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Map of Yugoslavia from 1945 until 1992
Politics of Yugoslavia
Constitution
  • Executive
  • Legislative
Elections
Administrative divisions
Breakup
Foreign relations

Foreign relations of Yugoslavia were international relations of the interwar Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Cold War Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During its existence, the country was the founding member of numerous multilateral organizations including the United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement, International Monetary Fund, Group of 77, Group of 15, Central European Initiative and the European Broadcasting Union.

History

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia, ruled by the Serbian Karađorđević dynasty, was formed in 1918 by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (itself formed from territories of the former Austria-Hungary, encompassing Bosnia and Herzegovina and most of Croatia and Slovenia) and Banat, Bačka and Baranja (that had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary) with the formerly independent Kingdom of Serbia. In the same year, the Kingdom of Montenegro also proclaimed its unification with Serbia, whereas the regions of Kosovo and Vardar Macedonia had become parts of Serbia prior to the unification.[1] The first country in the world to officially recognize the new state was the United States.[2] After the creation of Yugoslavia the newly formed state was a status quo state in Europe which was opposed to revisionist states.[3] In this situation the country prominently was a part of the Little Entente and the first Balkan Pact. Yugoslav accession to the Tripartite Pact resulted in Yugoslav coup d'état and ultimately the Invasion of Yugoslavia.

World War II

During the World War II in Yugoslavia the country was formally represented by the Yugoslav government-in-exile while Yugoslav Partisans headed by Josip Broz Tito progressively gained support of the Allies. At the same time the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia challenged the authority of the government in exile and among other issues proposed a review of country's international legal obligations with the aim of annulment or re-negotiation.[4] The new foreign policy was based on the pre-war and war era foreign policy positions of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia which included support for the Soviet Union, Bavarian Soviet Republic, Hungarian Soviet Republic, Yugoslav support for the Spanish Republic, rejection of Anschluss and vocal support for Czechoslovakia’s independence after Munich Agreement.[4] The new socialist Federal Executive Council of Josip Broz Tito was formed on 7 March 1945, recognized by United Kingdom on 20 March 1945, and the Soviet Union and the United States a week after that.[4]

Socialist Yugoslavia

Federal Executive Council building in New Belgrade

During the first post-war years new Yugoslav state was closely aligned with the Soviet Union and involved into dispute over the Free Territory of Trieste and the Greek Civil War. In May 1945, 4,650 Greek refugees, mostly male members of ELAS, settled in the village of Maglić with the help of Yugoslav government. From 1945 to 1948, it was a sui generis case of Greek extraterritorial jurisdiction.[5] This period was sharply ended in 1948 after the Tito–Stalin split.

Yugoslavia initially pursued development of relations among non-bloc neutral European states as a way to avoid isolation and preserve certain level of independence without alienating major powers. In this period Yugoslavia joined the Second Balkan Pact. Belgrade however perceived that in deeply divided Europe there was shrinking maneuvering space for neutral countries and followed the development of what will be called process of Finlandization with great concern. In 1956 the Belgrade declaration ended the period of significant dependence on the Western bloc. The Declaration guaranteed noninterference in Yugoslavia’s internal affairs and legitimized right to different forms of socialist development in different countries.[6] While the declaration failed in achieving lasting rapprochement between the two countries (result of the Yugoslav anxiety over the Hungarian Revolution of 1956) it had an effect on Yugoslav disengagement from the Balkan Pact with NATO member states of Turkey and Greece.[7]

Yugoslavia subsequently discovered new allies among former colonies and mandate territories beyond Europe.[8] Yugoslavia supported Egypt during the Suez Crisis. Yugoslavia developed its relations with India beginning with the time of their concurrent mandate at the UN Security Council from the end of 1949 onward.[9] Yugoslavia was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement which enabled this comparatively small and underdeveloped country to play one of the most prominent diplomatic role during the Cold War.

Yugoslav crisis which escalated into breakup of the country and Yugoslav Wars turned into one of the major policy and security issues in the first decade after the end of the Cold War.

