2005, the ICJ ruled in Niger's favour.[129]

Niger has ongoing processes delimiting sections of their borders with Burkina Faso and Mali, disputes which date back to the colonial period. These entities, along with Benin and other nations which do not border Niger, were semi independent elements of French West Africa. Within the colonial administration, borders were frequently changed, with Niger colony once possessing large portions of what is now Burkina Faso and Mali, as well as much of northern Chad, later associated with French Equatorial Africa. Disputes between these post-independence nations have been minor and peaceful.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Niger (12/01)". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  2. ^ Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger (3rd ed.). Scarecrow Press, Boston & Folkestone, (1997) ISBN 0-8108-3136-8
  3. ^ a b "Diplomatie/le Niger et la République d'Australie établissent des relations diplomatiques". Le Sahel. 12 May 2009
  4. ^ Sub-Saharan Africa Report No. 2278. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 13 August 1980. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  5. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1965. p. 256.
  6. ^ Le Mois en Afrique Issues 170-179 (in French). Le Mois en Afrique. 1980. p. 138.
  7. ^ "Declaración relativa al establecimiento Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y la República de Niger". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  8. ^ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  9. ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Australia and Niger as of 7 May 2009". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  10. ^ Bulletin de l'Institut international de droit des pays d'expression française Issues 1-9 (in French). The Institut. 1965. p. 68.
  11. ^ "Bilateral diplomatic relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of the Niger". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  12. ^ "BILATERAL RELATIONS". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bahrain. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  13. ^ Near East/South Asia Report, Issue 2730. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, 1983. p. 62.
  14. ^ "LIST OF COUNTRIES WITH WHICH BARBADOS HAS ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Archived from the original on 13 August 2017.
  15. ^ "Belarus and Niger esbablish diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Belarus. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  16. ^ Bulletin de la Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger Issues 64-79 (in French). 1961. pp. A-25.
  17. ^ "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2 April 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
  18. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Niger and Botswana as of 21 Dec. 2006". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  19. ^ "Republic of Niger". gov.br. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  20. ^ "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  21. ^ Canada, Global Affairs (August 27, 2019). "Canada and Mali". GAC.
  22. ^ a b "Embassy of Niger to the United States of America – Embassy of Niger to the United States of America".
  23. ^ Le mois en Afrique - Issues 182-187 (in French). 1981. p. 159.
  24. ^ "Political Relations People's Republic of China and Republic of Niger".
  25. ^ "Niger -- china.org.cn". www.china.org.cn.
  26. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Colombia and Niger as of 5 Oct. 1988". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  27. ^ "Cuba y Níger celebran hoy el 45 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas".
  28. ^ "Cyprus News Agency: [07] Cypriot Ambassador presents credentials to Niger President". hri.org. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  29. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 3118-3192. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1969. p. 8.
  30. ^ "Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Stats Kalender 1966" (PDF). slaegtsbibliotek.dk (in Danish). p. [24]. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
  31. ^ "Le Président djiboutien reçoit les Lettres de Créance des nouveaux ambassadeurs de Corée du Sud, du Tchad, de la Tunisie, du Niger et de la Russie". Agence Djiboutienne d'Information (in French). 20 April 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  32. ^ "Canciller Miguel Vargas junto a su par nigerino, Kalla Ankourao, firman Relaciones Diplomáticas entre República Dominicana y Niger". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores R.Dominicana (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  33. ^ Françoise Moussu. "Chronologie des faits internationaux d'ordre juridique. Annuaire Français de Droit International / Année 1963 / 9 /". persee.fr (in French). p. 1113. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  34. ^ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia". vm.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  35. ^ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 389-398 (in French). La Documentation africaine. 1965.
  36. ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Fiji and Niger as of 9 Sept. 2014". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  37. ^ "Finland and Niger". Finland Abroad. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  38. ^ "Liste chronologique des ambassadeurs, envoyes extraordinaires, ministres plenipotentiaires et charges d'affaires de France a etranger depuis 1945" (PDF). diplomatie.gouv.fr. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  39. ^ for the section History of the FAN prior to 1974, see Samuel Decalo. Historical Dictionary of Niger (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press, London and New Jersey (1979). ISBN 0-8108-1229-0 pp.33?35.
