The Fornacalia was an Ancient Roman religious festival celebrated in honor of the goddess Fornax,[1] a divine personification of the oven (fornax), and was related to the proper baking of bread.

History

The Fornacalia may have been established by Numa Pompillius.[2][3] Ovid wrote that "the oven was made a goddess, Fornax: the farmers, pleased with her, prayed she’d regulate the grain’s heat."[4] It was held in early February on various dates in different curiae,[5][6][7] which in the period of the Roman monarchy and the Roman Republic were the thirty wards of the city of Rome. It was proclaimed every year by the curio maximus,[8][9][10] who was a priest who was the head of the curiae. He announced the different part which each curia (sing. of curiae) had to take in the celebration of the festival; "[n]ow the Curio Maximus, in a set form of words, declares the shifting date of the Fornacalia, the Feast of Ovens, and round the Forum hang many tablets, on which every ward displays its own sign."[11]

Beliefs and traditions

It is believed that every family in the curia brought far (spelt, a kind of grain),[12] to be toasted in the meeting hall and sacrificed to ensure that bread in the household ovens wouldn’t be burnt in the following year. The last day of this festival was the quirinalia, which was also jokingly nicknamed the 'feast of fools'.[13][14] All the curiae met together on that day for a collective feast. Those who did not know to what curia they belonged were able to participate in its rites; "[f]oolish people don’t know which is their ward, so they hold the feast on the last possible day.[15] This tradition indicates that in later times membership of a curia (singular of curiae) had little significance to most Romans, so much so that some people did not know which curia they belonged to; the curiae included all citizens and that every Roman citizen was deemed to belong to a curia, even if he did not know which it was."[16]

Festival

The festival lasted approximately 13 days. The quirinalia started around the 17th of February and the fornacalia probably started on the nones or 5th of February.[17] The Fornacalia continued to be celebrated in the time of Lactantius.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Varro, On the Latin Language, 6.13
  2. ^ Fastorum libri sex. Cambridge University Press. 5 March 2015. p. 430. ISBN 978-1-108-08247-1.
  3. ^ Paris, John Ayrton (2013). Philosophy in Sport Made Science in Earnest: Being an Attempt to Illustrate the First Principles of Natural Philosophy by the Aid of the Popular Toys and Sports. Cambridge University Press. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-108-05740-0.
  4. ^ Ovid, Fasti, 2.525-6
  5. ^ Note on p. 186 of the Loeb edition of Varro's , On the Latin Language, Vol 1
  6. ^ Roy, Christian (2005). Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-57607-089-5.
  7. ^ Smith, C. J. (2006). The Roman Clan: The Gens from Ancient Ideology to Modern Anthropology. Cambridge University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-139-45087-4.
  8. ^ Mayeske, Betty (1972). Bakeries, Bakers, And Bread At Pompeii: A Study in Social and Economic History (Thesis). OCLC 1067729413.
  9. ^ Rousseau, G. S. (1979). "Ephebi, Epigoni, and Fornacalia: Some Meditations on the Contemporary Historiography of the Eighteenth Century". The Eighteenth Century. 20 (3): 203–226. JSTOR 41467196. PMID 11614432. ProQuest 1306612456.
  10. ^ Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony; Eidinow, Esther, eds. (2012). "Fornacalia". The Oxford Classical Dictionary. OUP Oxford. p. 585. ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.
  11. ^ Ovid, Fasti, 2.527-30
  12. ^ DiLuzio, Meghan J. (2020). A Place at the Altar: Priestesses in Republican Rome. Princeton University Press. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-0-691-20232-7.
  13. ^ Smith, Christopher J. (2012). "Fornacalia". The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah17168. ISBN 978-1-4051-7935-5.
  14. ^ Phillips, C. Robert (2015). "Fornacalia". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.2705. ISBN 978-0-19-938113-5.
  15. ^ Ovid, Fasti, 2.531-2
  16. ^ Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, p. 115
  17. ^ Cornell, Tim (2012). The Beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC). Routledge. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-136-75495-1.
  18. ^ Smith, W., Wayte, W., Marindin, G. E., (Eds), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890): Fornacalia
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