Federal Secretaries of Foreign Affairs

Foreign relations

Africa

Country Independence Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria 5 July 1962[10] 2 July 1962[10]
Main article: Algeria–Yugoslavia relations
 Angola 11 November 1975[10] 1975[10]
Main article: Angola–Yugoslavia relations
 Benin 1 August 1960[10] 1962[10]
 Botswana 30 September 1966[10] 1970[10]
 Burkina Faso 5 August 1960[10] 1968[10]
 Burundi 1 July 1962[10] 1962[10]
Main article: Burundi–Yugoslavia relations
 Cameroon 1 January 1960[10] 1960[10]
 Cape Verde 5 July 1975[10] 1975[10]
Main article: Cape Verde–Yugoslavia relations
 Central African Republic 13 August 1960[10] 1960[10]
 Chad 11 August 1960[10] 1966[10]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 30 June 1960[10] 1961[10]
Main article: Democratic Republic of the Congo–Yugoslavia relations
 Republic of the Congo 15 August 1960[10] 1964[10]
Main article: Republic of the Congo–Yugoslavia relations
 Djibouti 27 June 1977[10] 1978[10]
 Egypt 28 February 1922[10] 1 February 1908 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[10]
Main article: Egypt–Yugoslavia relations

 Equatorial Guinea 12 October 1968[10] 1970[10]
 Ethiopia never colonized in a classical sense (temporary Italian occupation)[10] 1952[10]
Main article: Ethiopia–Yugoslavia relations
 Gabon 17 August 1960[10] 1960[10]
Main article: Gabon–Yugoslavia relations
 Gambia 18 February 1965[10] 1965[10]
 Ghana 6 March 1957[10] 1959[10]
Main article: Ghana–Yugoslavia relations
 Guinea 2 October 1958[10] 1958[10]
 Guinea-Bissau 10 September 1974[10] 1975[10]
 Ivory Coast 7 August 1960[10] 1968[10]
 Kenya 12/20 December 1963[10] 1963[10]
 Lesotho 4 October 1966[10] 1972[10]
 Liberia 26 July 1847[10] 1959[10]
 Libya 24 December 1951[10] 1955[10]
Main article: Libya–Yugoslavia relations
 Madagascar 26 June 1960[10] 1960[10]
 Mali 22 September 1960[10] 1961[10]
 Mauritania 28 November 1960[10] 1961[10]
 Morocco 2 March 1956[10] 2 March 1957[10]
Main article: Morocco–Yugoslavia relations
 Mauritius 12 March 1968[10] 1969[10]
 Mozambique 25 June 1975[10] 1975[10]
 Namibia 21 March 1990[10] 1990[10]
 Nigeria 1 October 1960[10] 1960[10]
Main article: Nigeria–Yugoslavia relations
 Rwanda 1 July 1962[10] 1971[10]
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 28 November 1984[11]
Main article: Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–Yugoslavia relations
 Sao Tome and Principe 12 July 1975[10] 1977[10]
 Seychelles 29 June 1976[10] 1977[10]
Main article: Seychelles–Yugoslavia relations
 Senegal 20 August 1960[10] 1961[10]
 Sierra Leone 27 April 1961[10] 1961[10]
Main article: Sierra Leone–Yugoslavia relations
 Somalia 1 July 1960[10] 1960[10]
 Sudan 1 January 1956[10] 1956[10]
Main article: Sudan–Yugoslavia relations
 Swaziland 6 September 1968[10] 1968[10]
 Tanzania 1961, 26 April 1964 (unification)[10] 1961[10]
Main article: Tanzania–Yugoslavia relations
 Togo 27 April 1960[10] 1960[10]
 Tunisia 20 March 1956[10] 1957[10]
Main article: Tunisia–Yugoslavia relations
 Uganda 9 October 1962[10] 1963[10]
Main article: Uganda–Yugoslavia relations
 Zambia 24 October 1964[10] 1964[10]
Main article: Yugoslavia–Zambia relations
 Zimbabwe 18 April 1980[10] 1980[10]
Main article: Yugoslavia–Zimbabwe relations