  40. ^ 4e Régiment Interarmes d'Outre-Mer: the 4th RIAOM was dissolved after leaving Niger.
  41. ^ Samuel Decalo. Coups and Army Rule in Africa, Yale University Press (1990). ISBN 0-300-04045-8
  42. ^ Decalo (1997).
  43. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1968. p. 1033.
  44. ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Georgia and Niger as of 30 May 2012". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  45. ^ "Niger: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  46. ^ Amt, Auswärtiges. "Deutsche Vertretungen in Niger". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  47. ^ Amt, Auswärtiges. "Vertretungen Nigers in Deutschland". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 2022-10-15.
  48. ^ Bulletin de la Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger Issues 64-79 (in French). Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger. 1961. pp. A-8.
  49. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Niger and Guatemala as of 13 Nov. 2007". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  50. ^ "Countries With Which Guyana Has Established Diplomatic Relations". minfor.gov.gy. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  51. ^ Le Mois en Afrique, Issues 180-185. Le Mois en Afrique., 1981. p. 153.
  52. ^ Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1973. p. 2771.
  53. ^ "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  54. ^ Translations on South and East Asia Volumes 725-737. Joint Publications Research Service. 1977. p. 24. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  55. ^ "e-Visa Inde - Formulaire 2021 - Document officiel". 🇮🇳 e-Visa Inde.
  56. ^ "MEA | Indian Missions Abroad | Indian Mission". mea.gov.in.
  57. ^ "ShieldSquare Captcha".
  58. ^ "Joint Communique concerning the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Government of the Republic of Indonesia and the Government of the Republic of the Republic of Niger" (PDF) (in Indonesian, French, and English). 21 September 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  59. ^ Current Background, Issues 1035-1040. American Consulate General. 1975. p. 46.
  60. ^ Bulletin de la Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger Issues 64-79 (in French). Chambre de commerce, d'agriculture, d'industrie et d'artisanat du Niger. 1961. pp. A-25.
  61. ^ Agence France-Presse (December 28, 2017). "Italy to send almost 500 troops to Niger to stem migrant flow: PM". The Local. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
  62. ^ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  63. ^ "Fight against corruption a national priority — King". kingabdullah.jo. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  64. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Kazakhstan and Niger as of 21 September 2017". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  65. ^ Le mois en Afrique - Issues 182-187 (in French). 1981. p. 159.
  66. ^ The Republic of Niger and the Republic of Guinea Conakry recognize Kosovo’s independence, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo, 2011-08-16
  67. ^ "Republika e Kosovës dhe Republika e Nigerit vendosin marrëdhëniet diplomatike" (in Albanian). Ambasada e Republikës së Kosovës në Paris. 2013-01-25. Retrieved 2013-02-04.
  68. ^ a b Africa Research Bulletin. Blackwell. 1966. p. 667.
  69. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Niger and Lao People's Democratic Republic as of 8 Dec. 2006". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  70. ^ "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations (MFA Latvia)".
  71. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts, Issues 50-51. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1962. p. 7.
  72. ^ "His Majesty receives Denmark, Niger credentials". gov.ls. 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  73. ^ "Diplomatic Missions to the Principality of Liechtenstein". yumpu.com. 1 July 2013. p. 20. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  74. ^ "Lithuania establishes diplomatic relations with the Republic of Niger". Permanent Mission of Lithuania to the United Nations in New York. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  75. ^ "Bulletin de documentation_1962_10" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 27. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  76. ^ "Iavoloha : Trois ambassadeurs chez Hery Rajaonarimampianina". midi-madagasikara.mg (in French). 14 January 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2023.
  77. ^ "Sierra Leone and Niger to support Malawi's agriculture by value addition". Malawi Government. March 8, 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  78. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Malta and Niger as of 11 Dec. 2008". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  79. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Mauritius and Niger as of 26 March 2018". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  80. ^ "Hoy conmemoramos el 47 aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Níger". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  81. ^ "Inicio". embamex.sre.gob.mx.
  82. ^ "Rapports de Politique Extérieure" (PDF) (in French). p. 11. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  83. ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Mongolia and Niger as of 25 Mar. 2015". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  84. ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Niger and Montenegro as of 12 Sept. 2014". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  85. ^ "Niger". Royaume du Maroc Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation (in French). Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  86. ^ "Republic of Namibia Diplomatic List 2018" (PDF). p. 3. Retrieved 30 July 2023.