Americas

Country Formal Relations Notes
 Argentina 29 February 1928[12]
Main article: Argentina–Yugoslavia relations
 Bahamas
Main article: Bahamas–Yugoslavia relations
 Barbados
Main article: Barbados–Yugoslavia relations
 Bolivia 1952[13]
Main article: Bolivia–Yugoslavia relations
 Brazil 1938[14]
Main article: Brazil–Yugoslavia relations
 Canada 9 February 1942[15]
Main article: Canada–Yugoslavia relations
 Chile 1935[16]
Main article: Chile–Yugoslavia relations
 Colombia 1966[17]
Main article: Colombia–Yugoslavia relations
 Costa Rica 1952[18]
Main article: Costa Rica–Yugoslavia relations
 Cuba 1943[19]
Main article: Cuba–Yugoslavia relations
 Dominica
Main article: Dominica–Yugoslavia relations
 Dominican Republic 1 March 1912 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[20]
Main article: Dominican Republic–Yugoslavia relations
 Ecuador 1956[21]
Main article: Ecuador–Yugoslavia relations
 El Salvador 1956[22]
Main article: El Salvador–Yugoslavia relations
 Grenada 29 June 1978[23]
Main article: Grenada–Yugoslavia relations
 Guatemala 1882 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[24]
Main article: Guatemala–Yugoslavia relations
 Guyana 5 November 1968[25]
Main article: Guyana–Yugoslavia relations
 Haiti 1956[26]
Main article: Haiti–Yugoslavia relations
 Honduras 1904 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[27]
Main article: Honduras–Yugoslavia relations
 Jamaica October 1968[28]
Main article: Jamaica–Yugoslavia relations
 Mexico 24 May 1946[29]
Main article: Mexico–Yugoslavia relations
 Nicaragua 23 February 1904 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[30]
Main article: Nicaragua–Yugoslavia relations
 Panama 1953[31]
Main article: Panama–Yugoslavia relations
 Paraguay 1950[32]
Main article: Paraguay–Yugoslavia relations
 Peru 1942[28]
Main article: Peru–Yugoslavia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on October 1942, and renewed them in 1968. An embassy was opened in Belgrade that same year, with the first Peruvian Ambassador arriving in 1969.

 Suriname 9 July 1976[33]
Main article: Suriname–Yugoslavia relations
 Trinidad and Tobago 1965[34]
Main article: Trinidad and Tobago–Yugoslavia relations
 Uruguay 1950[35]
Main article: Uruguay–Yugoslavia relations
 United States
Main article: United States–Yugoslavia relations
 Venezuela 1951[36]
Main article: Venezuela–Yugoslavia relations

Asia-Pacific

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Afghanistan 30 December 1954[37]
Main article: Afghanistan–Yugoslavia relations
 Australia 1966[38]
Main article: Australia–Yugoslavia relations
 Bangladesh 20 November 1956[39]
Main article: Bangladesh–Yugoslavia relations
 Burma 29 December 1950[40]
Main article: Burma–Yugoslavia relations
 Cambodia 15 July 1956[41]
Main article: Cambodia–Yugoslavia relations
 China 2 January 1955[42]
Main article: China–Yugoslavia relations
 Fiji 1976[43]
Main article: Fiji–Yugoslavia relations
 India 5 December 1948[44]
Main article: India–Yugoslavia relations
 Indonesia 1954[45]
Main article: Indonesia–Yugoslavia relations
 Iran 1945[46]
Main article: Iran–Yugoslavia relations
 Iraq 1958[47]
Main article: Iraq–Yugoslavia relations
 Israel 19 May 1948[a][48]
Main article: Israel–Yugoslavia relations
 Japan
Main article: Japan–Yugoslavia relations
 Jordan 1951[49]
Main article: Jordan–Yugoslavia relations
 Kuwait 7 May 1963[50]
Main article: Kuwait–Yugoslavia relations
 Laos 25 November 1962[51]
Main article: Laos–Yugoslavia relations
 Lebanon 1946[52]
Main article: Lebanon–Yugoslavia relations
 Malaysia 1967[53]
Main article: Malaysia–Yugoslavia relations
 Maldives
Main article: Maldives–Yugoslavia relations
 Mongolia 20 November 1956[54]
Main article: Mongolia–Yugoslavia relations
   Nepal 7 October 1959[55]
Main article: Nepal–Yugoslavia relations
 New Zealand 1951[56]
Main article: New Zealand–Yugoslavia relations
 North Korea 30 October 1948
Main article: North Korea–Yugoslavia relations
 Oman 1974[57]
Main article: Oman–Yugoslavia relations
 Palestine 1989[58][b]
Main article: Palestine–Yugoslavia relations
 Pakistan 18 May 1948[59]
Main article: Pakistan–Yugoslavia relations
 Philippines 1972[60]
Main article: Philippines–Yugoslavia relations
 Saudi Arabia N/a Saudi Arabia and Yugoslavia did not have diplomatic relations.
 Singapore 22 August 1967[61]
Main article: Singapore–Yugoslavia relations
 South Korea 27 December 1982
Main article: South Korea–Yugoslavia relations
 Sri Lanka 14 October 1957[62]
Main article: Sri Lanka–Yugoslavia relations
 Syria 1946[63]
Main article: Syria–Yugoslavia relations
 Thailand 1954[64]
Main article: Thailand–Yugoslavia relations
 Turkey
Main article: Turkey–Yugoslavia relations
 Vietnam 10 March 1957[65][66]
Main article: Vietnam–Yugoslavia relations
 Yemen 1957[67]
Main article: Yemen–Yugoslavia relations

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania
Main article: Albania–Yugoslavia relations
 Austria
Main article: Austria–Yugoslavia relations
 Belgium
Main article: Belgium–Yugoslavia relations
 Bulgaria
Main article: Bulgaria–Yugoslavia relations
 Cyprus 10 July 1960[68]
Main article: Cyprus–Yugoslavia relations
 Czechoslovakia 1918[69]
Main article: Czechoslovakia–Yugoslavia relations
 Denmark 1917 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[70]
Main article: Denmark–Yugoslavia relations
 Estonia
Main article: Estonia–Yugoslavia relations
 Finland 1928[71]
Main article: Finland–Yugoslavia relations
 France
Main article: France–Yugoslavia relations
 Germany
Main article: Germany–Yugoslavia relations
 East Germany 15 October 1957[72]
Main article: East Germany–Yugoslavia relations
 Greece
Main article: Greece–Yugoslavia relations
 Holy See 1920 [73][c]
Main article: Holy See–Yugoslavia relations
 Hungary
Main article: Hungary–Yugoslavia relations
 Ireland 1977[74]
Main article: Ireland–Yugoslavia relations
 Italy
Main article: Italy–Yugoslavia relations
 Latvia 1917 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[75]
Main article: Latvia–Yugoslavia relations
 Lithuania
Main article: Lithuania–Yugoslavia relations
 Luxembourg 1927[76]
Main article: Luxembourg–Yugoslavia relations
 Malta 6 January 1969[77]
Main article: Malta–Yugoslavia relations
 Netherlands
Main article: Netherlands–Yugoslavia relations
 Norway 26 January 1919[78]
Main article: Norway–Yugoslavia relations
 Poland
Main article: Poland–Yugoslavia relations
 Portugal 19 October 1917 (continued relations of the Kingdom of Serbia)[79][d]
Main article: Portugal–Yugoslavia relations
 Romania
Main article: Romania–Yugoslavia relations
 Soviet Union 19 December 1945
Main article: Soviet Union–Yugoslavia relations
 Spain
Main article: Spain–Yugoslavia relations
 Sweden
Main article: Sweden–Yugoslavia relations
  Switzerland 1919[81]
Main article: Switzerland–Yugoslavia relations
 United Kingdom
Main article: United Kingdom–Yugoslavia relations

See also

References

  1. ^ Formal relations were cut in 1967 following the Six-Day War
  2. ^ Yugoslavia recognised Palestine on 16 November 1988
  3. ^ Concordat signed in 1914[73]
  4. ^ Portugal recognised the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in 1974 following the Carnation Revolution[80]
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  2. ^ Steiner, Zara (2005). The lights that failed : European international history, 1919-1933. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-151881-2. OCLC 86068902.
  3. ^ Sheperd, David (1968). Relations between Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, 1918-1941 (Master Thesis). Durham University. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
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  8. ^ Trültzsch, Arno. "An Almost Forgotten Legacy: Non-Aligned Yugoslavia in the United Nations and in the Making of Contemporary International Law".
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