  87. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Niger and Nepal as of 20 September 2017". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  88. ^ Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 69-72 (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1961. p. 98.
  89. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Republic of Nicaragua and Niger as of 8 Aug. 2019". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  90. ^ Europe, France outremer - Issues 371-381 (in French). 1960. p. 42.
  91. ^ William F. S. Miles. "Development, not division: local versus external perceptions of the Niger-Nigeria boundary". The Journal of Modern African Studies (2005), 43:2:297-320
  92. ^ INTEGRATED ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT IN SHARED CATCHMENTS BETWEEN NIGERIA AND NIGER Archived 2018-04-21 at the Wayback Machine EGEF Council Documents, MFA Regional Annex, 2006.
  93. ^ "Niger Republic cut ties with Nigeria, USA, France". Guardian. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  94. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Niger and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as of 15 Nov. 2000". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  95. ^ "Norges opprettelse au diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater (in Norwegian)" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). April 27, 1999. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  96. ^ Le Mois en Afrique, Issues 170-179 (in French). 1980. p. 140.
  97. ^ Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts. no.201-205. United States. Central Intelligence Agency. 1965. p. 15.
  98. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Niger and Philippines as of 16 Oct. 1981". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  99. ^ Bogdan Grzeloński (2006). Dyplomacja polska w XX wieku (in Polish). Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie. p. 129.
  100. ^ "Niger". portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  101. ^ "العلاقات الثنائية". mofa.gov.qa. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  102. ^ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  103. ^ "Today marks 50 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia & the Republic of the Niger!". MFA Russia. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  104. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Saint Vincent and The Grenadines and Niger as of 31 May 2007". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  105. ^ Africa. Agence France Presse. 1972. p. 20.
  106. ^ "Niger's first ambassador to Seychelles promises to build strong diplomatic ties". Seychelles News Agency. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  107. ^ "Diplomatic & Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. 2 July 2015. p. 168. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  108. ^ "Niger: Základné informácie". mzv.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  109. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Niger and Slovenia as of 22 June 2006". United Nations Digital Library. 22 June 2006. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  110. ^ "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)". dirco.gov.za. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  111. ^ "Overview". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  112. ^ "Kiir receives credentials from 5 non-resident ambassadors". eyeradio.org. 19 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  113. ^ "3. RELACIONES BILATERALES CON ESPAÑA" (PDF).
  114. ^ "Stroehlin, Jean Est également accrédité en Dahomey, en Haute-Volta et au Niger. Nomination par le Conseil fédéral le 26.5.1961". dodis.ch (in French). Retrieved 19 May 2023.
  115. ^ "List of states with which the Republic of Tajikistan established diplomatic relations" (PDF). mfa.tj. Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  116. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Niger and Thailand as of 30 July 1982". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  117. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa, Issues 2418-2502. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1967. p. 8.
  118. ^ a b c "Relations between Turkey and Niger".
  119. ^ "TURKMENISTAN AND THE REPUBLIC OF NIGER ESTABLISHED THE DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  120. ^ Diplomatic List in Uganda and Other Representatives as at ... Uganda. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1981. p. 6.
  121. ^ "Diplomatic Relations Between Niger and Ukraine as of 1 Oct. 1999". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  122. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Niger". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  123. ^ Decalo (1997), Decalo (1990).
  124. ^ "Diplomatic Relations between Niger and Uruguay as of 6 Mar. 2013". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  125. ^ "Hoy extendemos un saludo fraterno al Gobierno y Pueblo de Niger con motivo de celebrar 15 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas". Cancillería Venezuela (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  126. ^ "List of countries which maintains diplomatic relations with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Vietnam. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  127. ^ "Chronologies Dans Monde Arabe 1985/2 (N°108)". La Documentation française (in French). p. 88. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  128. ^ Afrique contemporaine, Issues 137-144 (in French). Documentation française. 1986. p. 69.
  129. ^ Fabio Spadi (2005) The ICJ Judgment in the Benin-Niger Border Dispute: the interplay of titles and ‘effectivités’ under the uti possidetis juris principle, Leiden Journal of International Law Archived 2006-09-29 at the Wayback Machine 18: 777-794
Category